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Centralized substation level protection for determination of faulty feeder in

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Conference Paper · July 2012

DOI: 10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345484

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Centralized Substation Level Protection for
Determination of Faulty Feeder in Distribution
Network
P. Balcerek Member IEEE, M. Fulczyk Member, IEEE, J. Izykowski Senior Member, IEEE,
E. Rosolowski Senior Member, and P. Pierz
Abstract-- This paper presents a novel approach to design of a
centralized substation level protection aimed at determining the
faulty feeder in a distribution network. In opposite to phase-to-
ground faults in the transmission networks (HV), impedance of
phase-to-ground fault-loops in MV distribution networks is
usually high. From all of these reasons, detection of ground-fault
and determination of a faulty feeder at a bus-bar with many
outgoing feeders arises as serious problem. However, during the
ground-fault the transient component which provides important
information about the disturbance in the system appears. Such
signals consist of different frequency components, which result
from charging or discharging of the network capacitances. In this
paper new approach which is based on checking a phase
displacement between a fundamental frequency component of
zero sequence current and a voltage directly after the fault
inception is presented. Provided simulation experiments in
ATP/EMTP software package confirm the effectiveness of the
proposed technique for selection of a faulty feeder during phase-
to-ground fault in different and under different fault scenarios-
different fault inception angles, including random mechanism
and high resistance faults.
Index Terms-- Distribution network, Fault detection,
Grounding, EMTP, Simulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE method of power system grounding has the
fundamental influence on a phase-to-ground fault loop
impedance and consequently, on the value of fault current.
System grounding, or the intentional connection of a phase or
neutral conductor to ground, is used for the purpose of
controlling the voltage to ground, within predictable limits. It
also provides for a flow of current that will allow detection of
an unwanted connection between system conductors and
ground (a phase-to-ground fault). The question of how the
network neutral shall be grounded is determined by particular
regulations [1]. Local utility practice also influences the
choice of the neutral-grounding arrangement on the MV
circuits. The general purpose of grounding is to protect life
Przemyslaw Balcerek (e-mail: przemyslaw.balcerek@pl.abb.com) and
Marek Fulczyk (e-mail: marek.fulczyk@pl.abb.com) are with ABB Corporate
Research Center, 31-038 Krakow, Poland.
Jan Izykowski (e-mail: jan.izykowski@pwr.wroc.pl), Eugeniusz
Rosolowski (e-mail: eugeniusz.rosolowski@pwr.wroc.pl) and Piotr Pierz (e-
mail: piotr.pierz@pwr.wroc.pl) are with Wroclaw University of Technology,
50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
978-1-4673-2729-9/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
1
and property in the event of faults and transient phenomena
resulting from switching operations. Another reason for
adequate grounding of the network is to allow high sensitivity
of the relays operation.
Fault detection and location invariably relies on the
presence of sufficiently high fault current and this is met in
the solidly grounded networks or when the grounding
impedance is small – as far as a fault between one or more
phases and ground is considered. Such conditions are not
accomplished in MV networks with low ground-fault current,
as in isolated or compensated networks. Detection of ground-
fault and determination of a faulty feeder at a bus-bar with
many outgoing feeders arises as serious problem.
This paper describes a novel method for ground fault
detection and selection of a faulty feeder at the substation in
ungrounded, compensated and high-resistance grounded
networks.
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND FAULTS
Regarding the method of the neutral grounding, the MV
networks can be divided into the following categories:
• directly or solidly grounded;
• network grounded through impedance; and
• isolated (ungrounded) network.
Solid neutral grounding is cheaper as it requires no extra
equipment but can lead to high ground-fault currents that may
cause damage and high step or touch voltages. On the other
hand, this solution establishes a low-impedance path for
ground-fault currents and hence satisfactory operation of relay
protection.
There are two types of impedance grounding:
• grounding through resistor; and
• grounding through arc-suppressing coil (Petersen coil),
called also as resonant or compensated network.
Resistance grounding is broadly dividing into two
categories: high-resistance (when the fault current is limited to
about 20 - 150 A) and low-resistance grounding (with fault
current of some hundreds of amps) [2]. Generally, the high
grounding resistance decreases selectivity of the protective
relays because the fault detection and the fault-location
estimation are less accurate. High resistance grounding is well

known for its many advantages over low-impedance and
solidly grounded systems. A ground fault on the high-
resistance grounded system draws a small current and,
therefore, does not require immediate clearing [3]. High-
resistance grounding also minimizes fault arcing that damages
electrical apparatus and lowers personnel safety hazards
associated with high fault currents. From the power quality
perspective, high-resistance grounding allows for continuous
service to loads after a ground fault.
Grounding the neutral point through the Petersen coil is
used for reducing the capacitive current in isolated networks
[1]. The adequate inductance in the neutral is selected for
compensation of the capacitive current during a phase-to-
ground fault; thus this method is also known as the ground-
fault compensation method. The equivalent scheme for this
arrangement is shown in Fig. 1.
The coil reactance is adjustable in relatively coarse steps, to
allow for changes in network zero-sequence capacitance
resulting from the switching out of lines. If the coil inductance
exactly matches the system capacitance, the fault current has
resistive character and may be insufficient for selective relay
operation. Frequently, the grounding equipment is completed
with a resistor (resistor Rg in Fig. 1) that, with some delay,
automatically paralleling the coil what permits fault current
sufficient for correct relay operation.
a b c based on the neutral voltage change, however, the faulty
N
IN
F
IF
ICc1 ICb1 ICa1
Rg
jXg
RF
Fig. 1. Equivalent scheme of the network grounding through a Petersen coil
An isolated network is one in which there is no intentional
connection between the circuit and ground (Fig. 2). The
currents during single phase-to-ground faults are low and
depend mostly on the phase to ground capacitances of the
lines.
The voltage between faulted equipment and ground is
small, which improves safety. However, transient and power-
frequency over-voltages can be higher than those obtained for
other type of neutral grounding. Moreover, an one-phase
grounding results in the full line-to-line voltage appearing on
the other two sound phases. This situation can frequently
cause failures in motors and transformers, due to insulation
breakdown. There are known difficulties in detecting and
locating the first line-to-ground fault: the over-current
principle is not suitable here because the capacitive current in
a sound line may be even greater than that measured at the
2
faulted line [1].
a b c
IC01
ICc1 ICb1 ICa1
N
F
IC0k
IF
IC0km ICck ICbk ICak
RF
Fig. 2. Equivalent scheme of the isolated network; dotted lines show path for
the fault current
The most frequent fault type in the electrical distribution
networks is the single phase to ground fault. It is known that
50%-80% of all faults are of this type [3], [4]. Ground faults
are common in the distribution networks. Determination of the
faulty feeder of ungrounded and compensated MV networks is
more challenging than the fault detection. The detection is
feeder determination should be carried out using the feeder
currents which have small changes during the ground faults.
High impedance faults often draw small currents which
cannot be detected by conventional relays. When these faults
persist, it is hazardous for both human beings and electrical
equipment, especially when the faults are associated with arcs.
Such faults are very common in distribution networks. So,
many protection algorithms have been introduced to detect
these faults.
Different solutions for determination of phase-to-ground
faults are proposed by many researchers. Some of the methods
are based on modern signal processing approaches as wavelet
transformation [5]-[7], application of artificial neural
networks [8] or even modification of the classical Fourier
algorithm [9]. It is also proposed to support the final decision
of the algorithm with using the fuzzy logic technique [10] or
probabilistic-based technique [11].
Recently, recorded field data have been used to enhance
protection relay performance [2], [10]. These data are used for
practical investigation of network abnormal conditions or to
test the relay reliability and its security. However, they are not
suitable for modeling faults, especially high impedance faults.
That is due to the fact that the fault characteristics cannot be
managed using measurements at the network terminals.
Furthermore, the fault scenario is not well-known and such
data do not provide a dependable basis on which to base
protection functions. Consequently, many researchers have
performed actual fault events on real networks and have
captured fault data from ultimately known events and
locations [3], [12]. It is worthy to introduce practical
 3

protection functions using such data, especially if the fault • select the feeder with maximum of ϕ0m, m=1, ..., M.
event is recorded at both the fault branch and the measurement
For proper and reliable operation this algorithm should be
terminals. However, it imposes a high and severe risk on the
additionally adjusted. This includes the following limits:
electrical networks and there are restrictions against further
• if the magnitude of power fulfills the condition:
use of staged faults. On the other hand, experimental work is
|S0m|>S0min, otherwise ϕ0m=0;
still used to determine the characteristics of the high
impedance faults associated with arcs [12], [13]. However, • if the zero-sequence current magnitude is greater than
these investigations are insufficient for managing situations some limit: |I0m|>I0min;
where several faults simultaneously occur at a number of • the selected maximum value calculated phase should
locations in the network. be greater than some setting (threshold) value ϕ0t.
Generally, all these methods for ground-fault detection are
nonselective. The faulted phase is identified, but the fault So, the algorithm has two settings: S0min and ϕ0t, which
could be anywhere in the network [12]. Because the fault should be adequately selected.
current in high-impedance fault-loop can be similar in In the above algorithm the power components are
magnitude to the charging currents, it is difficult to distinguish calculated from zero-sequence voltage and current orthogonal
between the two. Thus, determination of a faulty feeder during components. The last are estimated by using the standard full-
the ground fault is difficult and needs further investigation. period Fourier algorithm:
The presented algorithm for selection of a faulty feeder
N −1
during phase-to-ground fault utilizes the fault signals transient 2
component, which provides very fast information about the
X R (k ) =
N
∑ x( k − i ) h
i =0
R (i)
possible disturbance in the system. N −1
(1)
2
X I (k ) =
N
∑ x(k − i)h (i)
i =0
I k = 0,1...
III. ALGORITHM DESCRIPTION
The main idea of the algorithm is based on the analysis of
the polarity between a current and a voltage changes directly where: hR (i) = cos(ν (i + 0.5)) , hI (i) = sin(ν (i + 0.5)) , ν = 2π/N,
after the fault inception. The described algorithm is designed N – number of s/c, applied for zero-sequence voltage and
for centralized substation level protection and therefore current.
utilizes the zero sequence bus-bar voltage and residual Next, having these orthogonal components the active and
currents from all outgoing feeders for detection a faulty reactive power may be calculated:
feeder. A criteria phase is calculated for each feeder as an
angle between active and reactive power determined for zero- 1
sequence component. The full-period Fourier algorithm is P0 (k ) = (V0 R (k ) I 0 R (k ) + V0 I (k ) I 0 I (k ))
2
used for adequate voltage and current phasors determination. (2)
1
Figure 3 shows the general concept of the algorithm. Q0 (k ) = (V0 I (k ) I 0 R (k ) − V0 R (k ) I 0 I (k ) )
Excepting details the algorithm can be split into the following 2
steps:
Finally, the power angle is calculated:
• calculate the zero-sequence power S0m for each feeder
m = 1, ..., M (for M feeders);
⎛ Q0 (k ) ⎞
• calculate the power angle ϕ0m for each feeder m = 1, ..., ϕ o (k ) = atan⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (3)
M; ⎝ P0 (k ) ⎠

i01(t) i01(k)
S/H I01=I01R+jI01I
ϕ01(k)
S01=P01+jQ01 ϕ01=atan2(Q01,P01)
v0(t) v0(k)
S/H V0=V0R+jV0I
ϕ0mx result
ϕ0m>ϕ0t
...

...

Max

i08(t) i08(k) ϕ0t

S/H I08=I08R+jI08I
S08=P08+jQ08 ϕ08=atan2(Q08,P08)
v0(t) v0(k) ϕ08(k)
S/H V0=V0R+jV0I

Fig. 3. Flow-chart of the selection algorithm

 4

In the above relation the angle should be determined in the capacitances, so the zero-sequence capacitive current changes
range of ±2π. from 0.5A to 40A, what is shown in Table 1. There is also
The physical structure of the considered relay is as follows: bus-bar capacitance included with the value of: C0S = 0.0153
• At each m feeder of the MV network there is installed μF. All these capacitances give zero-sequence capacitive
a box which function is to calculate a phase φm(k) at current: I0C ≈ 100 A for V0 = V1f. The neutral grounding
each time-step k. impedance equals ZN = (2+j240)Ω and corresponds for
• Signals containing calculated phases φm(k) from all M compensation factor XCs/XLN = 1.08. Faults are represented as
feeders are collected in a central box where the feeder permanent or intermittent. The last one is modeled with
with the maximum value of phase φm(k) is determined. random characteristics. The fault transients performance
Moreover, for accurate calculation of the angle (3), some depend on fault inception angle, which can be initiated by
limited (minimum) absolute value of power |P0(k) + jQ0(k)|, to changing of the fault-time inception or by changing of the
avoid inaccurate calculation, should be determined. voltage source angle.
The decision is ready if the condition: TABLE I
FEEDER CAPACITIVE PARAMETERS
ϕ0im (k ) > ϕ 0t , ϕ0im (k ) = max(ϕ 01 (k ), ϕ 02 (k ),L, ϕ0M (k ) ) (4) Parameter Zero-sequence Capacitive
capacitance/phase for one current, A
section, μF
where φ0t – setting threshold for angle value, Feeder 1, C011 .. C014 0.0153 0.5
is fulfilled for assumed ks consecutive samples for the same ith Feeder 2, C021 .. C024 0.0460 1.5
feeder. Feeder 3, C031 .. C034 0.0919 3.0
Feeder 4, C041 .. C044 0.1532 5.0
Feeder 5, C051 .. C054 0.3064 10.0
IV. SIMULATION EXAMPLES Feeder 6, C061 .. C064 0.4597 15.0
The discussed above algorithm for detection of faulty Feeder 7, C071 .. C074 0.770 25.0
Feeder 8, C081 .. C084 1.2258 40.0
feeder has been evaluated with using the fault data obtained Total values 4×3.0683=12.2732 100.0
from ATP-EMTP. Versatile simulations of faults in the
distribution (MV) system considering different fault resistance Two different cases were chosen for illustration of the
place and fault inception angle have been simulated. Step- algorithm. In both situations the phase-to-ground fault was
down transformer connects 110 kV system with 15 kV MV initiated in phase a of Feeder 1 (with minimum capacitive
network. The modeled MV distribution network consist of current) at tF = 0.04s.
eight feeders with different zero sequence capacitance. In the first example it is considered isolated network (high
Scheme of the considered network is presented in Fig. 4. impedance between nodes GR_N and GR_G in Fig. 4). The
I01 fault resistance is: RF=2500Ω. Waveforms of zero-sequence
110 kV
I
currents at faulty feeder (Feeder 1) and Feeder 8 and zero-
V sequence power angles (3) are presented in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6,
Y Y
SAT

I02
respectively.
STATION BUS

GR_N
ZN I03
I

I
GR_G

I04
I

V0
VABC
V0

V_0F
I05
I

STATION
COMPUTER

Fig. 5. Zero-sequence currents at Feeder 1 and Feeder 8

FLT_IT

SWITCH
FAULT MODEL
It can be seen from Fig. 6 that, generally, faulty and
healthy feeders have opposite signs of the calculated zero-
Fig. 4. EMTP model of the considered system sequence power angle. Influence of some passing deviations
may be removed by adequate setting of the minimum positive
All feeders are represented by four identical serial value of the angle (Fig. 6). Moreover, it was observed that
connected circuits with longitudinal impedance: these deviations do not appear at the beginning of a fault
Zl1=(1.085+j0.915)Ω. Feeders have different zero-sequence period.
 5

3
faulty feeder: Feeder 1
Fig. 10 presents the calculated angle of zero-sequence
threshold power for all eight feeders. Again, one can observe clear
2 separation of decision areas determined by zero-sequence
power angles with the exception of small deviations which
1
can be handled by adequate setting of φ0t (threshold).
0 Fig. 11 presents final selection of the faulted feeder. The
algorithm properly selects the faulty line. No decision periods
-1 are observed in segments when a fault disappears.

-2

-3
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 time, s 0.5

Fig. 6. Waveforms of zero-sequence power angle at all feeders

V 0, V
Consequently, for the considered example, the algorithm
can make the final decision during time periods for which the
condition (4) is fulfilled (high level for Feeder 1 in Fig. 7).

Fig. 9. Bus-bar zero sequence voltage

feeder number

, rad
angle

Fig. 7. Decision periods for selecting Feeder 1 as faulty feeder

The second case provides results of the proposed algorithm

for compensated (resonant) network with compensation factor
1.08. Figs 8 - 9 present the input signals for faulty feeder in Fig. 10. Angle of zero-sequence power (faulty feeder –red)
case of phase-to-ground fault at Feeder 1, RF=2500Ω. 8

4
I0, A

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 time, s 0.5

Fig. 11. Selected Feeder number

Fig. 8. Zero-sequence current at faulty Feeder 8 (red) and Feeder 1 (green)
To make the picture more legible at Fig 8 only the zero
sequence currents form Feeder 1 and Feeder 8 are presented.
Fig. 9 presents the bus-bar zero sequence voltage with
characteristic waveforms.
For proper operation of the algorithm and its stabilization,
the following two settings need to be determining:
- minimum absolute value of power (starting point) to
avoid inaccurate calculation;
- setting threshold for angle value (4).

V. CONCLUSION
This papers provides an analysis of a transient phenomenon
related to a fault-to-ground faults in a typical distribution
networks with consideration of the network neutral grounding
method. The analysis is intended to determine a reliable
algorithm for detection of the faulty feeder in a Medium
Voltage (MV) substation.
The developed algorithm is based on the use of
fundamental frequency zero-sequence voltage at the
substation and zero-sequence current at each substation
feeder. The scope is restricted to radial distribution systems.
The presented algorithm is based on determination of an angle
of the zero-sequence power in all outgoing feeders at the MV
substation. The feeder with maximum value of this angle is
selected to be the faulty feeder. For stabilization of the
criterion two general settings were proposed.
The provided analysis in ATP-EMTP software indicate that
the presented concept is an adequate proposition for the faulty
feeder in MV detection and can be applied to a real system. In
the attached simulation examples there was shown the general
approach for selection of the algorithm settings. However,
further investigations are needed for proper selection of these
settings for different types of network.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems. IEEE Std 142-2007, Aug. 2007.
[2] S. Hänninen, 2001. Single phase earth faults in high impedance
grounded networks - Characteristics, indication and location. Espoo. 78
p. + app. 61 p. (VTT Publications No. 453), [Online]. Available:
http://www.inf.vtt.fi/pdf/
[3] S. Hänninen, M. Lehtonen, T. Hakola, E. Antila, J. Strom and S.
Ingman, “Characteristics of Earth Faults in Power Systems with a
Compensated or an Unearthed Neutral,” in Proc. CIRED. 14th
International Conference on Electricity Distribution (IEE Conf. Publ.
No. 438), 2-5 June 1997, pp. 16/1-16/5.
[4] J. Lorenc, K. Musierowicz, A. Kwapisz, “Detection of the Intermittent
Earth Faults in Compensated MV Network, “ in Proc. 2003 IEEE
Bologna Power Tech Conference, June 23-26, Bologna, Italy, IEEE
Catalogue No. 0-7803-7967-5/03
[5] M. Michalik, W. Rebizant, M. Lukowicz, S-J Lee and S-H Kang, “High-
Impedance Fault Detection in Distribution Networks With Use of
Wavelet-Based Algorithm," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 21, pp.
1793-1802, Oct. 2006.
[6] H. Belka, M. Michalik, “Application of the continuous wavelet
transform to intermittent high impedance ground fault detection in MV
networks,” in Proc. Eighth IEE International Conference on
Developments in Power System Protection, Amsterdam, 5-8 April 2004,
pp. 473-476.
[7] N.I. Elkalashy, M. Lehtonen, H.A. Darwish, A-M Taalab I. Izzularab,
“DWT-Based Detection and Transient Power Direction-Based Location
of High-Impedance Faults Due to Leaning Trees in Unearthed MV
Networks.” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 3, pp. 94-101, Jan. 2008.
[8] S. Hänninen, M. Lehtonen, 2001. ”Earth fault distance computation with
artificial neural network trained by neutral voltage transients, in Proc. of
IEEE PES SM2001. Vancouver, Canada, July 15-19. CD-ROM
01CH37262C. 6p.
[9] M.F., Abdel-Fattah, M. Lehtonen, “Transient Fault Detection Technique
with Varying Fault Detection Window of Earth Modes in Unearthed MV
Systems” in Proc. Power Quality and Supply Reliability Conference, PQ
2008, IEEE Catalogue No. 978-1-4244-2501-3/08, pp. 181-186.
View publication stats
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[10] J. Lorenc, K. Musierowicz, Z. Marcinkowski, “Discrimination of
damaged line during intermittent earth faults”, in Proc. Power System
Protection Conference, Bled 2004, Slovenia, pp. 211 - 216.
[11] N.I. Elkalashy, N.G. Tarhuni, M.F. Abdel-Fattah, M. Lehtonen,
“Evaluation of Probabilistic-Based Selectivity Technique for Earth Fault
Protection in MV Networks,” in Proc. IEEE Bucharest Power Tech
Conference, June 28th - July 2nd, Bucharest, Romania.
[12] T. Baldwin, F. Renovich, “Analysis of Fault Locating Signals for High-
Impedance Grounded Systems.” IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, vol. 38, pp. 810-817, May/June 2002.
[13] D. Bąk, S-J Lee, S-H Kang, M-S Choi and W. Rebizant, “New
Approach to Arcing High Impedance Faults Detection in Medium
Voltage Distribution Network,” in Proc. APAP2009, October 18~21,
2009 Jeju, Korea.
[14] Alternative Transients Program (ATP) - Rule Book, Canadian/American
EMTP User Group, 1987-1998.
[15] L. Dube, I. Bonfanti, “Models: A new simulation tool in the EMTP.”
European Trans. on Electric Power, vol. 2, no. 1, pp.45-50, Jan./Feb.
1992.
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Przemyslaw Balcerek received his M.Sc. and Ph.D
degrees in Electrical Eng. from the Wroclaw University of
Technology in 2000, 2004 respectively. Fault location,
instrument transformers and ATP-EMTP simulation of
power system transients are in the scope of his research
interests. Presently he is with ABB Corporate Research
Center in Krakow/Poland, as a research scientist.
Marek Fulczyk (M’04) received the M.Sc. and Ph.D.
degree in Electrical Eng. from the Wroclaw University of
Technology/Poland in 1993 and 1997, respectively. In 1997
he joined ABB as a research scientist. Now he is a group
leader of Electrical & Engineering Systems at ABB
Corporate Research in Krakow/Poland. His fields of
interests include power system protection, power
system/voltage stability, and simulations of phenomena in
power systems.
Jan Izykowski (M’97, SM’04) received his M.Sc., Ph.D.
and D.Sc. degrees in Electrical Eng. from the Faculty of
Electrical Engineering of Wroclaw University of
Technology (WrUT) in 1973, 1976 and in 2001,
respectively. In 1973 he joined Institute of Electrical
Engineering of the WrUT. Presently he is a Professor and
Director of this Institute. His research interests are in power
system simulation, power system protection and control,
and fault location.
Eugeniusz Rosolowski (M’1997, SM’00) received his
M.Sc. degree in Electrical Eng. from the Wroclaw
University of Technology in 1972. From 1974 to 1977, he
studied in Kiev Politechnical Institute and received Ph.D. in
Electrical Eng. in 1978. In 1993 he received D.Sc. in
Electrical Eng. from the WrUT. Presently he is a Professor
in the Institute of Electrical Engineering. His research
interests are in power system analysis and relaying
algorithms.
Piotr Pierz received his M.Sc. degrees in Electrical Eng.
and Biomedical Eng. from the Wroclaw University of
Technology (WrUT) in 1998, 2002 respectively. His area
of interests are power system simulation, power system
protection and power quality. Currently he is with WrUT
where he is finishing his Ph.D.