 All complex organisms

originated from a single

fertilised egg
 Every cell in your body
started here, through
cell division the numbers
are increased
 Cells then specialise and
change into their various
roles.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 Transmit a complete copy of genetic
information (DNA)
 Transmit materials necessary for cell to
survive and use genetic information.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 Prokaryotes
 Eukaryotes.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 No nucleus – genetic material (DNA) in
cytoplasm
 No membrane-bound organelles
 Cell division is called binary fission
 Example: bacteria.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 Rod-Shaped
Bacterium, E. coli,
dividing by binary
fission

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

Rod-Shaped Bacterium, hemorrhagic E. coli, strain 0157:H7
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
 Membrane-bound organelles, including a
nucleus
 Genetic material (DNA) contained within the
nucleus
 Cell division of somatic cells called mitotic cell
division
 Examples: fungi, protists, plants, animals.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
 Division of somatic cells (non reproductive
cells) in eukaryotic organisms
 A single cell divides into two identical
daughter cells
 Maintains chromosome ploidy of cell.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 Ploidy – refers to the number of pairs of
chromosomes in cells
 Haploid
 one copy of each chromosome
 designated as “n”
 diploid
 two copies (=pair) of each chromosome
 designated as “2n”
 Triploid
 three copies of each chromosome
 designated as “3n”
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
 Each species has a characteristic number of
chromosomes:
 Prokaryotes = one chromosome
 Crayfish (2n) = 200 chromosomes
 Fruit fly (2n) = 8 chromosomes
 Human (2n) = 46 chromosomes
 Wheat (6n) = 42 chromosomes
 Potato (4n) = 48 chromosomes.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 Diploid organisms receive
 one set of chromosomes from female parent
(= maternal)
 one set of chromosomes from male parent
(= paternal)
 A “matched” pair of maternal and paternal
chromosomes are called homologues

fertilization
gamete (n) gamete (n)

zygote (2n) Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

unreplicated chromosome

arm arm
centromere

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 Prior to cell division:
 chromosomes (DNA) are
replicated (duplicated)
 duplicated chromosome
 attached at their centromeres
 as long as attached, known as sister chromatids
duplicated
chromosome

sister
chromatids
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
metacentric submetacentric acrocentric telocentric

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 sister
chromatids

daughter
chromosomes

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 The cell lifecycle is well defined and can be
divided into four stages:
 Gap 1 (G1) - The growth phase in which most cells
are found most of the time
 Synthesis (S) - During which new DNA is
synthesized
 Gap 2 (G2) - The period during which no
transcription or translation occurs and final
preparations for division are made
 Mitosis - Cell division.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

Gap 1 - Doubling Synthesis of DNA -
of cell size. Regular cell
activities cease
S
Regular cellular
activities. and a copy of all
transcription and nuclear DNA is
translation etc. made

G1 G2 Gap 2 - Final
preparation for
division

M Mitosis - Cell
division

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

Cell Division
 Mitosis is the process by which new body cell
are produced for:
 Growth
 Replacing damaged or old cells

 This is a complex process requiring different

stages.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 G1 S
G2
M

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 During mitosis an exact copy of the genetic
material in the “mother” cell must be
distributed to each “daughter” cell
 Each stage of mitosis is designed to achieve
equal and exact distribution of the genetic
material which has been copied during the S
phase of the cell cycle.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 Interphase - The ‘in between’ stage - this is
the stage most cells spend their time in doing
the things that cells do and, if they are
preparing to divide, growing and replicating
their DNA
S

Interphase G1 G2

M
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 The chromosomes condense
 The nuclear envelope and
nucleolus disappear
 The centrosomes move to
opposite poles
 The spindle starts to form,
growing out of the
centrosomes towards the
chromosomes.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK

 Metaphase is a short resting
period
 the chromosomes are lined up
on the equator of the cell
 with the centrosomes at
opposite ends and the spindle
fibers attached to the
centromeres
 Everything is aligned for the rest
of the division process to occur.
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
 In anaphase, the centromeres
divide at this point, each
individual chromosome goes
from:
 1 chromosome with
2 chromatids
 to:
 2 chromosomes
with one chromatid each
 Then the spindle fibers contract, and the
chromosomes are pulled to opposite
poles, towards the centrosomes.
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
 In telophase the cell actually
divides
 The chromosomes are at the
poles of the spindle
 The spindle disintegrates
 The nuclear envelope re-forms
around the two sets of
chromosomes
 The cytoplasm is divided into 2
separate cells, the process of
cytokinesis.
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
 The organelles get divided up into the 2
daughter cells passively: they go with
whichever cell they find themselves in
 In plant cells, a new cell wall made of
cellulose forms between the 2 new nuclei,
about where the chromosomes lined up in
metaphase
 Cell membranes form along the surfaces of this
wall
 In animal cells, a ring of actin fibers
forms around the cell equator and
contacts, pinching the cell in half.
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
 Prophase:
 Chromosomes condense
 Nuclear envelope disappears
 centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell
 Spindle forms and attaches to centromeres on the chromosomes
 Metaphase
 Chromosomes lined up on equator of spindle
 centrosomes at opposite ends of cell
 Anaphase
 Centromeres divide: each 2-chromatid chromosome
becomes two 1-chromatid chromosomes
 Chromosomes pulled to opposite poles by the spindle
 Telophase
 Chromosomes de-condense
 Nuclear envelope reappears
 Cytokinesis: the cytoplasm is divided into 2 cells.Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
 
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK