Examsexpert - In: Partial Differential Equations (Pde)

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in
Module – I Engineering Mathematics - IV 2018
Partial Differential Equations (PDE)

Syllabus:- Formulation of Partial differential equations by elimination
arbitrary constants /functions, solution of non-homogeneous Partial
differential equations by direct integration, solution of homogeneous
Partial differential equations involving derivative with respect to one
independent variable only. Derivation of one dimensional heat and wave
equations and their solutions by variable separable method.
INTRODUCTION:
Many problems in vibration of strings, heat conduction, and electrostatics
in
involve two or more variables. Analysis of these problems lead to partial
derivatives and equations involving them. In this unit we first discuss the
rt.
formation of PDE analogous to that of formation of ODE. Later we discuss
some methods of solving PDE also, discuss wave and heat equations.
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Definitions: Partial Differential Equations (PDE)
x
An equation involving one or more partial derivatives of a function of two or
more variables is called partial differential equations
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Example:- If z is a function of two independent variable in x and y

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Order of PDE:- The order is the highest derivative present in the equation
called order of PDE.
Degree of PDE:- The positive integral power (or degree) of the highest order
derivative in the equation called PDE.
Homogeneous and Non- Homogeneous PDE:-In a PDE each term contains

either the dependent variable or one of its partial derivatives, the PDE is said to
be homogeneous. Otherwise it is non homogeneous PDE
Dr. A.H.Srinivasa, MIT, Mysore Page 1
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Examples:-
Formation of PDE by eliminatory arbitrary constants
in
and arbitrary functions
rt.
Eliminatory arbitrary constants:-Consider the relation of the form
f(x,y, z, a,b) = 0, where z is a function two independent variable x and y and
arbitrary constants a, b. Differentiate z partially with respect x and y and
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eliminate arbitrary constant a, b to form PDE.
Note: - 1. If number of arbitrary constant < number of independent variables

x
then PDE required First order derivative
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2. If number of arbitrary constant > number of independent variables then

PDE required second and higher order derivative
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Notations: The following notations when z is a function of two independent

variable x, y will be used
z z
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p  zx  q  zy 
x y
2z 2z
r  z xx  s  z xy 
x 2 xy
 2u
r  z yy 
y 2

Examples: - Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants
1. z  ( x  a )( y  b)
Solution : Given, z  ( x  a )( y  b)  (1)
Diff; partially w.r.t x and y
z
 p  ( y  b)  (2)
x
z
 q  ( x  a)  (3) , Substitute (2) and (3) in (1)
y
 z  z 
we get z      pq is the requrid PDE
 x  y 
in
rt.
2. z  ( x  a ) 2  ( y  b) 2

x pe
Solution : Given, z  ( x  a ) 2  ( y  b) 2  (1)
z
 p  2( x  a )  (2)
sE
x
z
 q  2( y  b)  (3) , Substitute (2) and (3) in (1)
y
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we get 4 z  p 2  q 2 is the requrid PDE

Ex
3. z  a log( x 2  y 2 )  b
Solution : Given, z  a log( x 2  y 2 )  b  (1)
z 2ax
 p 2  (2)
x x  y2
z 2ay
q 2  (3) , now , (2) / (3)
y x  y2
we get py-qx  0 is the requrid PDE

Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function
1. z  f ( x 2  y 2 )
Solution : Given, z  f ( x 2  y 2 )  (1)
Differentiating (1); partially w.r.t x and y
z
 p  f ( x 2  y 2 )(2 x)    (2)
x
z
 q  f ( x 2  y 2 )(2 y )    (3) , Now,
2
y 3
we get py  qx  0 is the requrid PDE
in
rt.
1 
2. z  y 2  2 f   log y 
x 
1 
pe
Solution : Given, z  y 2  2 f   log y   (1)
x 
x
sE
z 1  1 
 p  2 f   log y   2     ( 2)
x x  x 
z 1  1 
 q  2 y  2 f   log y      (3) ,
am
y x  y 
1  1 
q  2 y  2 f   log y      (3) now ,
2
x  y  3
Ex
px 2
we get  1
q  2 y  y
px 2  q  2 y  y
px 2 q  2 y  y  0
px 2  qy  2 y 2 is the requried PDE

3. lx  my  nz   ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )
Solution : Given, lx  my  nz   ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )    (1)
l  np   ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )(2 x  2 zp)    (2)
m  nq   ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )(2 y  2 zq)    (3) , Now,

2
3
l  np x  zp
 on simplification
m  nq y  zq
mz  ny  p  nx  lz q  ly  mx is the requrid PDE
in
4.  ( x  y  z , x 2  y 2  z 2 )  0
rt.
Solution : Given,  ( x  y  z , x 2  y 2  z 2 )    (1)
Let us assume , u  x  y  z v x2 y2z 2
Differentiating (u , v); partially w.r.t x and y
ux  1  p v x  2( x  zp)
x pe
uy  1 q v y  2( y  zq)
sE
u x vx 1  p 2( x  zp)
Now,  ,  on simplifica tion
u y vy 1  q 2( y  zq)
 y  z  p  x  z q  x  y is the requrid PDE
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5.  ( x 2 2 yz , y 2 2 zx)  0
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Solution : Given,  ( x 2 2 yz , y 2 2 zx)  0    (1)

Let us assume , u  x 2 2 yz v  y 2 2 zx
Differentiating (u , v); partially w.r.t x and y
u x  2 x  2 yp v x  2( z  xp )
u y  2( yq  z ) v y  (2 y  2 xq )
ux v x  yp z  xp
Now,  x,  on simplification
u y vy yq  z y  xq
y 2
    
 zx p  x 2  yz q  z 2  xy is the requrid PDE

Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary functions
1. z  f ( x  at )  g ( x  at )    (1)
Differntiate z partially w.r.t x and y
z x  p  f ( x  at )  g ( x  at )
z xx  r  f ( x  at )  g ( x  at )  (2)
z y  q  f ( x  at )(a )  g ( x  at )( a )
z yy  q  f ( x  at )(a ) 2  g ( x  at )( a ) 2
z yy  t  a 2  f ( x  at )  g ( x  at )  (3)
substitute(2) in (3) we get
in
z yy  a 2 z xx or r  a 2t is the requried PDE
rt.
2. z  f ( y  x )  g ( y  2 x )
Sol : z  f ( y  x)  g ( y  2 x)
x pe
Differentiate z partially w.r.t x and y
z x  p  f ( y  x)  2 g ( y  2 x)
sE
z y  p  f ( y  x)  g ( y  2 x)
z xx  r  f ( y  x)  4 g ( y  2 x)    (1)
am
z xy  t  f ( y  x)  2 g ( y  2 x)    (2)

z yy  t  f ( y  x)  g ( y  2 x)    (3)
(1)  (2) will gives, r-s  2 g ( y  2 x)  (4)
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(2)  (3) will gives, s-t  g ( y  2 x)    (5)

4 will gives, r-s  2
5 s-t 1
r-s  2( s  t ) or r  3s  2t  0
z xx  3 z xy  2 z yy  0

3. z  f ( y  2 x )  g ( 2 y  x )
Sol : z  f ( y  2 x)  g (2 y  x)
z x  p  2 f ( y  2 x)  g (2 y  x)
z y  q  f ( y  2 x)  2 g (2 y  x)
z xx  r  4 f ( y  2 x)  g (2 y  x)    (1)
z xy  t  2 f ( y  2 x)  2 g (2 y  x)    (2)
z yy  t  f ( y  2 x)  4 g (2 y  x)    (3)
2  (1)  (2) will gives, 2r  s  6 f ( y  2 x)  (4)
in
2  (2)  (3) will gives, 2 s  t  3 f ( y  2 x)    (5)
4 will gives, 2r  s   2
rt.
5 2s  t 1
2r  s  2(2 s  t ) or 2r  5s  2t  0 pe
2 z xx  5 z xy  2 z yy  0 is the requried PDE.
x
sE
4. z  f ( y  x )  g ( y  2 x )
Sol : z  f ( y  x)  g ( y  2 x)
am

z x  p  f ( y  x)  2 g ( y  2 x)
z y  q  f ( y  x)  g ( y  2 x)
Ex
z xx  r  f ( y  x)  4 g ( y  2 x)    (1)

z xy  s  f ( y  x)  2 g ( y  2 x)    ( 2)
z yy  t  f ( y  x)  g ( y  2 x)    (3)
(1)  ( 2) will gives, r-s  2 g ( y  2 x)  (4)
( 2)  (3) will gives, s-t  g ( y  2 x)    (5)
4 will gives, r-s  2
5 s-t 1
r-s  2( s  t ) or r  3s  2t  0
z xx  3 z xy  2 z yy  0

5. z  f ( y  2 x )  g ( 2 y  x )
Sol : z  f ( y  2 x)  g (2 y  x)
Differentiate u partially w.r.t x and y
z x  p  2 f ( y  2 x)  g (2 y  x)
z y  q  f ( y  2 x)  2 g ( 2 y  x)
z xx  r  4 f ( y  2 x)  g ( 2 y  x)    (1)
z xy  s  2 f ( y  2 x)  2 g ( 2 y  x)    (2)
z yy  t  f ( y  2 x)  4 g (2 y  x)    (3)
2  (1)  ( 2) will gives, 2r  s  6 f ( y  2 x)  (4)
in
2  ( 2)  (3) will gives, 2 s  t  3 f ( y  2 x)    (5)
4 will gives, 2r  s   2
rt.
5 2s  t 1
2r  s  2(2 s  t ) or 2r  5s  2t  0 pe
2 z xx  5 z xy  2 z yy  0 is the requried PDE.
x
sE
Equation solvable by Direct Integration

am
The PDE which can be solved by direct integration, In the place of usual
constants of integration, we must, however, use arbitrary functions of the
variable held is fixed.
Ex
1. Solve :  z2  x  y
2
x
Solution :  z2  x  y
2
x
Integratin g twice with respect to x (keeping y fixed)
z  x  yx  f ( y)
2
x 2
x 3 yx 2
z   xf ( y)  g ( y) is the required solution
6 2

2.Solve :  z   a
2
x
xy y
Solution : Integratin g w.r.t x (keeping y fixed)
z   1  x  ax  f ( y)
2
y  y  2
Integratin g w.r.t y (keeping x fixed)
 2
x 
z   log y  axy   f ( y)dy  g ( x)
 2 
 
3. Solve :  z  18 xy 2  sin( 2 x  y)  0
3
x y
2
Solution : Integratin g twice w.r.t x (keeping y fixed)
in
2 z
 9 x 2 y 2  cos(2 x  y )  f ( y)
xy 2
rt.
z sin( 2 x  y )
 3x 3 y 2   xf ( y)  g ( y)
y 4
Integratin g w.r.t y (keeping x fixed)
pe
z  x 3 y 3  cos(2 x  y )  x  f ( y)dy   g ( y)dy  w( x)
4
cos(2 x  y )
zx y   xF ( y)  G ( y)  w( x)
x
3 3
4
sE
is the required solution
4. Solve :  z  sin x sin y for which z  2 sin y when x  0,

2
xy y
am
and z  0 if y is odd multiples of  2.

Solution : Integratin g w.r.t x (keeping y fixed)
z
  sin y cos x  f ( y)    (1)
y
Ex
z
Given,  2 sin y when x  0
y
 2 sin y   sin y cos 0  f ( y)
 2 sin y  sin y  f ( y)
- sin y  f ( y)
(1) becomes
z
  sin y cos x  sin y    (2)
y
integrate w.r.t y
z  cos y cos x  cos y  g(x)
given, z  0 if y  (2n  1) 2 in eq n (2)
we get g(x)  0
z  cos y cos x  cos y  cos y(cos x  1)

5. Solve :  z2  xy for which z  log( 1  y) when x  1,

2
x x
and z  0 when x  0
Solution : Integratin g twice w.r.t x (keeping y fixed)
z yx
2
  f ( y)    (1)
x 2
z
Given,  log( 1  y) when x  1
x
y
log( 1  y)   f ( y)
2
y
log( 1  y) -  f ( y)
2
in
(1) becomes
z yx
2
y
  log( 1  y) -    (2)
rt.
x 2 2
integrate w.r.t x
z
yx 3 
6 
y
  log( 1  y) -  x  g ( y)
given, z  0 when x  0
2
x pe
we get g(y)  0
sE
yx 3  y
z   log( 1  y) -  x
6  2
am

Solution of homogeneous PDE involving derivatives with
Ex
respect to one indecent variable only

Suppose that the dependent variable has been differentiated partially w.r.t.
one independent variable say x only. Then PDE can be treated as an ordinary
differential equation (ODE). The arbitrary constants in the solution are then
replaced by arbitrary function of the other variable (y) giving a solution of the
PDE

2z z
1. Solve :  z given that z  0 and  sin x, when y  0,
y 2 y
Solution :
Here z is function of y only.The PDE can be assume
in the form ODE
d 2z
 z  0 or  D  1 z  0 where
2 d
D
dy 2   dy
Auxillary Equation is
D 2  1  0 or D 2  1
in
D   1   1 (real and different roots )
complementary function
rt.
z  c1e y  c 2 e  y (for ODE)
The solution for PDE, replace c1 & c 2 by function y
z  f(x)e y  g(x)e  y - - - - - (1)
pe
Now find the value of f(x) & g(x) using the given data
x
When y  0, z  0 hence eq (1)becomes
sE
0  f(x)e 0  g(x)e 0
0  f(x)  g(x)    (2)
z
am
Also by data, when y  0 ,  sin x

y
differentiate Eq.(1) w.r.t. y partially we get
z
 f(x)e y  g(x)e  y
Ex
y
sin x  f(x)e 0  g(x)e 0
sin x
Eq.(2)  Eq.(3) f ( y) 
2
 sin x
Eq.(2)  Eq.(3) g ( x) 
2
Eq.1 becomes
 sin x   y   sin x 
z  ey e  
 2   2 
 e y  e y 
z    sin x
 2 
z
Dr. sinh y  sinMIT,
A.H.Srinivasa, x is Mysore
the required solution Page 11
sin x  f(x)  g(x)    (3)
solve Eq.(2) and Eq.(3)For More Notes Visit ExamsExpert.in
2z z
2. Solve : 3  4 z  0 subject to conditions that
x 2 x
z
z  1 and  y when x  0,
x
Solution :
Here z is function of x only . The PDE can be assume
in the form ODE
d 2z dz  4 z  0 or  D 2  3D  4  z  0 where d  D
3  
dx  
2
dx dx
in
D 2  3D  4  0
rt.
D  1, D  4, ( real and different roots )
comp lement ary function
z  c1e x  c 2 e  4 x (for ODE) pe
The solution for PDE, rep lace c1 & c 2 by function y
z  f(y)e x  g(y)e  4 x - - - - - (1)
x
Now find the value of f(y) & g(y) using the given data
sE
When x  0, z  1 hence Eq.(1) becomes

z
1  f(y)  g(y)    ( 2) Also by data,  y , when x  0 ,
x
am
differentiate Eq.(1) w.r.t. x p artially we get

z
 f(y)e x  4 g(y)e  4 x
x
Ex
y  f(ye 0  4 g(y)e 0
y  f(y )  4 g(y)    (3)
solve Eq.(2) and Eq.(3)
solveing Eq.(2) & Eq.(3)
4 y 1 y
f(y)  & g(y) 
5 5
 4  y  x  1  y  4 x
z  e   e is the required solution
 5   5 

3. Solve : 2  z given that when y  0, z  e and z  e

2z x x
y y
Solution :
Here z is function of y only. The PDE can be assume
in the form ODE
d 2z
 z  0 or  D 2  1 z  0 where
d
D
 
2
dy dx
D 2  1  0 or D 2  1
D   1   1 (real and different roots )
in
complementary function
rt.
z  c1e y  c 2 e  y (for ODE)
The solution for PDE, replace c1 & c 2 by function y
z  f(x)e y  g(x)e  y - - - - - (1) pe
Now find the value of f(x) & g(x) using the given data
When y  0, z  e x hence Eq.(1)becomes
x
e x  f(x)e 0  g(x)e 0
sE
e x  f(x)  g(x)    (2)

z
Also by data, when y  0 ,  ex
y
am
differentiate Eq.(1) w.r.t. y partially we get

z
 f(x)e y  g(x)e  y
y
Ex
e  x  f(x)e 0  g(x)e 0
e  x  f(x)  g(x)    (3)
Solve Eq.(2) and Eq.(3)
Eq. (2)  Eq. (3)
2 f ( x)  e x  e  x
e x  ex
f ( x)   cosh x
2
eq (2)  eq (3)
2 f ( x)  e x  e  x
e x  ex
g ( x)   sinh x
2
z  e y cosh x  e  y sinh x is the required solution

Application of Partial Differential equation

In physical problems, we always seek a solution of the differential equation
which satisfies some specified conditions known as the boundary conditions.
The differential equation together with these boundary conditions, constitute a
boundary value problems.In problems involving ordinary differential equations,
we may first find general solution and then determine the arbitrary constants
from the initial values. But the same process is not applicable to problems
involving PDE’s for the general solution of a PDE contains arbitrary functions
in
which are difficult to adjust so as to satisfy the given boundary conditions.
ONE DIMENSTIONAL WAVE EQUATIONS
rt.
Consider a flexible string tightly stretched between two fixed points at a
pe
distance l. Let  be the mass per unit length of the string.
We shall assume the following.

x
i). The tension T of the string is small through out.
sE
ii) The effect of gravity can be ignored due to large tension T.

am
iii) The motion of the string is in small transverse vibrations.

Ex
Let us consider the forces acting on a small element AB of length x.
Let T1 and T2 be the tensions at the points A and B.
Since there is no motion in the horizontal direction, the horizontal components

T1 and T2 must cancel each other.
T1 cos   T2 cos   T      (1)

Where  &  are the angles made by T1 and T2 with horizontal. Vertical
components of tension are –T1 sin and T2 cos, where negative sign indicate
T1 directed to downwards. Hence the resultant force acting vertically upwards
is T2 sin–T1 sin
Apply Newton’s second law of motion,
Force = mass acceleration
T2 sin–T1 sin = (x)utt
[x is the mass of the element portion AB and utt represents acc^n]
in
Divide throughout by T we have
  2u
rt.
T2 T
sin   1 sin   x 2
T T T t
T 1 T2 1
Using Eq : 1 1  
T cos 
sin  sin    2 u
  x
;
T cos  pe
cos  cos  T t 2
x
  2u
sE
tan   tan   x 2      (2)

T t
But tan  and tan  represents the slope at B( x  x) and A(x) respectively
 u   u 
am
tan     and tan   

 x  x x  x  x
 u   u    2u
      x 2 divide by x and apply limit x  0
 x  x x  x  x T t
Ex
 u   u 
   
 x  x x  x  x   u
2
Lim 
x 0 x T t 2
 2u   2u T
  c 2 we get
x 2
T t 2

 2u 2  u
2
 c or u tt  c 2 u xx
t 2
x 2
This is the wave equation in one dimension

VARIOUS POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS OF ONE DIMENSTIONAL WAVE
EQUATIONS
Let the one dimension wave equation
 2u 2  u
2
Consider  c
t 2 x 2
Let u  XT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (1)
where X ( x), T (t ) be the solution
of the PDE
1 d 2T 1 d 2 X

c 2T dt 2 X dx 2
in
equating to common constant
1 d 2T 1 d2X
rt.
2 2
 k and k
c T dt X dx 2
2
d T d2X
 c 2 kT  0 and  kX  0
dt

2

D 2  c 2 k T  0 and 
dx 2

D2  k X  0
pe
2 2
x
d d
where, D 2  2
 2
dx dt
sE
am
Ex

Case 1 :
Let k  0
D 2 X  0 and D 2T  0
Solution are given
X  c1  c 2 x e 0 x and T  c 3  c 4 t e 0t
X  c1  c 2 x  and T  c 3  c 4 t 
Hence the solution of PDE
U  XT  c1  c 2 x c 3  c 4 t 
Case 2 : Let k be negative say, k  p 2
D 2
 
 p 2 X  0 and D 2  c 2 p 2 T  0
in
A.E is
D 2  p 2  0 and D 2  c 2 p 2  0
rt.
D  p & D  cp
Solution are given
  
X  c 5 e px  c 6 e  px and T  c 7 e pct  c 8 e  pct
 pe
Case 3 : Let k be negative say, k   p 2
x
D 2
 
 p 2 X  0 and D 2  c 2 p 2 T  0
sE
A.E is
D 2  p 2  0 and D 2  c 2 p 2  0
am
D  ip & D  icp

Solution are given
X  c 9 cos px  c10 sin px  and T  c11 cos pct  c12 sin pct 
Ex

U  XT  c 9 cos px  c10 sin px c11 cos pct  c12 sin pct 
 
U  XT  c 5 e px  c 6 e  px c 7 e pct  c 8 e  pct 
ONE DIMENSTIONAL HEAT EQUATIONS
We shall assume the following.
i). Heat flows from higher temperature to a lower temperature.
ii). The amount of heat in a body is proportional to its mass and temperature.

iii) The rate of inflow across an area is proportional to the area and to the
temperature gradient normal to the area where the constant of proportionality
(K) is called the thermal conductivity
Fig
Consider the homogeneous bar of constant cross – section area A. Let  be the
density, S be the specific heat and K is the thermal conductivity of the
material. Let the sides be insulated so that the stream lines of heat flow are
parllel and perpendicular to the area A.
in
Let one end of the bar be taken as a origin O and the direction of the heat flow
be the positive X – axis.
rt.
Let U (x, t) be the temperature of the slab at a distance x from the origin.
pe
Consider an element of bar between the planes PQRS and P`Q`R`S` at a
distance x and x + x from the end O.
Let u be the change in temperature in a slab thickness x of the bar.

x
sE
The mass of the element = A  x
The quantity of heat in this slab element is

am
= A  s x u
Hence the rate of increase of heat in this slab element

Ex
u
R   Asx       (1)
t
If R 1 is the rate in flow of heat and R 0
is the rate of out flow of heat we have
 u   u 
R1   KA  and R o   KA       (2)
 t  x  t  x x
where the negative sign is due to emprical law (1)
Hence we have from (1) and (2)

R  R 1  R0
 Asx  u  KA u   u 
 KA 
t  x  x x  x 
  u   u  
 KA   KA  
u K x  x  x 
    x x
t s  x 
 
 
Apply limit x  0
u K  2u

t s x 2
in
u  2u
 c 2 2 This is called One dimentiona l heat equation
rt.
t x
VARIOUS POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS OF ONE DIMENSTIONAL HEAT
EQUATIONS pe
Let the one dimension wave equation
x
sE
am
Ex

u 2  u
2
Consider c
t x 2
Let u  XT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (1)
where X ( x), T (t ) be the solution of the PDE
1 dT 1 d 2 X

c 2T dt X dx 2
equating to common constant
1 dT 1 d2X
2
 k and k
c T dt X dx 2
dT d2X
 c 2 kT  0 and  kX  0
dt dx 2
in
 
D  c 2 k T  0 and  
D2  k X  0
rt.
d d
where, D  D
dx dt
Case 1 :
Let k  0
pe
DT  0 and D 2 X  0
x
Solution are given
sE
X  c1 e 0 x and T  c 3  c 4 x e 0 x
X  c1  and T  c 3  c 4 x 
am

U  XT  c1 c 3  c 4 x 
Ex


D  
 p 2 X  0 and D  c 2 p 2 T  0
2

A.E is
D 2  p 2  0 and D  c 2 p 2  0
D   p & D  cp
Solution are given
  
X  c 5 e px  c 6 e  px and T  c 7 e pct 
in
D  
 p 2 X  0 and D  c 2 p 2 T  0
2

A.E is
rt.
D 2  p 2  0 and D  c 2 p 2  0
D  ip & D  cp
Solution are given

X  c 9 cos px  c10 sin px  and T  c11e  pct
x

pe

U  XT  c 9 cos px  c10 sin px  c11e  pct 
sE
am
Ex

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Partial Differential Equations (PDE)

Example:- If z is a function of two independent variable in x and y

Homogeneous and Non- Homogeneous PDE:-In a PDE each term contains

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Formation of PDE by eliminatory arbitrary constants

Note: - 1. If number of arbitrary constant < number of independent variables

2. If number of arbitrary constant > number of independent variables then

Notations: The following notations when z is a function of two independent

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Diff; partially w.r.t x and y

we get 4 z  p 2  q 2 is the requrid PDE

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m  nq   ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )(2 y  2 zq)    (3) , Now,

Solution : Given,  ( x 2 2 yz , y 2 2 zx)  0    (1)

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z xy  t  f ( y  x)  2 g ( y  2 x)    (2)

(2)  (3) will gives, s-t  g ( y  2 x)    (5)

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Differentiate z partially w.r.t x and y

z xx  r  f ( y  x)  4 g ( y  2 x)    (1)

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Equation solvable by Direct Integration

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Solution : Integratin g twice w.r.t x (keeping y fixed)

is the required solution

4. Solve :  z  sin x sin y for which z  2 sin y when x  0,

and z  0 if y is odd multiples of  2.

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5. Solve :  z2  xy for which z  log( 1  y) when x  1,

Partial Differential Equations (PDE)

respect to one indecent variable only

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Also by data, when y  0 ,  sin x

When x  0, z  1 hence Eq.(1) becomes

differentiate Eq.(1) w.r.t. x p artially we get

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3. Solve : 2  z given that when y  0, z  e and z  e

e x  f(x)  g(x)    (2)

differentiate Eq.(1) w.r.t. y partially we get

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Application of Partial Differential equation

ONE DIMENSTIONAL WAVE EQUATIONS

We shall assume the following.

ii) The effect of gravity can be ignored due to large tension T.

iii) The motion of the string is in small transverse vibrations.

Let us consider the forces acting on a small element AB of length x.

Let T1 and T2 be the tensions at the points A and B.

Since there is no motion in the horizontal direction, the horizontal components

T1 cos   T2 cos   T      (1)

Dr. A.H.Srinivasa, MIT, Mysore Page 14