Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Slab System
Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior
l22
Total Moment in both beams M wl1 k - ft
8
Full load was transferred east-west by the planks and then was
transferred north-south by the beams;
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor system.
General Design Concepts
(1) Direct Design Method (DDM)
Limited to slab systems to uniformly distributed
loads and supported on equally spaced columns.
Method uses a set of coefficients to determine the
design moment at critical sections. Two-way slab
system that do not meet the limitations of the ACI
Code 13.6.1 must be analyzed more accurate
procedures
(2) Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
A three-dimensional building is divided into a
series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by
cutting the building along lines midway between
columns. The resulting frames are considered
separately in the longitudinal and transverse
directions of the building and treated floor by
floor.
Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
f
ln 0.8 y
h 200,000
36 5 m 0.2
f
ln 0.8 y
h 200,000
36 9
1 3 1 12 in.
bh 20 ft 7 in.
3
I slab
12 12 1 ft.
6860 in 4
b h Ai (in2) y i (in) y iAi (in3) I (in4) d (in) d2A (in4)
Flange 7 46 322 3.5 1127 1314.833 -4.69751 7105.442
Beam 15 16 240 14.5 3480 4500 6.302491 9533.135
ybar = 8.197509 in
I = 22453.41 in4
Compute the coefficient for the long direction
EI beam 22453 in 4
long 4
EI slab 6860 in
3.27
Short side of the moment of inertia
1 3 1 12 in.
bh 24 ft 7 in.
3
I slab
12 12 1 ft.
8232 in 4
Compute the coefficient for short direction
EI beam 22453 in 4
short
EI slab 8232 in 4
2.73
The average m for an interior panel is
2 long 2 short 2 3.27 2 2.73
avg
4 4
3.0
Compute the coefficient
20 in. 1 ft.
24 ft. 2
llong 2 12 in.
1.22
lshort 20 in. 1 ft.
20 ft. 2
2 12 in.
Compute the thickness for m > 2
fy 12 in. 60000
ln 0.8 22.33 ft. 0.8
200000
1 ft. 200000
h
36 9 36 9 1.22
6.28 in. Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid for the
L-beam
I L-beam 15302 in 4
1 3 1 12 in.
bh 10 ft 7 in.
3
I slab
12 12 1 ft.
3430 in 4
b h Ai (in2) y i (in) y iAi (in3) I (in4) d (in) d2A (in4)
Flange 7 27 189 3.5 661.5 771.75 -5.36585 5441.761
Beam 15 12 180 14.5 2610 3375 5.634146 5713.849
ybar = 8.865854 in
I = 15302.36 in4
Compute the m coefficient for long direction
EI L-beam 15302 in 4
long 4
EI slab 3430 in
4.46
Short side of the moment of inertia
1 3 1 12 in.
bh 12 ft 7 in.
3
I slab
12 12 1 ft.
4116 in 4
Compute the m coefficient for the short direction
EI L-beam 15302 in 4
short 4
EI slab 4116 in
3.72
Compute the m coefficient for the edges and corner
fy 12 in. 60000
ln 0.8 22.67 ft. 0.8
200000
1 ft. 200000
h
36 9 36 9 1.22
6.37 in. Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.
Vc 2 f c bd
The supporting beams are stiff and are capable of
transmitting floor loads to the columns.
The shear force is calculated using the triangular and
trapezoidal areas. If no shear reinforcement is provided,
the shear force at a distance d from the beam must equal
Vud Vc 2 f c bd
where,
l2
Vud wu d
2
Two-Way Slabs without beams
Vud Vc 2 f c bd
Two-way shear fails along a a truncated cone or pyramid
around the column. The critical section is located d/2 from
the column face, column capital, or drop panel.
If shear reinforcement is not provided, the shear strength
of concrete is the smaller of:
4
Vc 2 f c bo d 4 f c bo d
c
d
Vc s
2 f c bo d
bo
s is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge
columns, and 20 for corner columns.
Shear Reinforcement in two-way slabs without
beams .
For plates and flat slabs, which do not meet the condition
for shear, one can either
Vn 7 f c bo d
Example Problem
Determine the shear
reinforcement required for an
interior flat panel considering
the following: Vu= 195k, slab
thickness = 9 in., d = 7.5 in.,
fc = 3 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, and
column is 20 x 20 in.
Compute the shear terms find b0 for
Vc 4 fc b0 d
column
b0 4 d 4 20 in. 7.5 in.
width
110 in.
Compute the maximum allowable shear
Vc 4 f c b0 d
1k
0.75 4 3000 110 in. 7.5 in.
1000 lbs
135.6 k
Vc 6 f c b0 d
1k
0.75 6 3000 110 in. 7.5 in.
1000 lbs
203.3 k
Vc 2 fc b0 d
column
b0 4 2a
width
Determine the a for
Vu 2 f c b0 d
19500 lb 0.75 2 3000 4 20 in. 2a 7.5 in.
a 41.8 in.
Vs Vu Vc
195 k 135.6 k
59.4 k
Av f y d Av f y d
Vs s
s Vs
Determine shear reinforcement spacing
s
Av f y d
0.22 in 2
60 ksi 7.5 in.
Vs 19.8 k
5.0 in.
Maximum allowable spacing is
d 7.5 in.
3.75 in.
2 2
Use s = 3.5 in.
50 in.
# of stirrups 14.3 Use 15 stirrups
3.5 in.
l 2 1
2
l22
Total Moment in both beams M wl1 k - ft
8
Full load was transferred east-west by the planks and then was
transferred north-south by the beams;
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor system.
Basic Steps in Two-way Slab
Design
1. Choose layout and type of slab.
2. Choose slab thickness to control deflection. Also,
check if thickness is adequate for shear.
3. Choose Design method
Equivalent Frame Method- use elastic frame
analysis to compute positive and negative
moments
Direct Design Method - uses coefficients to
compute positive and negative slab moments
4. Calculate positive and negative moments in the slab.
5. Determine distribution of moments across the width of
the slab. - Based on geometry and beam stiffness.
6. Assign a portion of moment to beams, if present.
7. Design reinforcement for moments from steps 5 and 6.
8. Check shear strengths at the columns
Minimum Slab Thickness for
two-way construction
Maximum Spacing of Reinforcement
At points of max. +/- M: s 2t ACI 13.3.2
and s 18 in. ACI 7.12.3
Min Reinforcement Requirements
wu l2ln2
M0 ACI 13 - 3
8
where wu factored load per unit area
l2 transverse width of the strip
ln clear span between columns
for circular columns, calc. ln using h 0.886d c
Column Strips and Middle
Strips
Moments vary across width of slab panel
Ecb I b Ecb C
1 t
Ecs I s 2 Ecs I s
0.63x x 3 y
C 1 torsional constant
y 3
Distribution of M0
ACI Sec 13.6.3.4
For spans framing into a common support negative
moment sections shall be designed to resist the larger
of the 2 interior Mu’s
ACI Sec. 13.6.3.5
Edge beams or edges of slab shall be proportioned to
resist in torsion their share of exterior negative
factored moments
Factored Moment in
Column Strip
1 Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of
slab in direction l1.
t Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab(width= to beam length)
Factored Moment in an
Interior Strip
Factored Moment in an
Exterior Panel
Factored Moment in an
Exterior Panel
Factored Moment in
Column Strip
1 Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of
slab in direction l1.
t Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab(width= to beam length)
Factored Moment in Column
Strip
1 Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of
slab in direction l1.
t Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab(width= to beam length)
1 Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of
slab in direction l1.
t Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab(width= to beam length)
Factored Moments
a
M u As f y d Ru bd 2
2
Calculate Ru and determine the steel ratio r, where
=0.9. As = rbd. Calculate the minimum As from
ACI codes. Figure 13.3.8 is used to determine the
minimum development length of the bars.
Ru wu f c 1 0.59wu
r fy
wu
fc
Minimum extension for
reinforcement in slabs without
beams(Fig. 13.3.8)