Solution: 11-1. Oil Flows With A Free-Stream Velocity of U 3 FT S

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11–1. Oil flows with a free-stream velocity of U = 3 ft>s U

over the flat plate. Determine the distance xcr to where
the boundary layer begins to transition from laminar
to turbulent flow. Take mo = 1.40 1 10-3 2 lb # s>ft and
go = 55.1 lb>ft 3.
Solution
Oil is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
The transition from a laminar boundary layer occurs at a critical Reynolds number
of (Re x) cr = 5 (105) .
Uxcr Uxcr gUxcr
(Re x) cr = = =
. We or
n mg>g mg
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
( 55.1 lb>ft 3 )( 3 ft>s ) xcr
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
5 ( 105 ) =
3 1.40 ( 10-3 ) lb # s>ft 4 ( 32.2 ft>s2 )
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
xcr = 136.36 ft = 136 ft or in a uc y Ans.
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
136 ft
1134
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
11–2. Water at 15°C flows with a free-stream velocity of U

U = 2 m>s over the flat plate. Determine the shear stress
on the surface of the plate at point A.
200 mm
Solution
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
From Appendix A, m = 1.15 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 and n = 1.15 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s. Thus,
Ux ( 2 m>s ) (0.2 m)
Re x = = = 3.478 ( 105 )
n 1.15 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
. We or
m W ina g
b)
Since Re x 6 ( Re x ) cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the boundary layer is still laminar. Thus,
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
U
an on in rs h
t0 = 0.332m a b 2Re x
k g rn to rig
x
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
2 m>s
= 0.332 3 1.15 ( 10-3 ) N>m2 4 a b 23.478 ( 105 )
th inc de f i es
0.2 m
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
= 2.25 N>m2 Ans.

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
2.25 Pa
1135
11–3. The boundary layer for wind blowing over 15 m/s

rough terrain can be approximated by the equation
u>U = 1 y>( y + 0.01) 2 , where y is in meters. If the free-
stream velocity of the wind is 15 m>s, determine the velocity
at an elevation y = 0.1 m and at y = 0.3 m from the
ground surface. y
Solution
Air is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
Here,
u y
=
U y + 0.01
. We or
y 15y
m W ina g
b)
u = Ua b = a b m>s
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
y + 0.01 y + 0.01
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
At y = 0.1 m,
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
15(0.1) or in a uc y
u y = 0.1 m =
w d le tr p
= 13.6 m>s Ans.
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0.1 + 0.01
th inc de f i es
At y = 0.3 m,
of rk ( stu e o tat
15(0.3)
ity o g us d S
u y = 0.3 m = = 14.5 m>s Ans.

0.3 + 0.01
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
u y = 0.1 m = 13.6 m>s
u y = 0.3 m = 14.5 m>s
1136
*11–4. An oil–gas mixture flows over the top surface of 0.75 m

the plate that is contained in a separator used to process
these two fluids. If the free-stream velocity is 0.8 m>s,
determine the maximum boundary layer thickness over the
plate’s surface. Take n = 42 1 10-6 2 m2 >s. 1.5 m
0.8 m/s
Solution
The mixture is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
of ( Re x ) cr = 5 ( 105 ) .
Uxcr
( Re x ) cr =
. We or
n
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
( 0.8 m>s ) xcr
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
5 ( 105 ) =
42 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
xcr = 26.25 m or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Since xcr 7 L = 1.5 m, the boundary layer for the entire length of the plate is
th inc de f i es
laminar. The maximum thickness occurs at the end of the plate where x = L = 1.5 m.
of rk ( stu e o tat
The Reynolds number at this point is

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
Ux ( 0.8 m>s ) (1.5 m)

= 2.857 ( 104 )
in f th se for Un
Re x = =
n 42 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Then,
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
5.0x 5.0(1.5 m)
dmax = d x = 1.5 m = = 0.04437 m = 44.4 mm Ans.
de f a rse de ot
=
s
22.857 ( 104 )
ill o u vi pr
2Re x
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1137
11–5. An oil-gas mixture flows over the top surface of 0.75 m

the plate that is contained in a separator used to process
these two fluids. If the free-stream velocity is 0.8 m>s,
determine the friction drag acting on the surface of the
plate. Take n = 42 1 10-6 2 m2 >s and r = 910 kg>m3. 1.5 m
0.8 m/s
Solution
The mixture is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
of ( Re x ) cr = 5 ( 105 ) .
Uxcr
( Re x ) cr =
. We or
n
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
( 0.8 m>s ) xcr
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
5 ( 105 ) =
d th g. in t la
42 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Since xcr 7 L = 1.5 m, the boundary layer for the entire length of the plate is
th inc de f i es
laminar. Here, the Reynolds number at x = L = 1.5 m is

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
UL ( 0.8 m>s ) (1.5 m)

Re L = = = 2.857 ( 104 )
te is ss th ite
n 42 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
in f th se for Un
Then,
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
0.664brU 2L 0.664(0.75 m) ( 910 kg>m3 )( 0.8 m>s ) 2(1.5 m)

ro p an o te
FD = =
st ny s d s ec
2Re L 22.857 ( 104 )

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
= 2.57 N Ans.
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
2.57 N
1138
11–6. Wind flows along the side of the rectangular sign. 12 ft

If the air is at a temperature of 60°F and has a free-stream
velocity of 6 ft>s, determine the friction drag on the front
surface of the sign. 6 ft/s 6 ft
Solution
The air is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
From Appendix A, r = 0.00237 slug>ft 2 and n = 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s. The
transition from a laminar boundary layer occurs at a critical Reynolds number of
( Re x ) cr = 5 ( 105 ) .
Uxcr
. We or
( Re x ) cr =
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
n
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
( 6 ft>s ) x cr
5 ( 105 ) =
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
xcr = 13.17 ft
th inc de f i es
Since xcr 7 L = 12 ft, the boundary layer for the entire length of the signboard is
of rk ( stu e o tat
laminar. Here, the Reynolds number at x = L = 12 ft is

ity o g us d S
( 6 ft>s ) (12 ft)

te is ss th ite
UL
Re L = = = 4.557 ( 105 )
in f th se for Un
n 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Then,
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0.664brU 2L 0.664(6 ft) ( 0.00237 slug>ft 3 )( 6 ft>s ) 2(12 ft)

st ny s d s ec
FD = =
de f a rse de ot
24.557 ( 105 )
s
2Re L
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
= 0.00604 lb Ans.

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.00604 lb
1139
11–7. A flat plate is to be coated with a polymer. If the

thickness of the laminar boundary layer that occurs during
the coating process at a distance of 0.5 m from the plate’s
front edge is 10 mm, determine the free-stream velocity of
this fluid. Take n = 4.68 1 10-6 2 m2 >s.
Solution
The polymer is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
The Reynolds number at x = 0.5 m is
Ux U(0.5 m)
Re x = = = 1.0684 ( 105 ) U
n 4.68 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
. We or
m W ina g
Then,
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
5.0x
d th g. in t la
d =
an on in rs h
2Re x
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
5.0(0.5 m)
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0.01 m =
21.0684 ( 105 ) U
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
U = 0.585 m>s Ans.

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.585 m>s
1140
*11–8. Compare the thickness of the boundary layer of 0.8 m/s 0.8 m/s
water with air at the end of the 0.4-m-long flat plate. Both
fluids are at 20°C and have a free-stream velocity of
U = 0.8 m>s.
0.4 m
Solution
Both water and air are to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
From Appendix A, nw = 1.00 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 > s and na = 15.1 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s. Thus, the

Reynolds numbers for water and air at the end of the plate x = L = 0.4 m are
UL ( 0.8 m>s ) (0.4 m)
(Re L)w = = = 3.2 ( 105 )
. We or
nw 1.00 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
UL ( 0.8 m>s ) (0.4 m)
d th g. in t la
(Re L)a = = = 2.1192 ( 104 )
15.1 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s
an on in rs h
na
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
Since (Re L)w 6 (Re x)cr and (Re L)a 6 (Re x)cr, where (Re x)cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
boundary layers for both water and air are laminar. For x = L = 0.4 m,
th inc de f i es
5.0(0.4 m)
of rk ( stu e o tat
5.0x
dw = = = 0.003536 m = 3.54 mm Ans.
ity o g us d S
2(Re x)w 23.2 ( 105 )

te is ss th ite
5.0(0.4 m)
in f th se for Un
5.0x
da = = = 0.01374 m = 13.7 mm Ans.
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
2(Re x)a 22.1192 ( 104 )

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1141
11–9. A liquid having a viscosity m, a density r, and a free- U

stream velocity U flows over the plate. Determine the distance
x where the boundary layer has a disturbance thickness that is
a
one-half the depth a of the liquid. Assume laminar flow.
Solution
The liquid is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
rUL a
The Reynolds number at the x = L is Re L = and at the exit d = . Thus,
m 2
5.0x a 5.0x
d = ; =
. We or
2Re x 2 rUx
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
B m
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
rUa2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
x = Ans.
100m or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
rUa2
x =
100m
1142
11–10. A fluid has laminar flow and passes over the flat 6 m/s
plate. If the thickness of the boundary layer at a distance of
0.5 m from the plate’s edge is 10 mm, determine the
boundary layer thickness at a distance of 1 m.
10 mm
0.5 m
Solution
The fluid is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
The Reynolds number at x = 0.5 m and 1 m can be determined using
Ux U(0.5 m) 0.5U
Re x x = 0.5 m = = =
n n n
. We or
and
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
U(1 m)
itt id tio
Ux U
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Re x x = 1 m = = =
d th g. in t la
n n n
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
At x = 0.5 m, d = 0.01 m. Thus, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
5.0x 5.0(0.5 m)
d = ; 0.01 m =
th inc de f i es
2Re x 0.5U
of rk ( stu e o tat
A n
ity o g us d S
U
te is ss th ite
= 125 000
in f th se for Un
n
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
U
y ar d le d
Thus, at x = 1 m, Re x = = 125 000. Then,

ro p an o te
n
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
5.0x 5.0(1 m)
s
ill o u vi pr
d = = = 0.01414 m = 14.1 mm Ans.

2Re x 2125 000
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
14.1 mm
1143
11–11. Air at 60°C flows through the very wide duct.

0.5 m/s
Determine the required dimension a of the duct at x = 4 m
so that the central 200-mm core flow velocity maintains the
constant free-stream velocity of 0.5 m>s.
200 mm a 0.5 m/s
x4m
Solution
From Appendix A, n = 18.9 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s. Thus, the Reynolds number at x = 4 m is
Ux ( 0.5 m>s ) (4 m)
Re x = = = 1.0582 ( 105 )
n 18.9 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s
. We or
Since Re x 6 (Re x)cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the boundary layer is laminar throughout the entire
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
length of the duct.
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Thus, the displacement thickness is
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
1.721x 1.721(4 m)
e lu nt ns co
d* = = = 0.02116 m = 21.16 mm
th inc de f i es
2Re x 21.0582 ( 105 )

of rk ( stu e o tat
The dimension of the square duct at x = 4 m is

ity o g us d S
a = 200 mm + 2d *
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
= 200 mm + 2(21.16 mm)

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
= 242 mm Ans.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
242 mm
1144
*11–12. Oil confined in a channel flows past the diverter

fin at U = 6 m>s. Determine the friction drag acting on both
sides of the fin. Take no = 40 1 10-6 2 m2 >s and
ro = 900 kg>m3. Neglect end effects. U
200 mm
50 mm
Solution
of (Re x)cr = 5 ( 105 ) .
Uxcr
. We or
(Re x)cr =
m W ina g
b)
n
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
( 6 m>s ) xcr
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
5 ( 105 ) =
40 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Since xcr 7 L = 0.05 m, the boundary layer for the entire length of the fin is
th inc de f i es
laminar. Here, the Reynolds number at x = L = 0.05 m is

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
UL ( 6 m>s ) (0.05 m)
Re L = = = 7500
te is ss th ite
n 40 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s
in f th se for Un
The drag force of both sides of the fin is

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
0.664brU 2L 0.664(0.2 m) ( 900 kg>m3 )( 6 m>s ) 2(0.05 m)

ro p an o te
FD = 2£ § = 2£ §
st ny s d s ec
2Re L 27500
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
= 4.97 N Ans.
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1145
11–13. Air at 80°F and atmospheric pressure has a free-

stream velocity of 4 ft>s. If it passes along the surface of a
smooth glass window of a building, determine the thickness
of the boundary layer at a distance of 0.2 ft from the leading
edge of the window. Also, what is the velocity of air 0.003 ft
away from the window’s surface at this point?
Solution
From Appendix A, n = 0.169 ( 10 - 3 ) ft 2 >s for air at T = 80° F. Thus, the Reynolds
number at x = 0.2 ft is
Ux ( 4 ft>s ) (0.2 ft)
. We or
Re x = = = 4733.73
m W ina g
0.169 ( 10 - 3 ) ft 2 >s
b)
n
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Since Re x 6 (Re x)cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the boundary layer up to x = 0.2 ft is still laminar.
an on in rs h
Thus, its thickness at this point is
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
5.0x 5.0(0.2 ft) 12 in.
e lu nt ns co
d = = = (0.01453 ft)a b = 0.174 in. Ans.

th inc de f i es
2Re x 24733.73 1 ft
of rk ( stu e o tat
Also, the velocity of a particle at the point x = 0.2 ft and y = 3 ( 10 - 3 ) ft can be

ity o g us d S
determined using Blasius solution. Here,

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
y 3 ( 10 - 3 ) ft
gr w in e
2Re x = 24733.73 = 1.032

th t o a ly by
x 0.2 ft
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Interpolating the values in the table gives

st ny s d s ec
u
de f a rse de ot
≈ 0.3396
s
ill o u vi pr
U
w le co ro is
u = 0.3396 ( 4 ft>s ) = 1.36 ft>s (approx.) Ans.

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
d = 0.174 in.
u = 1.36 ft>s (approx.)
1146
11–14. Water at 40°C has a free-stream velocity of 0.3 m>s. 0.3 m/s

Determine the boundary layer thickness at x = 0.2 m and at
x = 0.4 m on the flat plate.
0.4 m
Solution
From Appendix A, n = 0.664 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s for water at T = 40° C. Thus, the
Reynolds number in terms of x is
Ux ( 0.3 m>s ) x
Re x = = = 4.5181 ( 105 ) x
0.664 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s
. We or
n
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
At x = 0.2 m and 0.4 m,
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Re x x = 0.2 m = c 4.5181 ( 105 ) d (0.2 m) = 9.0361 ( 104 )
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Re x x = 0.4 m = c 4.5181 ( 105 ) d (0.4 m) = 1.8072 ( 105 )

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Since Re x x = 0.4 m 6 (Re x)cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the boundary layer up to x = 0.4 is still
ity o g us d S
laminar. Thus, its thickness is

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
5.0x 5.0(0.2 m)
gr w in e
d x = 0.2 m = = = 0.003327 m = 3.33 mm Ans.

th t o a ly by
2Re x 29.036 ( 104 )

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
5.0x 5.0(0.4 m)
st ny s d s ec
d x = 0.4 m = = = 0.004705 m = 4.70 mm Ans.

de f a rse de ot
2Re x 218.072 ( 104 )

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
d x = 0.2 m = 3.33 mm
d x = 0.4 m = 4.70 mm
1147
11–15. Water at 40°C has a free-stream velocity of 0.3 m>s. 0.3 m/s

Determine the shear stress on the plate’s surface at x = 0.2 m
and at x = 0.4 m.
0.4 m
Solution
From Appendix A, m = 0.659 ( 10 - 3 ) N # m>s and n = 0.664 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s for water
at T = 40° C. Thus, the Reynolds number in terms of x is
Ux ( 0.3 m>s ) x
Re x = = = 4.5181 ( 105 ) x
. We or
n 0.664 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
At x = 0.2 m and 0.4 m,
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Re x x = 0.2 m = c 4.5181 ( 105 ) d (0.2 m) = 9.0361 ( 104 )
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Re x x = 0.4 m = c 4.5181 ( 105 ) d (0.4 m) = 1.8072 ( 105 )

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Since Re x x = 0.4 m 6 (Re x)cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the boundary layer up to x = 0.4 is still
te is ss th ite
laminar. Thus, the shear stress on the plate’s surface is

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
U
th t o a ly by
t0 x = 0.2 m = 0.332m a b 2Re x

x
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
0.3 m>s
= 0.332c 0.659 ( 10 - 3 ) N # s>m2 d a b 29.0361 ( 104 )
de f a rse de ot
0.2 m
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
= 0.0987 N>m2 Ans.

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
U
t0 x = 0.4 m = 0.332m a b 2Re x
an his
x
T
0.3 m>s
= 0.332c 0.659 ( 10 - 3 ) N # s>m2 d a b 21.8072 ( 105 )
0.4 m
= 0.0698 N>m2 Ans.
Ans:
t0 x = 0.2 m = 0.0987 Pa
t0 x = 0.4 m = 0.0698 Pa
1148
*11–16. The boat is traveling at 0.7 ft>s through still water

having a temperature of 60°F. If the rudder can be assumed
to be a flat plate, determine the boundary layer thickness at
the trailing edge A. Also, what is the displacement thickness
of the boundary layer at this point?
2 ft A
1.75 ft
Solution
Water is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady.
From Appendix A, n = 12.2 ( 10 - 6 ) ft 2 >s for water at T = 60° F. Thus, the Reynolds
number at the trailing edge of the rudder (x = L = 1.75 ft) is
Ux ( 0.7 ft>s ) (1.75 ft)

Re x = = = 1.0041 ( 105 )
. We or
n 12.2 ( 10 - 6 ) ft 2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Since Re x 6 (Re x)cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the boundary layer is laminar for the entire length
d th g. in t la
of the rudder. Thus, its thickness and displacement thickness at the trailing edge are
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
5.0x 5.0(1.75 ft) 12 in.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
d = = = (0.02761 ft) a b = 0.331 in. Ans.
e lu nt ns co
2Re x 21.0041 ( 105 ) 1 ft

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
and
ity o g us d S
1.721x 1.721(1.75 ft) 12 in.

d* = = = (0.00951 ft) a b = 0.114 in. Ans.
te is ss th ite
2Re x 21.0041 ( 10 5
) 1 ft
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1149
11–17. The boat is traveling at 0.7 ft>s through water having

a temperature of 60°F. If the rudder can be assumed to be a
flat plate having a height of 2 ft and a length of 1.75 ft,
determine the friction drag acting on both sides of the
rudder.
2 ft A
1.75 ft
Solution
From Appendix A, n = 12.2 ( 10 - 6 ) ft 2 >s for water at T = 60° F. Thus, the Reynolds
number at the trailing edge of the rudder (x = L = 1.75 ft) is
Ux ( 0.7 ft>s ) (1.75 ft)

Re x = = = 1.0041 ( 105 )
. We or
n 12.2 ( 10 - 6 ) ft 2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
Since Re x 6 (Re x)cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the boundary layer is laminar for the entire length
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
of the rudder. Therefore, the frictional drag force on both surfaces of the rudder is
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0.664brU 2L
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
F = 2£ §
2Re L
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
0.664(2 ft) ( 1.939 slug>ft 3 )( 0.7 ft>s ) 2(1.75 ft)

= 2£ §
te is ss th ite
21.004 ( 105 )
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
= 0.0139 lb Ans.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.0139 lb
1150
11–18. Air at a temperature of 40°F flows at 0.6 ft>s over 0.6 ft/s

the plate. Determine the distance x where the disturbance
thickness of the boundary layer becomes 1.5 in.
3 in.
Solution
We will assume the boundary layer is laminar. From Appendix A,
n = 0.147 ( 10 - 3 ) ft 2 >s at T = 40° F. Thus, the Reynolds number in terms of x is
Ux ( 0.6 ft>s ) x
. We or
Re x = = = 4081.63x
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
0.147 ( 10 - 3 ) ft 2 >s
in
no W iss ea s
n
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
1.5
k g rn to rig
Here, the requirement is d = ft. Thus,
12 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
5.0x 5.0x
th inc de f i es
d = ; 0.125 ft =
of rk ( stu e o tat
2Re x 24081.63x
ity o g us d S
x = 2.5510 ft = 2.55 ft Ans.

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Using this result,

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Re x = 4081.63(2.5510 ft) = 1.041 ( 104 )

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Since Re x 6 ( Re x ) cr = 5 ( 103 ) , the boundary layer is laminar as assumed.

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
2.55 ft
1151
11–19. Determine the friction drag on the bar required to F

overcome the resistance of the paint if the force F lifts the
bar at 3 m>s. Take r = 920 kg>m3 and n = 42 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s.
3 m/s
500 mm
2 mm
Solution 50 mm
The point is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady.

The Reynolds number at x = L = 0.5 m is
Ux ( 3 m>s ) (0.5 m)
Re x = = = 0.35714 ( 105 )
n 42 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s
. We or
Since Re x 6 ( Re x ) cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the boundary layer is laminar throughout the
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
entire length of the bar. Thus, the total frictional force on the bar is
d th g. in t la
0.664brU 2L
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
FD = Σ
2Re L or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0.664 ( 920 kg>m3 )( 3 m>s ) 2(0.5 m)

th inc de f i es
= [2(0.05 m) + 2(0.002 m)]

of rk ( stu e o tat
20.35714 ( 105 )
ity o g us d S
= 1.51 N Ans.
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
1.51 N
1152
*11–20. The diverter fin extends 2 ft within the air duct to
partition the flow through two separate conduits. Determine
the friction drag on the fin if it is 0.3 ft wide and the velocity
of the air is 25  ft>s. Take ra = 0.00257 slug>ft 3 and
ma = 0.351(10 ) lb # s>ft 2.
-6
2 ft
Solution
We will assume that steady flow occurs, and the air is incompressible. The Reynolds
number of the flow at the trailing edge (x = 2 ft) is FDf
raUL ( 0.00257 slug>ft 3 )( 25 ft>s ) (2 ft)
Re L = = = 3.661 ( 105 )
ma 0.351 ( 10-6 ) lb # s>ft 2
. We or
Since Re L 6 5 ( 105 ) , laminar flow persist within the boundary layer. Thus, the
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
FDf
is e D t w
frictional drag force on the fin surface can be determined using Eq. 11–11.
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
0.664braU 2L 0.664(0.3 ft) ( 0.00257 slug>ft 3 )( 25 ft>s ) 2(2 ft) (a)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
FDf = =
2Re L 23.661 ( 105 )
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
= 0.001058 lb
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Since this force acts on two surfaces, Fig. a, the total drag force is
ity o g us d S
( FDf ) T = 2 FDf = 2(0.001058 lb) = 0.00212 lb Ans.

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1153
11–21. Crude oil at 20°C flows over the surface of the flat 10 m/s
plate that has a width of 0.7 m. If the free-stream velocity is
U = 10 m>s, plot the boundary layer thickness and the shear-
stress distribution along the plate. What is the friction drag
on the plate?
1.5 m
Solution
We will assume that steady flow occurs, and crude oil is incompressible. Appendix A
gives rco = 880 kg>m3 and mco = 30.2 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2. The Reynold number as a
function of x is
rcoUx ( 880 kg>m3 )( 10 m>s ) x
Re x = = = 2.914 ( 105 ) x
30.2 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2
. We or
mco
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
At x = L = 1.5 m, Re L = 2.914 ( 105 ) (1.5) = 4.371 ( 105 ) 6 5 ( 105 ) . Thus, laminar
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
flow persist within the boundary layer. For the boundary thickness
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
5.0 5.0
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
1
x = c 9.2626 ( 10-3 ) x 2 d m
e lu nt ns co
d = x =
2Re x 22.914 ( 10 ) x5
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
x(m) 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5

te is ss th ite
d(mm) 0 4.63 6.55 8.02 9.26 10.36 11.34

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
The plot of d vs x is show in Fig. a.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
δ (m) (N m2(
s
ill o u vi pr
0
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
15 150
an his
e
T
10 10
5 50
x (mm) x (mm)
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50
(a) (b)
1154
11–21. Continued
For the shear stress,
U
t0 = 0.332m a b 2Re x
x
10 m>s
= 0.332 3 30.2 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 4 a b 22.914 ( 105 ) x
x
54.12
. We or
= a b N>m2
m W ina g
b)
1
ed e n
x2
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
x(m) 0 0.125 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5
k g rn to rig
t0 ( N>m2
) ∞ 153.08 108.25 76.54 or in a uc y
62.50 54.12 48.41 44.19
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
The plot of t0 vs x is shown in Fig. b.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
For the frictional drag force,

te is ss th ite
0.664brcoU 2L
in f th se for Un
FDf =
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
2Re L
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0.664(0.7 m) ( 880 kg>m3 )( 10 m>s ) 2(1.5 m)

st ny s d s ec
=
de f a rse de ot
24.371 ( 105 )
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
= 92.8 N Ans.
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
(N m2(
an his
0
T
150
10
50
x (mm) x (mm)
1.25 1.50 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50
Ans:
(b)
92.8 N
1155
11–22. Castor oil flows over the surface of the flat plate 2 m/s
at a free-stream speed of 2 m>s. The plate is 0.5 m wide and
1 m long. Plot the boundary layer and the shear stress
versus x. Give values for every 0.5 m. Also calculate the
friction drag on the plate. Take rco = 960 kg>m3 and
mco = 985 1 10-3 2 N # s>m2.
2m
Solution
We will assume that steady flow occurs and castor oil is incompressible. The Reynolds
number as a function of x is
rcoUx ( 960 kg>m3 )( 2 m>s ) x
Re x = = = 1949.24x
mco 985 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2
. We or
At x = L = 2 m, Re L = 1949.24(2) = 3.898 ( 103 ) 6 5 ( 103 ) . Thus, laminar flow
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
persist within the boundary layer. For the boundary thickness,
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
5.0 5.0 1
x = ( 0.1132x2 ) m
k g rn to rig
d = x =
2Re x 21949.24x or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
x(m) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
d(mm) 0 80.08 113.25 138.70 160.16

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
The plot of d vs x is show in Fig. a.

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
(N m2(
y ar d le d
0
ro p an o te
δ (mm)
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
200 60
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
50
an his
150
T
40
100 30
20
50
10
x (m)
0 0.50 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
(a) (b)
1156
11–22. Continued
For the shear stress
U
t0 = 0.332m a b 2Re x
x
2 m>s
= 0.332 3 985 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 4 a b 21949.24x
x
28.876
= a 1
b N>m2
x2
. We or
x(m) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
t0 ( N>m )
itt id tio
2 ∞ 40.84 28.88 23.58 20.42
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
The plot of t0 vs x is shown in Fig. b.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
For the frictional drag force,
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
0.664brcoU 2L
of rk ( stu e o tat
FDf =
ity o g us d S
2Re L
te is ss th ite
0.664(0.5 m) ( 960 kg>m3 )( 2 m>s ) 2(2 m)

in f th se for Un
=
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
23.898 ( 103 )
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
= 40.8 N Ans.
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
0 (N m2(
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
60
T
50
40
30
20
10
x (m) x (m)
2.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
(b)
Ans:
40.8 N
1157
11–23. Assume the boundary layer has a velocity profile U U

that is linear and defined by u = U 1 y>d 2 . Use the
momentum integral equation to determine t0 for the fluid
passing over the flat plate.
d y u U(y/d)
Solution
u y
Here, = . Substituting this result into the momentum integral equation
U d
d
dx L0 U
d u u
t0 = rU 2 a1 - bdy
U
d
y y
dx L0 d
d
t0 = rU 2 a1 - bdy
d
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
d
y y2
dx L0 d
d
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t0 = rU 2 a - 2 bdy
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
d
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
d d
t0 = rU 2 a b or in a uc y
w d le tr p
dx 6
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
rU 2 dd
t0 = (1)
of rk ( stu e o tat
6 dx
ity o g us d S
For a laminar boundary layer, Newton’s law of viscosity applies. Thus,

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
du d y
gr w in e
mU
th t o a ly by
t0 = u ` = u cUa b d = (2)
dy y = 0 dy d d
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Equating Eqs. (1) and (2),

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
mU rU 2 dd
=
w le co ro is
d 6 dx
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
6m
ddd = dx
an his
rU
T
At the leading edge of the plate, x = 0 and d = 0. Therefore,

d
6m x
L0 rU L0
ddd = dx
d2 d 6m x
` = x`
2 0 rU 0
12m
d = x
B rU
Substituting this result into Eq. (2),
mU rU U rUx
t0 = = mU = 0.289m a b
12m B 12mx x B m
x
B rU
rUx
However, Re x = . Then,
B m
U
t0 = 0.289m a b 2Re x Ans. Ans:
x U
t0 = 0.289m a b 2Re x
Note: Compare this result with the one obtained using Blasius’s solution. x
1158
*11–24. The wind tunnel operates using air at a temperature

of 20°C with a free-stream velocity of 40 m>s. If this velocity
a
is to be maintained at the central 1-m core throughout
the tunnel, determine the increased dimension a at the exit
in order to accommodate the growing boundary layer.
Show that the boundary layer is turbulent, and use 1m
d * = 0.0463x>(Re x)1>5 to calculate the displacement a
thickness.
6m
1m
Solution
From Appendix A, n = 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s. Thus, the Reynolds number at x = 6 m is
Ux ( 40 m>s ) (6 m)
Re x = = = 15.894 ( 106 )
n 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Since Re x 7 (Re x)cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the boundary layer is turbulent. Thus the displace-
. We or
ment thickness is
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
0.0463x 0.0463(6 m)
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
d* = = = 0.01008 m
3 15.894 ( 106 ) 4
1 1
(Re x)
an on in rs h
5 5
k g rn to rig
Thus, the dimension of the square tunnel at exit is or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
a = 1 m + 2d * = 1 m + 2(0.01008 m) = 1.02 m Ans.

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1159
11–25. Assume the turbulent boundary layer for a fluid

has a velocity profile that can be approximated by
u = U(y>d)1>6. Use the momentum integral equation to
determine the boundary layer thickness as a function of x.
Use the empirical formula Eq. 11–19, developed by Prandtl
and Blasius.
Solution

1
u y 6
Here, = a b . Substituting this result into the momentum integral equation,
U d
d
dx L0 U
d u u
t0 = rU 2 a1 - bdy
U
d 1 1
y 6 y 6
dx L0 d
d
t0 = rU 2 a b J1 - a b R dy
. We or
d
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d 1 1
y 6 y 3
d th g. in t la
dx L0
d 2
t0 = rU Ja b - a b R dy
an on in rs h
d d
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
3rU 2 dd
e lu nt ns co
t0 = (1)
28 dx
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Using the empirical formula developed by Prandtl and Blasius,

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
1
n 4
in f th se for Un
t0 = 0.0225rU 2 a b (2)
Ud
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1
y ar d le d
n 4 3rU 2 dd
ro p an o te
0.0225rU 2 a b dx =
st ny s d s ec
Ud 28 dx
de f a rse de ot
1
ill o u vi pr
1 v 4
d 4dd = 0.21a b dx
w le co ro is
U
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Assuming that the boundary layer is initially turbulent, then d = 0 at x = 0. Thus,

an his
d 1 x
L0 L0
T
1 n 4
d dd = 0.21a b
4 dx
U
1
4 5 d n 4 x
d 4 ` = 0.21a b x `
5 0 U 0
1
5 n 4
d 4 = 0.2625 a bx
U
1
n 5 4
d = 0.343 a b x5
U
1
n5
= 0.343 a 1 1
bx
U x55
x
= 0.343≥ 1 ¥
Ux 5
a b
n
Ux
However, Re x = . Then this equation becomes Ans:
n
0.343x 0.343x
d = Ans. d = 1
1
(Re x)5 (Re x)5
1160
11–26. Air enters the square plenum of an air-handling

system with a velocity of 6 m>s and a temperature of 10°C.
Determine the thickness of the boundary layer and the
momentum thickness of the boundary layer at x = 1 m.
300 mm
x
300 mm
Solution
We assume steady flow and the air to be incompressible. Appendix A gives
ra = 1.247 kg>m3, and ma = 17.6 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2 at T = 10° C.
The Reynolds number as a function of x is
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
( 1.247 kg>m3 )( 6 m>s ) x
no W iss ea s
raUx
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Re x = = = 4.251 ( 105 ) x
17.6 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2
d th g. in t la
ma
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
at x = 1 m, Re x = 4.251 ( 105 ) 6 5 ( 105 ) , thus, laminar flow within the boundary
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
layer.
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
5.0 5.0
of rk ( stu e o tat
d = x = (1 m) = 7.67 mm Ans.

ity o g us d S
2Re x 24.251 ( 105 ) (1)

te is ss th ite
0.664 0.664
in f th se for Un
ϴ = x = (1)
gr w in e
2Re x 24.251 ( 105 ) (1)

th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
ϴ = 0.00102 m = 1.02 mm Ans.

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
d = 7.67 mm
ϴ = 1.02 mm
1161
11–27. Air enters the square plenum of an air-handling

system with a velocity of 6 m>s and a temperature of 10°C.
Determine the displacement thickness d * of the boundary
layer at a point x = 1 m downstream. Also, what is the
uniform speed of the air at this location?
300 mm
x
300 mm
Solution
We will assume that steady flow occurs and air is incompressible. Appendix A gives
ra = 1.247 kg>m3 and ma = 17.6 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2 at T = 10° C. The Reynolds number
as a function of x is
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
( 1.247 kg>m3 )( 6 m>s ) x
in
no W iss ea s
raUx
itt id tio
is e D t w
= 4.251 ( 105 ) x
t p or em ch
Re x = =
17.6 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2
d th g. in t la
ma
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
At x = 1 m, Re x = 4.251 ( 105 ) 6 5 ( 105 ) . Thus, laminar flow persist within the
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
boundary layer. Then, Eq. 11–5 can be used to determine the displacement thickness.
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
1.721 1.721 1
d* = x = £ § x = 2.6395 ( 10-3 ) x2
ity o g us d S
2Re x 24.251 ( 10 ) x
5
te is ss th ite
At x = 1 m
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
d * = 0.0026395 m = 2.64 mm Ans.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Thus, the imaginary cross-sectional area of the duct at x = 1 m is

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
A′ = 30.3 m - 2(0.0026395 m) 4 2 = 0.08686 m2

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
The continuity condition requires that the discharge through entrance is the same as
sa eir is p rk
that through the imaginary cross-section.

th d wo
an his
VinAin = V′A′
T
( 6 m>s ) (0.3 m)2 = U ( 0.08686 m2 )

U = 6.22 m>s Ans.
Ans:
6.22 m>s
1162
*11–28. Assume the turbulent boundary layer for a fluid U

has a velocity profile that can be approximated by
u = U1y>d2 1>6. Use the momentum integral equation to
determine the displacement thickness as a function of x
and Rex. Use the empirical formula, Eq. 11–19, developed d
y
by Prandtl and Blasius.
Solution
The fluid is considered
1
to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
u y 6
Here, = a b . Substituting this result into the momentum integral equation,
U
. We or
d
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
d
dx L0 U
d u u
is e D t w
t p or em ch
t0 = rU 2 a1 - bdy
d th g. in t la
U
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
d 1 1
y 6 y 6
dx L0 d
d or in a uc y
w d le tr p
t0 = rU 2 a b J1 - a b R dy
er ld
e lu nt ns co
d
th inc de f i es
1 1
of rk ( stu e o tat
d
y 6 y 3
dx L0
d
t0 = rU 2 Ja b - a b R dy
ity o g us d S
d d
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
3rU 2 dd
t0 = (1)
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
28 dx
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Using the empirical formula developed by Prandtl and Blasius,

st ny s d s ec
1
de f a rse de ot
n 4
s
t0 = 0.0225rU 2 a b (2)
ill o u vi pr
Ud
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
1
3rU 2
th d wo
n 4
0.0225rU 2 a b dx = dd
Ud 28
an his
e
T
1
1 n 4
b dx
d 4dd = 0.21a
U
Assuming that the boundary layer is initially turbulent, then d = 0 at x = 0. Thus,
d 1 x
L0 L0
1 n 4
d dd = 0.21 a b
4 dx
U
1
4 5 d n 4 x
d 4 ` = 0.21a b x `
5 0 U 0
1
5 n 4
d 4 = 0.2625 a bx
U
1
n 5 4
d = 0.343 a b x5
U
1
n5
= 0.343 a 1 1
bx
U x55
x
= 0.343≥ 1
¥
Ux 5
a b
n
1163
*11–28. Continued
Ux
However, Re x = . Then this equation becomes
n
0.343x
d = 1
(3)
( Re x ) 5
. We or
The displacement thickness is
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d
L0
u
d th g. in t la
d* = a1 - bdy
U
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
d
y 6
1 or in a uc y
L0
w d le tr p
er ld
= c 1 - a b d dy
e lu nt ns co
d
th inc de f i es
6
of rk ( stu e o tat
6 y7 d
= ay - b`
ity o g us d S
7 d 16 0
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
d
=
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
7
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Substituting Eq. 3 into this result,

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
1 0.343x 0.0490x
d* = £ § = Ans.
w le co ro is
7 ( Re x ) 15 1
( Re x ) 5
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1164
11–29. The laminar boundary layer for a fluid is assumed to U

be parabolic, such that u>U = C1 + C2 1y>d2 + C3 1y>d2 2.
If the free-stream velocity U starts at y = d, determine the
constants C1, C2, and C3.
d
y
Solution
We will assume that steady flow occurs, and the fluid is incompressible. Applying the
boundary conditions at y = 0, u = 0. Then
0 0 2
0 = C1 + C2 a b + C3 a b C1 = 0 Ans.
d d
. We or
And at y = d, u = U. Then
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d 2
d th g. in t la
d
1 = 0 + C2 a b + C3 a b
an on in rs h
d d
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
C2 + C3 = 1 (1)
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Since laminar flow persist within the boundary layer, Newton’s law of viscosity
of rk ( stu e o tat
du
can be applied. Here
ity o g us d S
t = m
dy
te is ss th ite
1 du C2 2C3 du C2 2C3
in f th se for Un
= + 2 y = Ua + 2 yb
U dy d dy d
gr w in e
d d
th t o a ly by
At y = d, t = 0. Then
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
du C2 2C3
de f a rse de ot
0 = m ` = mJU a + bR
s
ill o u vi pr
dy y = d d d
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
mU
0 = ( C2 + 2C3 )
th d wo
d
an his
mU
T
Since ∙ 0, then
d
C2 + 2C3 = 0 (2)
Solving Eqs. (2) and (3),
C2 = 2 C3 = - 1 Ans.
Ans:
C1 = 0 C2 = 2 C3 = - 1
1165
11–30. The laminar boundary layer for a fluid is assumed U

to be cubic, such that u>U = C1 + C2 1y>d2 + C3 1y>d2 3.
If the free-stream velocity U starts at y = d, determine the
constants C1, C2, and C3.
d
y
Solution
We will assume that steady flow occurs and the fluid is incompressible. Applying the
boundary condition at y = 0, u = 0. Then
0 0 3
0 = C1 + C2 a b + C3 a b C1 = 0 Ans.
d d
. We or
And at y = d, u = U. Then
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d 3
d th g. in t la
d
1 = 0 + C2 a b + C3 a b
an on in rs h
d d
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
C2 + C3 = 1 (1)
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Since laminar flow persist within the boundary layer, Newton’s Law of viscosity
of rk ( stu e o tat
du
t = m can be applied. Here
ity o g us d S
dy
te is ss th ite
C2 3C3 C2 3C3
in f th se for Un
1 du du
= + 3 y2 = Ua + 3 y2 b
gr w in e
U dy dy
th t o a ly by
d d d d
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
At y = d, t = 0. Then
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
du C2 3C3
s
` = mJU a bR
ill o u vi pr
0 = m +
dy y = d d d
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
mU
th d wo
0 = ( C2 + 3C3 )
d
an his
mU
T
Since ∙ 0, then
d
C2 + 3C3 = 0 (2)
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2),
3 1
C2 = C3 = - Ans.
2 2
Ans:
3 1
C1 = 0 C2 = C3 = -
2 2
1166
11–31. Assume a laminar boundary layer for a fluid can U

be approximated by u>U = y>d. Determine the thickness
of the boundary layer as a function of x and Rex.
Solution
d
dx L0 U
d u u
t0 = rU 2 a1 - bdy
U
d
y y
dx L0 d
d
t0 = rU 2 a ba1 - bdy
d
. We or
m W ina g
rU 2 dd
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
t0 =
is e D t w
t p or em ch
6 dx
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Newton’s law of viscosity,
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
U
e lu nt ns co
t0 = m
th inc de f i es
d
of rk ( stu e o tat
Thus
ity o g us d S
mU rU 2 dd
te is ss th ite
= =
6 dx
in f th se for Un
d
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
d x
6m
L0 L0 rU
d dd = dx
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
1 2 6m
s
ill o u vi pr
d = x
2 ru
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
mx
th d wo
d = 3.46
A rU
an his
e
T
Since Re x = rU * 1m then
3.46x
d = Ans.
2Re x
Ans:
3.46x
d =
2Re x
1167
*11–32. Assume a laminar boundary layer for a fluid can U

be approximated by u>U = sin 1py>2d2 . Determine the
thickness of the boundary layer as a function of x and Rex.
Solution
u py
Substituting = sina b into the moment integral equation,
U 2 d
dx L0 U
d u u
. We or
t0 = rU 2 a1 - bdy
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
U
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
d
py py
dx L0
d
an on in rs h
t0 = rU 2 sin a b c 1 - sin a b d dy
k g rn to rig
2 d 2 d
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
d
py py
dx L0
d
t0 = rU 2 c sin a b - sin2 a b d dy
th inc de f i es
2 d 2 d
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
From the trigonometric identity,

te is ss th ite
py 1 py
in f th se for Un
sin2 a b = c 1 - cos a b d
2 d 2
gr w in e
d
th t o a ly by
Then,
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
d
st ny s d s ec
py
dx L0
d 1 py 1
t0 = rU 2 c sin a b + cos a b - d dy
de f a rse de ot
2 d 2 2
s
d
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
d 2d py d py 1 d
sa eir is p rk
t0 = rU 2 c - cos a b + sin a b - y d `
th d wo
dx p 2 d 2p d 2 0
an his
dd
t0 = 0.1366rU 2
T
(1)
dx
du d py
t0 = m ` = m c U sin a bd `
dy y = 0 dy 2 d y=0
p py
t0 = mUc cos a bd `
2d 2 d y=0
pmU
t0 = (2)
2d
pmU dd
= 0.1366rU 2
2d dx
11.498m
ddd = dx
rU
1168
*11–32. Continued
At the leading edge of the plate, x = 0 and d = 0. Thus,

d
11.498m x
L0 rU L0
d dd = dx
d2 d 11.498m x
. We or
` = x`
m W ina g
2 0
b)
ed e n
rU
in
no W iss ea s
0
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
22.995m
d2 = x
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
rU
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
1 1
er ld
4.7953m2x2
e lu nt ns co
d = 1 1
th inc de f i es
r2U 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
4.7953x 4.7953x
ity o g us d S
d = 1 1 1
=
te is ss th ite
r2U 2x2 rUx

in f th se for Un
m
1
B m
gr w in e
2
th t o a ly by
rUx
y ar d le d
Since Re x = , this equation becomes

ro p an o te
m
st ny s d s ec
4.80x
de f a rse de ot
d = Ans.
ill o u vi pr
2Re x
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1169
11–33. Assume a laminar boundary layer for a fluid can U

be approximated by u>U = sin 1py>2d2 . Determine the
displacement thickness d * for the boundary layer as a
function of x and Rex.
Solution
The displacement thickness is
d
L0
u
d* = a1 - bdy
U
d
L0
py
. We or
= a1 - sin a b bdy
m W ina g
2d
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
2
= a1 - bd
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
p
From solution 11–32, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
4.7953x
th inc de f i es
d =
of rk ( stu e o tat
2Re x
ity o g us d S
So,
te is ss th ite
2 4.7953x 1.74x
in f th se for Un
d* = a1 - b =
gr w in e
p 2Re 2Re x
th t o a ly by
x
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
1.74x
d* =
2Re x
1170
11–34. The, velocity profile for a laminar boundary layer y

of a fluid is represented by u>U = 1.51y>d2 - 0.51y>d2 3. U
Determine the thickness of the boundary layer as a function
of x and Rex.
Solution
u y y 3
Substituting = 1.5 a b - 0.5 a b into the moment integral equation,
U d d
d
dx L0 U
d u u
. We or
t0 = rU 2 a1 - bdy
U
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
u 2
d
dx L0 U
d u
t0 = rU 2 J - a b R dy
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
U
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Here,
th inc de f i es
u u 2 y y 3 y y 3 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
- a b = J1.5 a b - 0.5 a b R - J1.5 a b - 0.5 a b R

U U
ity o g us d S
d d d d
te is ss th ite
y 6 y 4 y 3 y 2 y
in f th se for Un
= - 0.25 a b + 1.5 a b - 0.5 a b - 2.25 a b + 1.5 a b

gr w in e
d d d d d
th t o a ly by
Then,
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
d
y 6 y 4 y 3 y 2 y
dx L0
d
st ny s d s ec
t0 = rU 2 J - 0.25 a b + 1.5 a b - 0.5 a b - 2.25 a b + 1.5 a b R dy

de f a rse de ot
d d d d d
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
dd
sa eir is p rk
t0 = 0.1393rU 2 (1)
th d wo
dx
an his
For laminar boundary layer, Newton’s law of viscosity applies. Thus,

T
du d y y 3
t0 = m ` = u £ UJ1.5a b - 0.5a b R § †
dy y = 0 dy d d
y=0
1.5mU
t0 = (2)
d
1.5mU dd
= 0.1393rU 2
d dx
10.769m
ddd = dx
rU
1171
11–34. Continued

d
10.769m x
L0 rU L0
d dd = dx
. We or
d2 d 10.769m x
m W ina g
` = x`
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
2 0
itt id tio
rU
is e D t w
0
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
21.538m
an on in rs h
d2 = x
k g rn to rig
rU or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
1 1
4.6410m2x2 4.6410x 4.6410x
d = = =
th inc de f i es
1 1 1 1 1
rU rU x
of rk ( stu e o tat
2 2 2 2 2 rUx
ity o g us d S
m
1
2 B m
te is ss th ite
rUx
in f th se for Un

gr w in e
m
th t o a ly by
4.64x
y ar d le d
d = Ans.
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
2Re x
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
4.64x
d =
2Re x
1172
11–35. The velocity profile for a laminar boundary layer y

of a fluid is represented by u>U = 1.51y>d2 - 0.51y>d2 3. U
Determine the shear-stress distribution acting on the
surface as a function of x and Rex.
Solution
u y y 3
Substituting = 1.5 a b - 0.5 a b into the moment integral equation,
U d d
d
dx L0 U
d u u
t0 = rU 2 a1 - bdy
. We or
U
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
u 2
d
dx L0 U
d u
d th g. in t la
U
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Here, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
u u 2 y y 3 y y 3 2
- a b = J1.5 a b - 0.5 a b R - J1.5 a b - 0.5 a b R
th inc de f i es
U U d d d d
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
y 6 y 4 y 3 y 2 y
= - 0.25 a b + 1.5 a b - 0.5 a b - 2.25 a b + 1.5 a b
te is ss th ite
d d d d d
in f th se for Un
Then,
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
d
y 6 y 4 y 3 y 2 y
dx L0
d
y ar d le d
t0 = rU 2
ro p an o te
J - 0.25 a b + 1.5 a b - 0.5 a b - 2.25 a b + 1.5 a b R dy

st ny s d s ec
d d d d d
de f a rse de ot
dd
ill o u vi pr
t0 = 0.1393rU 2 (1)
w le co ro is
dx
sa eir is p rk

th d wo
an his
du d y y 3
T
t0 = m ` = u £ Uc 1.5a b - 0.5a b d § †
dy y = 0 dy d d
y=0
1.5mU
t0 = (2)
d
Equation Eqs. (1) and (2),
1.5mU dd
= 0.1393U 2
d dx
10.769m
ddd = dx
rU
1173
11–35. Continued

d
10.769m x
L0 rU L0
d dd = dx
. We or
d2 d 10.769m x
m W ina g
` = x`
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
2 0
itt id tio
rU
is e D t w
0
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
21.538m
an on in rs h
d2 = x
k g rn to rig
rU or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
1 1
4.6410m2x2 4.6410x 4.6410x
d = = =
th inc de f i es
1 1 1 1 1
rU rU x
of rk ( stu e o tat
2 2 2 2 2 rUx
ity o g us d S
1
m
2 B m
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
rUx
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
m
4.6410x
y ar d le d
d = (3)
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
2Re x
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (2),

w le co ro is
1.5mU U
sa eir is p rk
t0 = = 0.323m a b 2Re x Ans.

th d wo
4.6410x x
an his
2Re x
T
Ans:
U
t0 = 0.323ma b 2Re x
x
1174
*11–36. A boundary layer for laminar flow of a fluid over

the plate is to be approximated by the equation U
u>U = C1 1y>d2 + C2 1y>d2 2 + C3 1y>d2 3. Determine the
constants C1, C2, and C3 using the boundary conditions
when y = d, u = U; when y = d, du>dy = 0; and when
x
y = 0, d 2u>dy2 = 0. Find the thickness of the boundary
layer as a function of x and Rex using the momentum
integral equation.
Solution
Here,
y y 2 y 3
u = UJC1 a b + C2 a b + C3 a b R
d d d
For the boundary condition u = U at y = d,
U = U 3 C1(1) + C2(1) + C3(1) 4
. We or
C1 + C2 + C3 = 1 (1)
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Subsequently,
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
2C2y 3C3y2
k g rn to rig
du C1
= UJ + + R or in a uc y
dy d2 d3
w d le tr p
d
er ld
e lu nt ns co
du
th inc de f i es
For the boundary condition = 0 at y = d,

dy
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
C1 2C2 3C3
0 = Uc + + d
te is ss th ite
d d d
in f th se for Un
C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 = 0 (2)

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
2
d u
ro p an o te
For the boundary condition = 0 at y = 0,

st ny s d s ec
dy2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
U
0 = ( 2C2 + 0 ) C2 = 0 Ans.
w le co ro is
d2
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Substituting this result into Eqs. (1) and (2) and solving,
an his
3 1
T
C1 = C3 = - Ans.
2 2
Thus,
u 3 y 1 y 3
= a b - a b
U 2 d 2 d
Substituting this result into the momentum integral equation,
d
dx L0 U
d u u
t0 = rU 2 a1 - bdy
U
u 2
d
dx L0 U
d u
U
Here,
u u 2 3 y 1 y 3 3 y 1 y 3 2
- a b = J a b - a b R - J a b - a b R
U U 2 d 2 d 2 d 2 d
1 y 6 3 y 4 1 y 3 9 y 2 3 y
= - a b + a b - a b - a b + a b
4 d 2 d 2 d 4 d 2 d
1175
*11–36. Continued
Then,
1 y 6 3 y 4 1 y 3 9 y 2
d
3 y
dx L0
d
t0 = rU 2 J- a b + a b - a b - a b + a bR dy
4 d 2 d 2 d 4 d 2 d
39rU 2 dd
t0 = (1)
280 dx
. We or
du d 3 y 1 y 3
m W ina g
b)
` = u £U J a b - a b R § †
ed e n
t0 = m
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
dy y = 0 dy 2 d 2 d
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
y=0
an on in rs h
3mU
k g rn to rig
t0 =
or in a uc y (2)
2d
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
3mU 39rU 2 dd
=
ity o g us d S
2d 280 dx
te is ss th ite
140m
in f th se for Un
ddd = dx
13rU
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
d
140m x
L0 13rU L0
de f a rse de ot
d dd = dx
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
d2 d 140m x
th d wo
` = x`
2 0 13rU 0
an his
280m
T
d2 = x
13rU
1 1
4.6410m2x2 4.6410x 4.6410x
d = 1 1
= 1 1 1
=
rU
2 2 rU x
2 2 2 rUx
1
m
2 B m
rUx
B m
4.64x
d = Ans.
2Re x
1176
11–37. The train travels at 30 m>s and consists of an engine

and a series of cars. Determine the approximate thickness
of the boundary layer at the top of a car, x = 18 m from the
front of the train. The air is still and has a temperature of
20°C. Assume the surfaces are smooth and flat, and the 30 m/s
boundary layer is completely turbulent.
Solution
The air is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady.
From Appendix A, n = 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at T = 20° C . Thus, the Reynolds
number at x = 18 m is
Ux ( 30 m>s ) (18 m)
. We or
Re x = = = 3.576 ( 107 )
m W ina g
15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
b)
ed e n
n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Since Re x 7 ( Re x ) cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the boundary layer is turbulent. Assuming that the
an on in rs h
boundary layer is turbulent from x = 0,
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
0.371(18 m)
er ld
0.371x
e lu nt ns co
d = = = 0.2060 m = 206 mm Ans.

3 3.576 ( 107 ) 4
1 1
( Re x )
th inc de f i es
5 5
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
206 mm
1177
11–38. The train travels at 30 m>s and consists of an

engine and a series of cars. Determine the approximate
shear stress acting on the top of a car at x = 18 m from the
front of the train. The air is still and has a temperature of
20°C. Assume the surfaces are smooth and flat, and the 30 m/s
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3 and n = 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at T = 20° C .
Thus, the Reynolds number at x = 18 m is
Ux ( 30 m>s ) (18 m)
. We or
Re x = = = 3.576 ( 107 )
m W ina g
15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
b)
ed e n
n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Since Re x 7 ( Re x ) cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the boundary layer is turbulent. Assuming that the
an on in rs h
boundary layer is turbulent from x = 0, the shear stress at any point on the top surface
k g rn to rig
of the train is or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0.0288rU 2 0.0288 ( 1.202 kg>m3 )( 30 m>s ) 2

th inc de f i es
t0 = =
3 3.576 ( 107 ) 4
1 1
( Re x )
of rk ( stu e o tat
5 5
ity o g us d S
= 0.961 N>m2 Ans.

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.961 Pa
1178
11–39. A ship is traveling forward at 10 m>s on a lake. If it

is 100 m long and the side of the ship can be assumed to be a
flat plate, determine the drag force on a 1-m-wide strip along
the entire length of the ship. The water is still and has a
temperature of 15°C. Assume the boundary layer is
completely turbulent.
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 999.2 kg>m3 and n = 1.15 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for water at
T = 15° C . Thus, the Reynolds number at x = L = 100 m is
UL ( 10 m>s ) (100 m)
Re L = = = 8.6957 ( 108 )
. We or
n 1.15 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Here, we assume that the boundary layer is turbulent from x = 0. Since
d th g. in t la
107 … Re L 6 109, the frictional drag coefficient is
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0.455 0.455
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
CD = = = 0.0015983
er ld
e lu nt ns co
( log 10 Re L ) 2.58 2.58

c log 10 3 869.57 ( 106 ) 4 d
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Thus, the frictional drag force can be determined from

te is ss th ite
1
in f th se for Un
F = CD a rU 2 bbL
2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
1
ro p an o te
= 0.0015983c ( 999.2 kg>m3 )( 10 m>s ) 2 d (1 m)(100 m)

st ny s d s ec
2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
= 7.9849 ( 103 ) N = 7.98 kN Ans.

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
7.98 kN
1179
*11–40. An airplane has wings that are, on average, each

5 m long and 3 m wide. Determine the friction drag on the
wings when the plane is flying at 600 km>h in still air at an
altitude of 2 km. Assume the wings are flat plates and the
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 1.007 kg>m3 and n = 17.15 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at an altitude
km 1h 1000 m
of 2 km. Here, U = a600 ba ba b = 166.67 m>s. Thus, the Reynolds
h 3600 s 1 km
. We or
m W ina g
number at x = L = 3 m is
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
UL ( 166.67 m>s ) (3 m)
an on in rs h
= 2.915 ( 107 )
k g rn to rig
Re L = =
n 17.15 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co

th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
0.455 0.455
te is ss th ite
CD = = = 0.0025447
( log 10 Re L ) 2.58 2.58
in f th se for Un
c log 10 3 2.915 ( 107 ) 4 d

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
Since each of the wings has top and bottom surfaces (4 surfaces altogether), the total
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
drag force on the two wings can be determined from

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
1
F = ΣCD a rU 2 bbL
w le co ro is
2
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
1
( 1.007 kg>m3 )( 166.67 m>s ) 2 d (5 m)(3 m) d
an his
= 4c 0.0025447c
e
2
T
= 2135.44 N = 2.14 kN Ans.
1180
11–41. The oil tanker has a smooth surface area of 2 m/s

4.5(103) m2 in contact with the sea. Determine the friction
drag on its hull and the power required to overcome this
force if the velocity of the ship is 2 m>s. Take r = 1030 kg>m3
and m = 1.14 1 10-3 2 N # s>m2. 300 m
Solution
We will assume that steady flow occurs and sea water is incompressible. The
Reynolds number at the trailing edge of the hull is
rUL ( 1030 kg>m3 )( 2 m>s ) (300 m)
Re L = = = 5.42 ( 108 )
m 1.14 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2
. We or
Since 5 ( 105 ) 6 Re L 6 109, the boundary layer on the hull will be laminar and
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t urbulent along the length. Thus,
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
0.455 1700
an on in rs h
CDf = -
k g rn to rig
(log 10 Re L)2.58 Re L or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0.455 1700
= -
th inc de f i es
2.58
5.421 ( 108 )
e log 10 c 5.421 ( 108 ) d f
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
= 0.001694
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
The frictional drag force acting on each side of the hull can be determined from
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
rU 2
y ar d le d
FDf = CDf Aa b
ro p an o te
2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
( 1030 kg>m3 )( 2 m>s ) 2

ill o u vi pr
= 0.001694 3 4.5 ( 103 ) m2 4 £ §

w le co ro is
2
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
= 15.70 ( 103 ) N = 15.7 kN Ans.

an his
e
T
The power required is

P = ( FDf ) T (V) = 3 15.70 ( 103 ) N 4 ( 2 m>s )
= 31.40 ( 103 ) W
= 31.4 kW Ans.
Ans:
FDf = 15.7 kN
#
W = 31.4 kW
1181
11–42. Wind is blowing at 2 m>s as the truck moves

forward into the wind at 8 m>s. If the air has a temperature 3m
8m
of 20°C, determine the friction drag acting on the flat side F
ABCD of the truck. Assume the boundary layer is
C
completely turbulent. E 4m
8 m/s B
D
2 m/s
A
Solution
Here, the velocity of the truck relative to still air is 8 m>s + 2 m>s = 10 m>s. Thus,
U = 10 m>s. From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3 and n = 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s. Thus,
the Reynolds number at x = L = 8 m is
UL ( 10 m>s ) (8 m)
. We or
Re L = = = 5.298 ( 106 )
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
in
no W iss ea s
n
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
5 ( 105 ) … Re L 6 107, the frictional drag coefficient is
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
0.0740 0.0740
er ld
e lu nt ns co
CD = = = 0.0033451
3 5.298 ( 106 )4
1 1
(Re L)
th inc de f i es
5 5
of rk ( stu e o tat
Thus, the frictional drag force on surface ABCD can be determined from
ity o g us d S
1
te is ss th ite
F = CDa rU 2 bbL
in f th se for Un
2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1
= 0.0033451c ( 1.202 kg>m3 )( 10 m>s ) 2 d (4 m)(8 m)
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
2
st ny s d s ec
= 6.43 N Ans.
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
6.43 N
1182
11–43. The wind is blowing at 2 m>s as the truck moves

forward into the wind at 8 m>s. If the air has a temperature 3m
8m
of 20°C, determine the friction drag acting on the top F
surface BCFE of the truck. Assume the boundary layer is
C
completely turbulent. E 4m
8 m/s B
D
2 m/s
A
Solution
Here, the velocity of the truck relative to still air is 8 m>s + 2 m>s = 10 m>s . Thus,
U = 10 m>s. From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3 and n = 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s.
Thus, the Reynolds number at x = L = 8 m is
( 10 m>s ) (8 m)
. We or
UL
Re L = = = 5.298 ( 106 )
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
in
no W iss ea s
n
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
0.0740 0.0740
er ld
e lu nt ns co
CD = = = 0.0033451
3 5.298 ( 106 ) 4
1 1
(Re L)
th inc de f i es
5 5
of rk ( stu e o tat
Thus, the frictional drag force on surface BCFE can be determined from
ity o g us d S
1
te is ss th ite
F = CDa rU 2 bbL
in f th se for Un
2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1
= 0.0033451c ( 1.202 kg>m3 )( 10 m>s ) 2 d (3 m)(8 m)
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
= 4.82 N Ans.
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
4.82 N
1183
*11–44. The flat-bottom boat is traveling at 4 m>s on a

lake for which the water temperature is 15°C. Determine
the approximate drag force acting on the bottom of the boat
4 m/s
if the length of the boat is 10 m and its width is 2.5 m.
Assume the boundary layer is completely turbulent.
10 m
Solution
T = 15° C. Thus, the Reynolds number at x = L = 10 m is
UL ( 4 m>s ) (10 m)
Re L = = = 3.4783 ( 107 )
1.15 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
. We or
n
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0.455 0.455 or in a uc y
CD = = = 0.0024785
w d le tr p
er ld
(log 10 Re L)2.58 3 log 10 3 3.4783 ( 107 )44 2.58
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Thus, the frictional drag force on the bottom surface can be determined from
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
1
F = CDa rU 2 bbL
te is ss th ite
2
in f th se for Un
1
gr w in e
( 999.2 kg>m3 )( 4 m>s ) 2d (2.5 m)(10 m)

th t o a ly by
= 0.0024785c
2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
= 495 N Ans.
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1184
11–45. An airplane is flying at 170 ft>s through still air at

an altitude of 5000 ft. If the wings can be assumed to be flat
plates, each having a width of 7 ft, determine the boundary
layer thickness at their trailing or back edge if the boundary
layer is considered to be fully turbulent.
Solution
From Appendix A, n = 0.1779 ( 10 - 3 ) ft 2 >s for air at an altitude of 5000 ft. Thus, the
Reynolds number at x = L = 7 ft is
UL ( 170 ft>s ) (7 ft)

Re L = = = 6.689 ( 106 )
. We or
n 0.1779 ( 10 - 3 ) ft 2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Here, we assume that the boundary layer is turbulent from x = 0. Thus, the thick-
d th g. in t la
ness of the boundary layer.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0.371x 0.371(7 ft) 12 in.
or in a uc y
d = = = 0.1120 ft a b = 1.34 in. Ans.
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
(Re x)
1
5 3 6.689 ( 10 ) 4
6 1
5 1 ft
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
1.34 in.
1185
11–46. An airplane is flying at 170 ft>s though still air at

an altitude of 5000 ft. If the wings can be assumed to be flat
plates, each having a width of 7 ft and a length of 15 ft,
determine the friction drag on each wing if the boundary
layer is considered fully turbulent.
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 2.043 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3 and n = 0.1779 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s for air at
an altitude of 5000 ft. Thus, the Reynolds number at x = L = 7 ft is
UL ( 170 ft>s ) (7 ft)
. We or
Re L = = = 6.689 ( 106 )
m W ina g
0.1779 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s
b)
n
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
0.0740 0.0740
er ld
e lu nt ns co
CD = = = 0.0031927
3 6.689 ( 106 ) 4
1 1
( Re L )
th inc de f i es
5 5
of rk ( stu e o tat
Since each wing has two surfaces, top and bottom, the total frictional drag force can
ity o g us d S
be determined from
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
1
F = ΣCDa rU 2 bbL
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
1
= 2c 0.0031927c (2.043) ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3 ( 170 ft>s ) 2 d d (15 ft)(7 ft)
st ny s d s ec
2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
= 19.8 lb Ans.

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
19.8 lb
1186
11–47. An airplane is flying at a speed of 90 m>s. If the

wings are assumed to have a flat surface of width 2.5 m, 90 m/s
determine the boundary layer thickness d and the shear
A B
stress at the trailing or back edge. Assume the boundary
layer is fully turbulent. The airplane flies at an altitude
2.5 m
of 1 km.
Solution
Here, the velocity of the airplane is, U = 90 m>s.
of 1 km. Thus, the Reynolds number at x = L = 2.5 m is
. We or
m W ina g
( 90 m>s ) (2.5 m)
b)
ed e n
UL
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
= 1.423 ( 107 )
is e D t w
Re L = =
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
n 15.81 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Here, we assume that the boundary layer is turbulent from x = 0. Therefore, the
or in a uc y
thickness of the boundary layer and the shear stress at x = L = 2.5 m are
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0.371(2.5 m)
th inc de f i es
0.371x
d = = = 0.03441 m = 34.4 mm Ans.
of rk ( stu e o tat
3 1.423 ( 107 )4
1 1
( Re L ) 5 5
ity o g us d S
0.0288rU 2 0.0288 ( 1.112 kg>m3 )( 90 m>s ) 2

te is ss th ite
t0 = =
in f th se for Un
3 1.423 ( 107 )4
1 1
( Re L ) 5 5
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
= 9.62 N>m2 Ans.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
d = 34.4 mm
t0 = 9.62 Pa
1187
*11–48. An airplane is flying at an altitude of 1 km and a

speed of 90 m>s. If the wings are assumed to have a flat 90 m/s
surface of width 2.5 m and length 7 m, determine the A B
friction drag on each wing. Assume the boundary layer is
fully turbulent. 2.5 m
Solution
Here, the velocity of the airplane is 90 m>s .
of 1 km. Thus, the Reynolds number at x = L = 2.5 m is
. We or
( 90 m>s ) (2.5 m)
m W ina g
UL
b)
ed e n
= 1.423 ( 107 )
in
no W iss ea s
Re L = =
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
n 15.81 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
107 … Re L 6 109, the frictional drag coefficient can be determined using.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0.455 0.455
th inc de f i es
CD = = = 0.0028405
( log 10Re L ) 2.58 3 log 10 3 1.423 ( 107 )44 2.58
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
be determined from
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1
F = ΣCD a rU 2 bbL
y ar d le d
2
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
1
de f a rse de ot
= 2c0.0028405c ( 1.112 kg>m3 )( 90 m>s ) 2 d (7 m)(2.5 m)d

s
ill o u vi pr
2
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
= 447.73 N = 448 N Ans.

an his
e
T
1188
11–49. The tail of the airplane has an approximate width

of 1.5 ft and a length of 4.5 ft. Assuming the air flow onto
the tail is uniform, plot the boundary layer thickness d. Give
values for every increment of 0.05 ft for the laminar
boundary layer, and every 0.25 ft for the turbulent boundary
layer. Also, calculate the friction drag on the rudder. The
plane is flying in still air at an altitude of 5000 ft with a 500 ft/s 4.5 ft
speed of 500 ft>s.
1.5 ft
Solution
We will assume that steady flow occurs and the air is incompressible. Appendix A
gives ra = 2.043 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3 and ma = 0.3637 ( 10-6 ) lb # s>ft 2 for air at an altitude
of 5000 ft. The Reynolds number as a function of x is
raUx 3 2.043 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 ( 500 ft>s ) x
Re x = = = 2.809 ( 106 ) x
0.3637 ( 10-6 ) lb # s>ft 2
. We or
ma
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
At the trailing edge where x = L = 1.5 ft, Re L = 2.809 ( 106 ) (1.5 ft) = 4.213 ( 106 ) .
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Since 5 ( 105 ) 6 Re L 6 109, the boundary layer will be laminar and turbulent. First,
an on in rs h
we will determine the critical distance xcr where the transition to turbulent flow
k g rn to rig
occurs. or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
( Re x ) cr = 5 ( 105 ) ; 2.809 ( 106 ) xcr = 5 ( 105 )

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
xcr = 0.1780 ft
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
For the laminar boundary layer where x 6 xcr,

in f th se for Un
5.0 5.0
gr w in e
1
x = c 2.9835 ( 10-3 ) x2 d ft
th t o a ly by
d = x =
2Re x 22.809 ( 10 ) x
6
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
x(ft) 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.178

s
ill o u vi pr
0 0.00801 0.0113 0.0139 0.0151

w le co ro is
d(in.)
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1189
11–49. Continued
For the turbulent boundary layer where x 7 xcr,

0.371 0.371 4
d = x = x = ( 0.01904x5 ) ft
3 2.809 ( 10 ) x 4
1 1
( Re x ) 5
6 5
x(ft) 0.178 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50

d(in.) 0.0574 0.0754 0.1312 0.1815 0.2284 0.2731 0.3160
The plot of the boundary layer is shown in Fig. a.
For the laminar and turbulent boundary layer the frictional drag coefficient can be
determined from
. We or
m W ina g
0.455 1700
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
C Df = -
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
( log 10Re L ) 2.58 Re L
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
0.455 1700
k g rn to rig
= - or in a uc y
3 log 104.213 ( 106 )4 2.58 4.213 ( 106 )
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
= 0.003059
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Thus, the frictional drag force can be determined by applying

ity o g us d S
raU 2
te is ss th ite
FDf = CDf bLa b

in f th se for Un
2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
3 2.043 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 ( 500 ft>s ) 2

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
= 0.003059(4.5 ft)(1.5 ft) • ¶

st ny s d s ec
2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
= 5.27 lb Ans.

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
δ (in.)
th d wo
an his
0.35
T
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
x (ft)
0 0.10 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50
xcr = 0.178
(a)
Ans:
5.27 lb
1190
11–50. Two hydrofoils are used on the boat that is traveling 20 m/s
at 20 m>s. If the water is at 15°C, and if each blade can be
considered as a flat plate, 4 m long and 0.25 m wide,
determine the thickness of the boundary layer at the trailing
or back edge of each blade. What is the drag on each blade?
Assume the flow is completely turbulent.
Solution
T = 15° C . Thus, the Reynolds number at x = L = 0.25 m is
UL ( 20 m>s ) (0.25 m)
Re = = = 4.348 ( 106 )
n 1.15 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Here, we assume that the boundary layer is turbulent from x = 0. Thus, the thickness
of the boundary layer at x = L = 0.25 m is
. We or
0.371 ( 0.25 m )
m W ina g
b)
0.371x
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
d = = = 0.00436 m = 4.36 mm Ans.
is e D t w
t p or em ch
3( 4.348 ( 106 ) )4
1 1
( Re x )
d th g. in t la
5 5
an on in rs h
Since 5 ( 105 ) … Re L 6 107, the frictional drag coefficient can be determined using
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
0.0740 0.0740
e lu nt ns co
CD = = = 0.003480
th inc de f i es
3 4.348 ( 106 )4
1 1
( Re L ) 5 5
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
be determined from
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
1
gr w in e
F = ΣCD a rU 2 bbL
th t o a ly by
2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
1
st ny s d s ec
= 2c0.003480c ( 999.2 kg>m3 )( 20 m>s ) 2 d (4 m)(0.25 m)d

de f a rse de ot
2
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
= 1390.88 N = 1.39 kN Ans.

th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
d = 4.36 mm
F = 1.39 kN
1191
11–51. Two hydrofoils are used on the boat that is traveling 20 m/s
at 20 m>s. If the water is at 15°C and if each blade can be
considered as a flat plate, 4 m long and 0.25 m wide,
determine the drag on each blade. Consider both laminar
and turbulent flow boundary layers.
Solution
T = 15° C . Thus, the Reynolds number at x = L = 0.25 m is
UL ( 20 m>s ) (0.25 m)
Re = = = 4.348 ( 106 )
. We or
n 1.15 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
Since 5 ( 105 ) … Re L 6 109, the frictional drag coefficient considering both laminar
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
and turbulent boundary layers is
an on in rs h
0.455 1700
k g rn to rig
0.455 1700
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
CD = - = - = 0.0030534
e lu nt ns co
( log 10Re L ) 2.58 Re L 3 log 10 3 4.348 ( 106 )44 2.58 4.348 ( 106 )
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
be determined from
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
1
gr w in e
F = ΣCD a rU 2 bbL
th t o a ly by
2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
1
st ny s d s ec
= 2c0.0030533c ( 999.2 kg>m3 )( 20 m>s2 ) d (4 m)(0.25 m)d

de f a rse de ot
2
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
= 1220.37 N = 1.22 kN Ans.

th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
1.22 kN
1192
*11–52. An airplane is flying at an altitude of 3 km and

a speed of 700 km>h. If each wing is assumed to have a
flat surface of width 2 m and length 6 m, determine the
friction drag acting on each wing. Consider both laminar
120 ft
and turbulent boundary layers.
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 0.9092 kg>m3 and n = 18.63 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at an
altitude of 3 km. Here,
km 1000 m 1h
U = a700 ba ba b = 194.44 m>s . Thus, the Reynolds number at
. We or
h 1 km 3600 s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
x = L = 2 m is
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
UL ( 194.44 m>s ) (2 m)
an on in rs h
Re L = = = 2.087 ( 107 )
k g rn to rig
n 18.63 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat
0.455 1700
ity o g us d S
CD = -
( log 10Re L ) 2.58 Re L
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
0.455 1700
gr w in e
= - = 0.002595
th t o a ly by
3 log 102.087 ( 107 )4 2.58 2.087 ( 107 )

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
be determined from
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
1
F = ΣCDa rU 2 bbL
sa eir is p rk
2
th d wo
an his
1
= 2c0.002595c ( 0.9092 kg>m3 )( 194.44 m>s ) 2 d (6 m)(2 m)d
T
= 1070.65 N = 1.07 kN Ans.
1193
11–53. The barge is traveling forward at 15 ft>s in still

water having a temperature of 60°F. If the bottom of the
barge can be assumed to be a flat plate of length 120 ft and
width 25 ft, determine the power of the engine required to
120 ft
overcome the frictional resistance of the water on the
bottom of the barge. Consider both laminar and turbulent
boundary layers.
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 1.939 slug>ft 3 and n = 12.2 ( 10-6 ) ft 2 >s for water at
T = 60° F . Thus, the Reynolds number at x = L = 120 ft is
UL ( 15 ft>s ) (120 ft)
Re L = = = 1.475 ( 108 )
. We or
n 12.2 ( 10-6 ) ft 2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
0.455 1700
k g rn to rig
0.455 1700
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
CD = - = -
e lu nt ns co
( log 10Re L ) 2.58 Re L 3 log 10 3 1.475 ( 108 ) 4 4 2.58 1.475 ( 108 )

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
= 0.0020051
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
Thus, the frictional drag force on the bottom surface can be determined from
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
1
th t o a ly by
FD = CD a rU 2 bbL
2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
1
( 1.939 slug>ft 3 )( 15 ft>s ) 2 d (25 ft)(120 ft)
de f a rse de ot
= 0.0020051c
s
2
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
= 1312.17 lb
an his
Thus, the power required to overcome FD is

T
ft # lb 1 hp
P = FD # V = (1312.17 lb) ( 15 ft>s ) = a19 683
550 ft # lb>s
ba b
s
= 35.8 hp Ans.
Ans:
35.8 hp
1194
11–54. The plate is 2 m wide and is held at an angle of 12°

with the wind as shown. If the average pressure under the
plate is 40 kPa, and on the top it is 60 kPa, determine the 3m
pressure drag on the plate.
12
Solution (FR)y

Fpd = (FR)x
The resultant forces of the pressure on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate are
N
Ft = ptA = c 60 ( 103 ) d 3 2 m(3 m)4 = 360 ( 103 ) N = 360 kN
m2
. We or
Ft = 360 kN 60 kPa
12°
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
N
t p or em ch
Fn = pnA = c 40 ( 103 ) d 3 2 m(3 m)4 = 240 ( 103 ) N = 240 kN
d th g. in t la
m2
an on in rs h
40 kPa
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
The pressure drag is equal to the component of the resultant force along the 12°
e lu nt ns co
direction of the free-stream flow, which in this case is horizontal. Referring to Fig. a, Fb = 240 kN
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
S+ ( ) (a)
FR x = ΣFx ; FPD = (360 kN) sin 12° - (240 kN) sin 12° = 24.9 kN Ans.
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
24.9 kN
1195
11–55. Wind blows over the inclined surface and produces

the approximate pressure distribution shown. Determine
the pressure drag acting over the surface if the surface is
3 m wide. 4m
10 m/s 80 Pa
30
Solution (FR)y

The resultant force of the pressure on the inclined surface is FPD = (FR)x
1 N
F = a80 2 b 3 3 m(4 m)4 = 480 N
2 m
F = 480 N 30°
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
The pressure drag is equal to the component of the resultant force along the
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
direction of the free-stream flow which in this case is horizontal. Referring to Fig. a, 80 Pa
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
+
S (FR)x = ΣFx; FD = (480 N) sin 30° = 240 N Ans. or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
(a)
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
240 N
1196
*11–56. The sign is subjected to a wind profile that

produce a pressure distribution that can be approximated
p
by r = 1 112.5 ey0.6 2 Pa, where y is in meters. Determine 3m
the resultant pressure force on the sign due to the wind. The
air is at a temperature of 20°C, and the sign is 0.5 m wide.
y
3m
Solution
The dynamic pressure can be determined from
p = ( 112.5ry0.6 ) Pa
. We or
The force of this pressure on a differential area dA = bdy = (0.5 m)dy is
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
dF = pdA = ( 112.5ry0.6 ) (0.5dy) = 56.25ry0.6dy. Thus, the resultant force on the
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
entire surface of the sign is
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
6m 56.25ry1.6dy 6 m
LA L3 m
FR = dF = 56.25ry0.6dy = ` = (414.19r) N
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
1.6
e lu nt ns co
3m
th inc de f i es
From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m2 for air at T = 20° C. Thus,

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
FR = 414.19 ( 1.202 kg>m2 ) = 498 N Ans.

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1197
11–57. The air pressure acting from A to B on the

surface of a curved body can be approximated as B
p = (5 - 1.5u) kPa, where u is in radians. Determine the
pressure drag acting on the body from 0 … u … 90°. The
100 mm
body has a width of 300 mm. u
A
Solution (FR)y
The force of the pressure on a differential area dA = bds = brdu = (0.3 m)(0.1 m)du FPD = (FR)x
= 0.03du is dF = pdA = (5 - 1.5u) ( 103 ) (0.03du) = 30(5 - 1.5u)du. The pressure
drag is equal to the component of the force along the direction of the free-stream
flow, which in this case is horizontal. Referring to Fig. a, dF
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
p p
LA L0 L0
in
no W iss ea s
2 2
itt id tio
+
is e D t w
S (FR)x = ΣFx ; FPD = (dF)x = dF cos u = 30(5 - 1.5u) cos u du
t p or em ch
d
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
p
k g rn to rig
= 30 3 5 sin u - 1.5(cos u + u sin u) 4 02
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
(a)
= 124.31 N = 124 N Ans.
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
124 N
1198
11–58. The air pressure acting on the inclined surfaces is

approximated by the linear distributions shown. Determine
3 kPa
the horizontal force resultant acting on the surface if it is 3 kPa
3 m wide.
5 kPa 45
6m
20
6m
Solution (FR)y
The resultant force of the trapezoidal and triangular pressure prism are FPD = (FR)x
Ftri = 27 kN
1 N
Ftrap = c (5 + 3) ( 103 ) 2 d 36 m(3 m)4 = 72 ( 103 ) N = 72 kN 45°
2 m
. We or
Ftrap = 72 kN 20° 3 kPa
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
1 N
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
c 3 ( 103 ) 2 d 36 m(3 m)4 = 27 ( 103 ) N = 27 kN
is e D t w
Ftri =
t p or em ch
5 kPa
d th g. in t la
2 m
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
(a)
Referring to Fig. a, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
+
S (FR)x = ΣFx ; FPD = (72 kN) sin 20° + (27 kN) sin 45° = 43.7 kN Ans.
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
43.7 kN
1199
11–59. The front of the building is subjected to wind that y

exerts a pressure of p = 1 0.25y1>2 2 lb>ft 2, where y is in feet,
measured from the ground. Determine the resultant
80 ft
pressure force on the windward face of the building due to
this loading.
30 ft
Solution
The air is considered to be . The flow is steady.
The force of the wind pressure on a differential area dA = bdy = (80 ft)dy is
1 1
dF = pdA = ( 0.25y2 ) (80 dy) = 20y2dy.
Thus, the resultant force on the entire windward surface is
. We or
m W ina g
30 ft
b)
2 3 30 ft
ed e n
LA L0
in
no W iss ea s
1
itt id tio
20y2dy = 20 a b y2 `
is e D t w
FR = dF =
t p or em ch
3
d th g. in t la
0
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
= 2190.89 lb = 2.19 kip Ans.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
2.19 kip
1200
*11–60. The building is subjected to a uniform wind y

having a speed of 80 ft>s. If the temperature of the air is
40°F, determine the resultant pressure force on the front of
80 ft
the building if the drag coefficient is 1.43.
30 ft
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 0.00247 slug>ft 3 for air at T = 40° F .
U2
FD = CDApr
2
. We or
( 80 ft>s ) 2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
= 1.43 380 ft(30 ft)4 ( 0.00247 slug>ft 3 ) £
itt id tio
§
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
= 27.13 ( 103 ) lb = 27.1 kip
k g rn to rig Ans.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1201
11–61. Determine the moment developed at the base A of

2m
the square sign due to wind drag if the front of the signboard
is subjected to a 16 m>s wind. The air is at 20°C. Neglect the
drag on the pole.
2m
3m
Solution A
From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3 and n = 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at T = 20° C .
Thus, the Reynolds number of the flow is FD = 1415.47 N
UL ( 16 m>s ) (2 m)
Re = = = 2.12 ( 106 )
. We or
n 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
4m
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Since Re 7 104, the value of CD for the plate in Table 11–3 can be used. For
d th g. in t la
b 2m
an on in rs h
= = 1, CD = 1.10. Here, AP = 2 m(2 m) = 4 m2
k g rn to rig
h 2m or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Ax
e lu nt ns co
( 16 m>s ) 2 MA
th inc de f i es
2
U
FD = CDAP r = 1.10 ( 4 m2 )( 1.202 kg>m3 ) £ §
of rk ( stu e o tat
2 2 Ay
ity o g us d S
(a)
te is ss th ite
= 676.97 N
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Here, FD will act through the center of the signboard, as shown on its free-body
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
diagram, Fig. a. Consider the moment equilibrium about point A.

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
a + ΣMA = 0; MA - (676.97)(4 m) = 0

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
MA - 2.707 ( 103 ) N # m = 2.71 kN # m

sa eir is p rk
Ans.
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
2.71 kN # m
1202
11–62. The mast on the boat is held in place by the

rigging, which consists of rope having a diameter of 0.75 in.
and a total length of 130 ft. Assuming the rope to be
cylindrical, determine the drag it exerts on the boat if the
boat is moving forward at a speed of 30 ft>s. The air has a
temperature of 60°F.
Solution
We will assume that steady laminar flow occurs, and the air is incompressible. Appendix
A gives ra = 0.00237 slug>ft 3 and ma = 0.374 ( 10-6 ) lb # s>ft 2 at T = 60° F . The
Reynolds number is
0.75
( 0.00237 slug>ft 3 )( 30 ft>s ) a ft b
raUD 12
. We or
Re = = = 1.188 ( 104 )
0.374 ( 10-6 ) lb # s>ft 2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
ma
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
With this Reynolds number, the drag coefficient for the cylinder can be obtained
an on in rs h
using Fig. 11–31, for which CD = 1.3 (approximately). Then the drag force on the
k g rn to rig
rope can be determined by applying. or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
raV 2
th inc de f i es
FD = CDAP a b
2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
0.75 ( 0.00237 slug>ft 3

)( 30 ft>s ) 2
in f th se for Un
= 1.3c a ft b(130 ft) d £ §

12 2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
= 11.3 lb Ans.

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
11.3 lb
1203
11–63. Wind at 20°C blows against the 100-mm-diameter

flagpole with a speed of 1.20 m>s. Determine the drag on the
pole if it has a height of 8 m. Consider the pole to be a smooth
cylinder. Would you consider this a significant force?
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3, n = 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at T = 20° C .
Here, it is required that
UD
Re =
. We or
n
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
1.20 m>s(0.1 m)
d th g. in t la
Re = = 7947
15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
With Re = 7947, CD for the cylindrical pole can be determined from the graph.
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
CD ≈ 1.2 (Approx.)
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Thus,
te is ss th ite
u2 ( 1.20 m>s ) 2
in f th se for Un
FD = CDAP r = 1.2(8 m)(0.1 m) ( 1.202 kg>m3 ) ° ¢

gr w in e
2 2
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
FD = 0.831 N Ans.
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
This is a very small force.

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.831 N
1204
*11–64. Each of the smooth bridge piers (cylinders) has a

diameter of 0.75 m. If the river maintains an average speed
of 0.08 m>s, determine the drag the water exerts on each
pier. The water temperature is 20°C.
0.08 m/s
0.75 m
6m
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 998.3 kg>m3 and n = 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s . Thus, the Reynolds
number of the flow is
UD ( 0.08 m>s ) (0.75 m)

Re = = = 6 ( 104 )
. We or
n 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Since the pier is a cylinder (rough), the drag coefficient can be determined by
d th g. in t la
entering this Re on the graph which gives CD = 1.4 (approximately). Also,
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
AP = 0.75 m(6 m) = 4.5 m2.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
U2 ( 0.08 m>s ) 2
= 1.4 ( 4.5 m2 )( 998.3 kg>m3 ) °
of rk ( stu e o tat
FD = CDAP r ¢
2 2
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
= 20.1 N Ans.
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1205
11–65. A 60-mi>h wind blows on the side of the truss. If

the members are each 4 in. wide, determine the drag acting F
on the truss. The air is at 60°F, and CD = 1.2. Note that E
1 mi = 5280 ft. 10 ft
A B C D
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 0.00237 slug>ft 3 for air at T = 60° F. Here,

mi 5280 ft 1h
U = a60 ba ba b = 88 ft>s . The projected area of the truss’s
h 1 mi 3600 s
. We or
members perpendicular to the air stream is
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
4
t p or em ch
AP = c 6(10 ft) + 32 ( 10 ft ) 2 + ( 10 ft ) 2 d a
d th g. in t la
ft b = 34.14 ft 2
12
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
( 88 ft>s )
er ld
2
U2
e lu nt ns co
FD = CDAp r = 1.2 ( 34.14 ft 2 )( 0.00237 slug>ft 3 ) £ §

2 2
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
= 375.97 lb = 376 lb Ans.

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
376 lb
1206
11–66. A periscope on a submarine has a submerged

length of 2.5 m and a diameter of 50 mm. If the submarine is
traveling at 8 m>s, determine the moment developed at the
base of the periscope. The water is at a temperature of 15°C.
Consider the periscope to be a smooth cylinder.
Solution W

T = 15° C . Thus, the Reynolds number of the flow is FD = 3197.44 N
UD ( 8 m>s ) (0.05 m)
Re = = = 3.48 ( 105 ) 1.25 m
. We or
n 1.15 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
Ax
is e D t w
Since the periscope is a cylinder (smooth), the drag coefficient can be deter-
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
mined by entering this Re into Fig. 11–31 which gives CD ≅ 0.85 (approx.). Also, MA
an on in rs h
AP = 0.05 m(2.5 m) = 0.125 m2.
k g rn to rig
Ay
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
( 8 m>s ) (a)
e lu nt ns co
2
U2
FD = CDAp r = 0.85 ( 0.125 m2 )( 999.2 kg>m3 ) £ §
th inc de f i es
2 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
= 3397.28 N
te is ss th ite
Here, FD acts through the mid-length of the periscope’s submerged length as shown
in f th se for Un
in its free-body diagram in Fig. a,

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
a + ΣMA = 0; MA - 3397.28 N(1.25 m) = 0

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
MA = 4246.6 N # m = 4.25 kN # m
st ny s d s ec
Ans.
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
4.25 kN # m
1207
11–67. The antenna on the building is 20 ft high and has a

diameter of 12 in. Determine the restraining moment at its
base to hold it in equilibrium if it is subjected to a wind
having an average speed of 80 ft>s. The air is at a
temperature of 60°F. Consider the antenna to be a smooth
cylinder.
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 0.00237 slug>ft 3 and n = 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s for air at
T = 60° F. Thus, the Reynolds number for the flow is
UD ( 80 ft>s ) (1 ft)
Re = = = 5.06 ( 105 )
. We or
n 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Since the antenna is a cylinder (smooth), the drag coefficient can be determined
d th g. in t la
by entering this Re into the graph, which gives CD ≅ 0.32 (approx.). Also,
an on in rs h
FD = 48.54 lb
k g rn to rig
AP = 1 ft(20 ft) = 20 ft 2.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
U2 ( 80 ft>s )
2
10 ft
FD = CDAp r = 0.32 ( 20 ft 2 )( 0.00237 slug>ft 3 ) c d
th inc de f i es
2 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
= 48.54 lb Ax
M
te is ss th ite
Here, FD acts through the mid-height of the antenna as shown in its free-body
in f th se for Un
diagram in Fig. a, (a)

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
a + ΣMA = 0; MA - (48.54 lb)(10 ft) = 0

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
MA = 485 lb # ft
st ny s d s ec
Ans.
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
485 lb # ft
1208
*11–68. The truck has a drag coefficient of CD = 1.12 when

it is moving with a constant velocity of 80 km>h. Determine
the power needed to drive the truck at this speed if the
average front projected area of the truck is 10.5 m2. The air
is at a temperature of 10°C.
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 1.247 kg>m3 for air at T = 10° C . Here,
km 1000 m 1h
U = a80 ba ba b = 22.22 m>s .
h 1 km 3600 s
. We or
U2 ( 22.2 m>s ) 2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
= 1.12 ( 10.5 m2 )( 1.247 kg>m3 ) c
in
no W iss ea s
FD = CDAp r d
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2 2
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
= 3620.92 N
k g rn to rig
Thus, the power needed to overcome the drag is or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
#
e lu nt ns co
W = FD # V = (3620.92 N) ( 22.2 m>s ) = 80.46 ( 103 ) W

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
= 80.5 kW Ans.

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1209
11–69. The truck has a drag coefficient of CD = 0.86 when

it is moving with a constant velocity of 60 km>h. Determine
the power needed to drive the truck at this speed if the
average front projected area of the truck is 10.5 m2. The air
is at a temperature of 10°C.
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 1.247 kg>m3 for air at T = 10° C . Here,
km 1000 m 1h
U = a60 ba ba b = 16.67 m>s .
h 1 km 3600 s
. We or
( 16.667 m>s )
m W ina g
2
U2
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
= 0.86 ( 10.5 m2 )( 1.247 kg>m3 ) c
itt id tio
FD = CDAP r d
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2 2
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
= 1564 N
k g rn to rig
Thus, the power needed to overcome the drag is
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
#
W = FD # V = (1564 N) ( 16.667 m>s ) = 26.07 ( 103 ) W
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
= 26.1 kW Ans.

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
26.1 kW
1210
11–70. Wind at 10°C blows against the 30-m-high chimney 2m

at 2.5 m>s. If the diameter of the chimney is 2 m, determine
the moment that must be developed at its base to hold it in
place. Consider the chimney to be a rough cylinder.
30 m
Solution
The air is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady. W
From Appendix A, r = 1.247 kg>m and n = 14.2 ( 10

3 -6
) m >s for air at T = 10° C .
2
FD = 116.90 N
Thus, the Reynolds number of the flow is
UD ( 2.5 m>s ) (2 m) 15 m
Re = = = 3.52 ( 105 )
. We or
n 14.2 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Since the chimney is a cylinder (rough), the drag coefficient can be determined Ax
d th g. in t la
by entering this Re into the graph, which gives C D ≅ 0.5 (approx.). Also, MA
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
AP = 2 m ( 30 m ) = 60 m2. Ay
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
U 2 ( 2.5 m>s ) 2 (a)

FD = CDAp r = 0.5 ( 60 m2 )( 1.247 kg>m3 ) c d
th inc de f i es
2 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
= 116.90 N
te is ss th ite
Here, FD acts through the mid-height of the chimney as shown in its free-body
in f th se for Un
diagram in Fig. a,
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
+ ΣMA = 0; MA - (116.90 N)(15 m) = 0

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
MA = 1753.59 N # m = 1.75 kN # m Ans.

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
1.75 kN # m
1211
11–71. A rectangular plate is immersed in a stream of oil

flowing at 0.5 m>s. Compare the drag acting on the plate if it B C
is oriented so that AB is the leading edge and then when it 0.2 m
8 m/s A
is rotated 90° counterclockwise so that BC is the leading
edge. The plate is 0.8 m wide. Take ro = 880 kg>m3.
0.4 m
Solution
b 0.8 m
When AB is the leading edge, = = 4. From the table, CD = 1.19 for a
h 0.2 m
r ectangular plate. Also, AP = (0.8 m)(0.2 m) = 0.16 m2.
. We or
m W ina g
( 0.5 m>s ) 2
b)
ed e n
U2
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
( FD ) AB = CDAP r = 1.19 ( 0.16 m2 )( 880 kg>m3 ) c
is e D t w
d
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
2 2
an on in rs h
= 20.9 N Ans.
k g rn to rig
b 0.8 m
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
When BC is the leading edge, = = 2. From the table, CD = 1.15 for a

h 0.4 m
th inc de f i es
r ectangular plate. Also, AP = (0.8 m)(0.4 m) = 0.32 m2.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
U2 ( 0.5 m>s ) 2
( FD ) BC = CDAP r = 1.15 ( 0.32 m2 )( 880 kg>m3 ) c d
te is ss th ite
2h 2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
= 40.5 N Ans.
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
1FD 2 AB = 20.9 N
1FD 2 BC = 40.5 N
1212
*11–72. The parachute has a drag coefficient of CD = 1.36

and an open diameter of 4 m. Determine the terminal
velocity as the man parachutes downward. The air is at 20°C.
The total mass of the parachute and man is 90 kg. Neglect the
drag on the man.
Solution
Since the parachutist descends with a constant terminal velocity, the acceleration is
zero. Referring to the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a,
+ c ΣFy = may; FD - 90(9.81) N = 90(0) FD = 882.9 N
. We or
From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3 for air at T = 20° C . Here, the projected area
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
of the parachute perpendicular to the air stream is AP = p(2 m)2 = 4pm2.
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
U2
an on in rs h
FD = CDAP r
k g rn to rig
2 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
U2
882.9 N = 1.36 ( 4p m2 )( 1.202 kg>m3 ) a b
th inc de f i es
2
of rk ( stu e o tat
U = 9.27 m>s Ans.

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
FD
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
a=0
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
90(9.81) N
(a)
1213
11–73. The parachute has a drag coefficient of CD = 1.36.

Determine the required open diameter of the parachute so
the man attains a terminal velocity of 10 m>s. The air is at
20°C. The total mass of the parachute and man is 90 kg.
Neglect the drag on the man.
Solution
+ c ΣFy = may; FD - 90(9.81) N = 90(0) FD = 882.9 N
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
d 2 pd 2
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
of the parachute perpendicular to the air stream is AP = p a b = .
2 4
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
U2 or in a uc y
FD = CDAP r
w d le tr p
er ld
2
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
pd 2 ( 10 m>s )
2
b ( 1.202 kg>m3 ) c
of rk ( stu e o tat
882.9 N = 1.36a d
4 2
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
d = 3.71 m Ans.
in f th se for Un
FD
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
a=0
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
90(9.81) N
(a)
Ans:
3.71 m
1214
11–74. The man and the parachute have a total mass of

90 kg. If the parachute has an open diameter of 6 m and the
man attains a terminal velocity of 5 m>s, determine the drag
coefficient of the parachute. The air is at 20°C. Neglect the
drag on the man.
Solution
+ c ΣFy = may; FD - 90(9.81) N = 90(0) FD = 882.9 N
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
6m 2
itt id tio
is e D t w
b = 9p m2.
t p or em ch
of the parachute perpendicular to the air stream is AP = p a
d th g. in t la
2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
U2 or in a uc y
FD = CDAP r
w d le tr p
er ld
2
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
( 5 m>s ) 2
882.9 N = CD ( 9p m2 )( 1.202 kg>m3 ) c
of rk ( stu e o tat
d
2
ity o g us d S
CD = 2.08 Ans.
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
FD
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
a=0
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
90(9.81) N
(a)
Ans:
2.08
1215
11–75. The car has a projected front area of 14.5 ft 2.

Determine the power required to drive at a constant 60 mi/h
velocity of 60 mi>h if the drag coefficient is CD = 0.83 and
the air is at 60°F. Note that 1 mi = 5280 ft.
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 0.00237 slug>ft 3 for air at T = 60° F. Here,
mi 5280 ft 1h
U = a60 ba ba b = 88 ft>s .
h 1 mi 3600 s
. We or
( 88 ft>s )
m W ina g
2
U2
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
= 0.83 ( 14.5 ft 2 )( 0.00237 slug>ft 3 ) c
itt id tio
FD = CDAP r d
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2 2
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
= 110.44 lb
k g rn to rig
Referring to the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
+
d ΣFx = ma; F - 110.44 lb = 0 F = 110.44 lb
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Subsequently, the power needed to produce this drive force is

ity o g us d S
ft # lb
te is ss th ite
1 hp
P = F # U = 110.44 lb ( 88 ft>s ) = a9718.80
in f th se for Un
ba # b = 17.7 hp Ans.

s 550 ft s lb
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
a=0
de f a rse de ot
x W
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
FD = 110.44 lb
th d wo
an his
F
T
N
(a)
Ans:
17.7 hp
1216
*11–76. A 5-m-diameter balloon is at an altitude of 2 km.

If it is moving with a terminal velocity of 12 km>h, determine
the drag on the balloon.
Solution
km 1000 m 1h
of 2 km. Here, U = a12 ba ba b = 3.333 m>s. Thus, the Reynolds
h 1 km 3600 s
. We or
number is
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
( 3.333 m>s ) (5 m)
is e D t w
UD
t p or em ch
= 9.656 ( 105 )
d th g. in t la
Re = =
n 17.26 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Entering this Re into the graph for a sphere, CD ≅ 0.16 (approx.). Here,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
5m 2
e lu nt ns co
AP = p a b = 6.25p m2.
th inc de f i es
2
of rk ( stu e o tat
U2 ( 3.333 m>s ) 2
ity o g us d S
FD = CDAP r 0.16 ( 6.25p m2 )( 1.007 kg>m3 ) c d

te is ss th ite
2 2
in f th se for Un
= 17.6 N Ans.
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1217
11–77. The drag coefficient for the car is CD = 0.28, and the
projected area into the 20°C airstream is 2.5 m2. Determine 160 km/h
the power the engine must supply to maintain a constant
speed of 160 km>h.
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3 for air at T = 20° C. Here,
km 1000 m 1h
U = a160 ba ba b = 44.44 m>s.
h 1 km 3600 s
. We or
U2 ( 44.44 m>s ) 2
= 0.28 ( 2.5 m2 )( 1.202 kg>m3 ) £
m W ina g
FD = CDAP r §
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
2 2
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
= 831.01 N
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Referring to the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
+
d ΣFx = ma; F - 831.01 N = 0 F = 831.01 N
th inc de f i es
Subsequently, the power that must be supplied by the engine to produce this drive
of rk ( stu e o tat
force is
ity o g us d S
P = F # U = (831.01 N) ( 44.44 m>s ) = 36.93 ( 103 ) W

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
= 36.9 kW Ans.

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
a=0
W
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
x
w le co ro is
FD = 831.01 N
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
F
T
N
(a)
Ans:
36.9 kW
1218
11–78. The rocket has a nose cone that is 60° and a base
diameter of 1.25 m. Determine the drag of the air on the
cone when the rocket is traveling at 60 m>s in air having a
60
temperature of 10°C. Use Table 11–3 for the cone, but
explain why this may not be an accurate assumption. 1.25 m
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 1.247 kg>m3 and n = 14.2 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at T = 10° C.
Thus, the Reynolds number of the air flow is
UD ( 60 m>s ) (1.25 m)
Re = = = 5.28 ( 106 )
14.2 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
. We or
n
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
Since Re 7 104, the value of CD for the cone in the table can be used. For u = 60°,
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
1.25 m 2
an on in rs h
CD = 0.8. Here, AP = p a b = 0.390625p m2.
k g rn to rig
2
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
( 60 m>s ) 2
e lu nt ns co
U2
FD = CDAP r = 0.8 ( 0.39025p m2 )( 1.247 kg>m3 ) £ §
th inc de f i es
2 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
= 2.204 ( 103 ) N = 2.20 kN

ity o g us d S
Ans.
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
2.20 kN
1219
11–79. A boat traveling with a constant velocity of 2 m>s

tows a half submerged log having an approximate diameter
of 0.35 m. If the drag coefficient is CD = 0.85, determine
the tension in the tow rope if it is horizontal. The log is
oriented so that the flow is along the length of the log.
Solution
Since the flow is along the length of the log and the log has an approximate diameter
of 0.35 m,
0.35 m 2
AP = p a b = 0.030625p m2
. We or
2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
The drag on the log is
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
U2
an on in rs h
F = CDAP r
k g rn to rig
2 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
( 2 m>s )
e lu nt ns co
2
1
= 0.85a b ( 0.030625p m2 )( 1000 kg>m3 ) c d
th inc de f i es
2 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
= 81.78 N
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
Referring to the free-body diagram of the log in Fig. a,

in f th se for Un
+
d ΣFx = max ; T - 81.78 N = 0
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
T = 81.78 N = 81.8 N Ans.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
a=0
w le co ro is
W
x
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
FD = 81.77 N
T
an his
e
T
N
(a)
Ans:
81.8 N
1220
*11–80. A 0.25-lb ball has a diameter of 3 in. Determine

the initial acceleration of the ball when it is thrown vertically
downward with an initial speed of 20 ft>s. The air is at a
temperature of 60°F.
Solution
T = 60° F. Thus, the Reynolds number is
3
( 20 ft>s ) a ft b
UD 12
. We or
Re = = = 3.165 ( 104 )
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s
in
no W iss ea s
n
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Entering this Re into the graph for a sphere, CD ≅ 0.5 (approx.). Here
an on in rs h
2
k g rn to rig
1.5
AP = p a ft b = 0.015625p ft 2. or in a uc y
12
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
U2 ( 20 ft>s )
2
th inc de f i es
FD = CDAD r = 0.5 ( 0.015625p ft 2 )( 0.00237 slug>ft 3 ) c d

of rk ( stu e o tat
2 2
ity o g us d S
= 0.01163 lb Ans.

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Writing the equation of motion along the y axis by referring to the free-body
gr w in e
iagram of the ball in Fig. a,

d
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0.25 lb
st ny s d s ec
+ T ΣFy = may: 0.25 lb - 0.01163 lb = a ba

32.2 ft>s2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
a = 30.7 ft>s2
w le co ro is
Ans.
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
0.25 lb
T
FD = 0.01163 lb
(a)
1221
11–81. A 1 ft by 1 ft square plate is held in air at 60°F,

which is blowing at 50 ft>s. Compare the drag on the plate
when it is held normal and then parallel to the air flow.
Solution
T = 60° F. When the plate is held normal to the air flow, the drag is contributed
b
by pressure drag only. For this case, CD = 1.1 for a square plate where = 1 and
h
. We or
AP = 1 ft(1 ft) = 1 ft 2.
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Normal:
an on in rs h
( 50 ft>s )
k g rn to rig
2
U2
FD = CD AP r = 1.1 ( 1 ft 2 )( 0.00237 slug>ft 3 ) c
or in a uc y d
w d le tr p
2 2
er ld
e lu nt ns co
= 3.26 lb Ans.

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
When the plate is held parallel to the air flow, the drag is contributed by frictional
ity o g us d S
drag only. Here, the Reynolds number for the flow at x = L = 1 ft is

te is ss th ite
UL ( 50 ft>s ) (1 ft)
in f th se for Un
Re L = = = 3.165 ( 105 )
gr w in e
n 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s

th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
Since Re L 6 (Re x)cr = 5 ( 105 ) , the boundary layer throughout the length of the
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
plate is laminar. Since there are two surfaces subjected to flow

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Parallel:
w le co ro is
0.664(1 ft) ( 0.00237 slug>ft 3 )( 50 ft>s ) 2(1 ft)

sa eir is p rk
0.664brU 2L
th d wo
FD = Σ = 2c d
2Re L 23.165 ( 105 )
an his
e
T
= 0.0140 lb Ans.
Ans:
Normal: FD = 3.26 lb
Parallel: FD = 0.0140 lb
1222
11–82. The smooth empty drum has a mass of 8 kg and 0.3 m

rests on a surface having a coefficient of static friction of
ms = 0.3. Determine the speed of the wind needed to cause
it to either tip over or slide. The air temperature is 30°C.
1.25 m
Solution
Here, FD acts through the mid-height of the drum as shown in its free-body diagram
in Fig. a,
+ c ΣFy = 0; N - 8(9.81)N = 0 N = 78.48 N
. We or
+
S ΣFx = 0; FD - F = 0 (1)
m W ina g
8(9.81) N
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
a+ ΣMO = 0;
d th g. in t la
[8(9.81) N]x - FD(0.625 m) = 0 (2) FD
an on in rs h
Assuming sliding occurs first,
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p 0.625 m
F = msN = 0.3(78.48 N) = 23.544 N
er ld
O
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Using this result to solve Eqs. (1) and (2), F

x
of rk ( stu e o tat
FD = 23.544 N x = 0.1875 m
ity o g us d S
N
Since x 6 0.3 m, the drum will slide before it tips as assumed. From Appendix A,
te is ss th ite
(a)
r = 1.164 kg>m3 and n = 16.0 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at T = 30° C. Thus, the Reynolds
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
number of the flow is

th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
UD U(0.6 m)
ro p an o te
Re = = = 37 500U (3)
st ny s d s ec
n 16.0 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Also, AP = (0.6 m)(1.25 m) = 0.75 m2.

w le co ro is
U2
sa eir is p rk
FD = CDAP r
th d wo
2
an his
U2
23.544 N = CD ( 0.75 m2 )( 1.164 kg>m3 ) a
T
b
2
53.938
U2 = (4)
CD
The iterations carried out are tabulated as follows:
Iteration Assumed CD U ( m>s ) : Eq. (4) Re: Eq. (3) CD from the graph gives
1 1.0 7.344 2.75 ( 105 ) 1.2
2 1.2 6.704 2.51 ( 105 ) 1.2
Since the assumed CD is almost the same as that obtained from the graph in iteration
2, the result of U in the iteration is acceptable. Thus,
U = 6.70 m>s Ans.
Ans:
6.70 m>s
1223
11–83. The smooth empty drum has a mass of 8 kg and 0.3 m

rests on a surface having a coefficient of static friction of
ms = 0.6. Determine the speed of the wind needed to cause
it to either tip over or slide. The air temperature is 30°C.
1.25 m
Solution
Here, FD acts through the mid-height of the drum as shown in its free-body diagram
in Fig. a. Considering the equilibrium of the drum,
+ c ΣFy = 0; N - 8(9.81) N = 0 N = 78.48 N
. We or
+
S ΣFx = 0; FD - F = 0 (1)
m W ina g
8(9.81) N
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
a+ ΣMO = 0; [8(9.81) N]x - FD(0.625 m) = 0 (2) FD
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Assuming sliding occurs first, 0.625 m
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
F = msN = 0.6(78.48 N) = 47.088 N
er ld
O
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Using this result to solve Eqs. (1) and (2), F

x
of rk ( stu e o tat
FD = 47.088 N x = 0.375 m
ity o g us d S
N
Tipping will occur first. Setting x equal to 0.3 m in Eq. (2), FD = 37.6704 N.
te is ss th ite
(a)
in f th se for Un
From Appendix A, r = 1.164 kg>m3 and n = 16.0 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at T = 30° C.
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Thus, the Reynolds number of the flow is

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
UD U(0.6 m)
st ny s d s ec
Re = = = 37 500U (3)
16.0 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
de f a rse de ot
n
s
ill o u vi pr
Also, AP = (0.6 m)(1.25 m) = 0.75 m2.

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
U2
th d wo
FD = CDAP r
2
an his
e
T
U2
37.67 N = CD ( 0.75 m2 )( 1.164 kg>m3 ) a b
2
86.301
U2 = (4)
CD
Iteration Assumed CD U ( m>s ) : Eq. (4) Re: Eq. (3) CD from the graph
1 1.0 9.290 3.48 ( 105 ) 0.8
2 0.8 10.386 3.89 ( 105 ) 0.64
3 0.64 11.61 4.35 ( 105 ) 0.50
4 0.50 13.137 4.92 ( 105 ) 0.33
5 0.35 15.703 5.89 ( 105 ) 0.34
5, the result of U in the iteration is acceptable. Thus,
U = 15.7 m>s Ans.
Ans:
15.7 m>s
1224
*11–84. The blades of a mixer are used to stir a liquid

having a density r and viscosity m. If each blade has a length
L and width w, determine the torque T needed to rotate the T
blades at a constant angular rate v. Take the drag coefficient v
of the blade’s cross section to be CD.
Solution
The liquid is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady. z
The drag on the differential area dA = wdr is shown on the free-body diagram of
the blade, Fig. a.
dr
U2
dFD = CDAP r T
2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
dr
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
dFD
is e D t w
Here, AP = dA = wdr and U = vr. Thus,
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
(vr)2 1
an on in rs h
C rwv2r 2dr
k g rn to rig
dFD = CD(wdr)rc d = r
2 2 D or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
r dFD
e lu nt ns co
Since the blade rotates with a constant angular velocity, moment equilibrium exists
th inc de f i es
about the z axis. Thus,

of rk ( stu e o tat
L
ity o g us d S
L0
2 dFD(r) - T = 0
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
L L
gr w in e
L0 L0 2
1
th t o a ly by
T = 2 dFD(r) = 2 CD rwv2r 3dr

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
L0
= CDrwv2 r 3dr
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
r4 2
L
sa eir is p rk
= CDrwv2 a b
th d wo
4 0
an his
1
T
= CD rwv2L4 Ans.
4
1225
11–85. A ball has a diameter of 60 mm and falls in oil with

a terminal velocity of 0.8 m>s. Determine the density of the
ball. For oil, take ro = 880 kg>m3 and n0 = 40 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s.
Note: The volume of a sphere is V = 43pr 3.
Solution FB = 0.97635 N
W = 1.109 )10 –3)
Oil is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady. b
y
The initial Reynolds number is
UD ( 0.08 m>s ) (0.06 m)
Re = = = 1200 a=0
n 40 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
. We or
Using this Re, CD ≅ 0.44. Also, AP = p(0.03 m)2 = 0.9 ( 10-3 ) p m2.
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2
U2 (0.8 m)
d th g. in t la
FD = CDAP r0 = 0.44 3 0.9 ( 10-3 ) p m2 4 ( 880 kg>m3 ) c d FD = 0.36625 N
an on in rs h
2 2
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y (a)
= 0.35033 N
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
4 3 4
th inc de f i es
The volume of the ball is V = pr = p(0.03 m)3 = 36 ( 10-6 ) p m3. Thus, the
3 3
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
weight of the ball and the bouyant force are

te is ss th ite
W = mg = rbVg = rb 3 36 ( 10-6 ) p m3 4 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) = 1.109 ( 10-3 ) rb

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
FB = r0Vg = ( 880 kg>m3 ) 3 36 ( 10-6 ) p m3 4 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) = 0.97635 N

th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Referring to the free-body diagram in Fig. a,

st ny s d s ec
+ c ΣFy = may; 0.35033 N + 0.97635 N = 1.109 ( 10-3 ) rb

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
rb = 1196 kg>m3 = 1.20 mg>m3 Ans.

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
1.20 mg>m3
1226
11–86. A ball has a diameter of 8 in. If it is kicked with a

speed of 18 ft>s, determine the initial drag acting on the ball.
Does this force remain constant? The air is at a temperature
of 60°F.
Solution
T = 60° F . Thus, the initial Reynolds number is
8
( 18 ft>s ) a ft b
. We or
UD 12
Re = = = 7.59 ( 104 )
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s
in
no W iss ea s
n
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Entering this Re into the graph for a sphere, CD ≅ 0.5 (approx.). Also,
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
2
4
AP = p a ft b = 0.1111p ft 2. or in a uc y
12
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
( 18 ft>s )
2
th inc de f i es
U2
FD = CDAP r = 0.5 ( 0.1111p ft 2 )( 0.00237 slug>ft 3 ) £ §
of rk ( stu e o tat
2 2
ity o g us d S
= 0.0670 lb Ans.
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
The drag force on the ball will not remain constant since the velocity of the ball
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
changes. Furthermore, it also depends on the drag coefficient, which is a function of

y ar d le d
velocity.
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.0670 lb
1227
11–87. Particulate matter at an altitude of 8 km in the upper

atmosphere has an average diameter of 3 µm. If a particle
8 km
has a mass of 42.5 ( 10-12 ) g, determine the time needed for it
to settle to the earth. Assume gravity is constant, and for air,
r = 1.202 kg>m3 and m = 18.1 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2.
Solution
] 1000
]
42.5 (10–12(
(9.81) N
y
Here, we will assume that Re 6 1. Therefore, the drag is
FD = 3pmUD = 3p 3 18.1 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2 4 (U) 3 3 ( 10-6 ) m 4 a=0
= 0.1629 ( 10-9 ) pU
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
FD = 0.1629 (10–9( U
42.5 ( 10-12 )
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
+ c ΣFy = 0; 0.1629 ( 10-9 ) pU - £ § (9.81) N = 0 (a)
1000 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
U = 0.8147 ( 10-3 ) m>s

of rk ( stu e o tat
Therefore, the Reynolds number is

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
rUD ( 1.202 kg>m3 ) 3 0.8147 ( 10 - 3 ) m>s 4 3 3 ( 10-6 ) m 4

= 1.623 ( 10-4 ) 6 1 (O.K.)
in f th se for Un
Re = =
m 18.1 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Thus, the time needed to settle

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
s 8 ( 103 ) m 1 hr 1 day
3 9.820 ( 106 ) s 4 a
de f a rse de ot
t = = = ba b
s
ill o u vi pr
U 0.8147 ( 10-3 ) m>s 3600 s 24 hr

w le co ro is
= 113.66 days = 114 days Ans.

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
114 days
1228
*11–88. A solid ball has a diameter of 20 mm and a density

of 3.00 Mg>m3. Determine its terminal velocity if it is
dropped into a liquid having a density of r = 2.30 Mg>m3
and a viscosity of n = 0.052 m2 >s. Note: The volume of a
sphere is V = 43pr 3.
Solution FB =
6 L gD
3
The liquid is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady. W= b gD

3
6
Here, we will assume that Re 6 1. Realizing that m = rLn, then y
FD = 3pmUD = 3prLnUD
a=0
4 3 4 D 3 p
The volume of the ball is V = pr = p a b = D3. Thus, the weight of the
. We or
3 3 2 6
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
ball and the bouyant force are
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
p p
W = mg = rbVg = rb c D3 d g = rb gD3 FD = 3 v UD
k g rn to rig
L
6 6 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
(a)
er ld
e lu nt ns co
p p
FB = rLVg = rLa D3 bg = rL gD3
th inc de f i es
6 6
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S

te is ss th ite
p p
in f th se for Un
+ c ΣFy = may; 3prLnUD + rLgD3 - rbgD3 = 0

6 6
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
gD2 ( rb - rL )
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
U =
18rLn
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Substituting the data,

ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0.02 m)2 ( 3000 kg>m3 - 2300 kg>m3 )

sa eir is p rk
U =
th d wo
18 ( 2300 kg>m3 )( 0.052 m2 >s )

an his
= 0.001276 m>s = 0.00128 m>s Ans.

T
Thus, the Reynolds number is

UD ( 0.001276 m>s ) (0.02 m)
Re = = = 0.4907 ( 10-3 ) 6 1 (O.K.)
n 0.052 m2 >s
1229
11–89. Determine the velocity of the aerosol solid particles

when t = 10 s, if when t = 0 they leave the can with a 30 m/s
horizontal velocity of 30 m>s. Assume the average diameter
of the droplets is 0.4 µm and each has a mass of 0.4 ( 10-12 ) g.
The air is at 20°C. Neglect the vertical component of
the velocity. Note: The volume of a sphere is V = 43pr 3.
Solution a=
du
mg dt
The air is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady. x
From Appendix A, ra = 1.202 kg>m3 and ma = 18.1 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2 for air at FD = 21.72 10–12 ( ( U
T = 20° C . Thus, the maximum Reynolds number is
rmaxUmaxD ( 1.202 kg>m3 )( 30 m>s ) 3 0.4 ( 10-6 ) m 4
( Re ) max = = = 0.7969 (a)
18.1 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2
. We or
ma
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
Since ( Re ) max 6 1, the drag on the droplet is
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
FD = 3pmaUD = 3p 3 18.1 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2 4 (U) 3 0.4 ( 10-6 ) m 4
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
= 21.72 ( 10-12 ) pU
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Referring to the free-body diagram of the droplet in Fig. a,

of rk ( stu e o tat
0.4 ( 10-12 )
ity o g us d S
dU
+
S ΣFx = max ; - 21.72 ( 10-12 ) pU = c kg d a b
1000 dt
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
10(10-6) s V
gr w in e
L0 L30 m>s U
dU
th t o a ly by
- 54300p dt =
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
- 0.543p = ln U V
30 m>s
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
V
w le co ro is
- 0.543p = ln
30
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
V
e -0.543p =
an his
30
T
V = 5.45 m>s Ans.
Ans:
5.45 m>s
1230
11–90. Impure water at 20°C enters the retention tank and

rises to a level of 2 m when it stops flowing in. Determine
the shortest time needed for all sediment particles having a
diameter of 0.05 mm or greater to settle to the bottom.
Assume the density of the particles is r = 1.6 Mg>m3 or
greater. Note: The volume of a sphere is V = 43pr 3. 2m
5m
2m
Solution
3
Here, we will assume that Re 6 1. Realizing that m = rLn, then FB =
6 L gD
FD = 3pmUD = 3prLnUD 3
W=
6 b gD
y
4 3 4 D 3 p
pr = p a b = D3. Thus, the weight of
. We or
The volume of the particles is V =
3 3 2 6
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
the particles and the bouyant force are a=0
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
p p
k g rn to rig
W = mg = rVg = rba D3 bg = rbgD3
6 6 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
p p FD = 3 v UD
th inc de f i es
FB = rLVg = rLa D3 bg = rLgD3 L

6 6
of rk ( stu e o tat
(a)
ity o g us d S

te is ss th ite
p p
+ c ΣFy = may ; 3prLnUD + rLgD3 - rbgD3 = 0
in f th se for Un
6 6
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
gD3 ( rb - rL )
y ar d le d
U =
ro p an o te
18rLn
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
From Appendix A, rL = 998.3 kg>m and n = 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for water at
3
s
ill o u vi pr
T = 20° C . Substituting the data,

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
( 9.81 m>s2 ) 3 50 ( 10-6 ) m 4 2 ( 1600 kg>m3 - 998.3 kg>m3 )

U =
an his
18 ( 998.3 kg>m3 ) 3 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s 4

T
= 0.8212 ( 10-3 ) m>s
UD ( 0.8212 ( 10-3 ) m>s ) 3 50 ( 10-6 ) m 4

Re = = = 0.0411 6 1 (O.K.)
n 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Thus, the time required for the particles to settle is
s 2m 1 min
t = = = 2435.42 s a b
U 0.8212 ( 10-3 ) m>s 60 s
= 40.6 min Ans.
Ans:
40.6 min
1231
11–91. A ball having a diameter of 0.6 m and a mass of

0.35 kg is falling in the atmosphere at 10°C. Determine its
terminal velocity. Note: The volume of a sphere is V = 43pr 3.
The air is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady. 0.35(9.81) N

From Appendix A, ra = 1.247 kg>m3 and na = 14.2 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at T = 10° C . y
UD U(0.6 m)
Re = = = 4.225 ( 104 ) U (1) a=0
. We or
na 14.2 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
The projected area perpendicular to the air stream is AP = p(0.3 m)2 = 0.09p m2.
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
U2 U2
k g rn to rig
FD = CDAP r = CD ( 0.09p m2 )( 1.247 kg>m3 ) a b
2
or in a uc y
2 FD = 0.056115 U 2
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
= 0.056115pCDU 2
th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat
4 4
ity o g us d S
The volume of the ball is V = pr 3 = p(0.3 m)3 = 0.036p m3. Thus, the bouyant
3 3
te is ss th ite
force is
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
FB = raVg = ( 1.247 kg>m3 )( 0.36p m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) = 1.3835 N

th t o a ly by
y ar d le d

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
+ c ΣFy = may; 0.056115pCDU 2 + 1.3835 N - 0.35(9.81) N = 0

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is

sa eir is p rk
Iteration Asumed CD U ( m>s ) ; Eq. (2) Re; Eq. (1) CD from the graph
th d wo
an his
1 0.5 4.823 2.04 ( 105

) 0.46
T
2 0.46 5.028 2.12 ( 105 ) 0.45
2, the result of U in this iteration is acceptable. Thus,
U = 5.03 m>s Ans.
Ans:
5.03 m>s
1232
*11–92. A raindrop has a diameter of 1 mm. Determine its

approximate terminal velocity as it falls. Assume that the air
has a constant ra = 1.247 kg>m3 and na = 14.2 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s.
Neglect buoyancy. Note: The volume of a sphere is V = 16pD3.
Solution W
y
The Reynolds number is a=0
UD U(0.001 m)
Re = = = 70.422U (1)
na 14.2 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
p 3 p
is e D t w
D = (0.001 m)3 = 1.667 ( 10-10 ) p m3. Thus,
t p or em ch
The volume of the raindrop is V =
d th g. in t la
6 6 FD
an on in rs h
its weight is
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y (a)
W = mg = rwVg = ( 1000 kg>m3 ) 3 1.667 ( 10-10 ) p m3 4 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) = 5.1365 ( 10-6 ) N
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0.001 m 2
th inc de f i es
Here, AP = p a b = 2.5 ( 10-7 ) p m2.

of rk ( stu e o tat
2
ity o g us d S
U2 U2
FD = CDAP r = CD 3 2.5 ( 10-7 ) p m2 4 ( 1.247 kg>m3 ) a b
te is ss th ite
2 2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
= 4.897 ( 10-7 ) CDU 2

th t o a ly by

y ar d le d
ro p an o te

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
+ c ΣFy = may; 4.897 ( 10-7 ) CDU 2 - 5.1365 ( 10-6 ) N = 0

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
10.489
U2 =
sa eir is p rk
(2)
CD
th d wo
an his

T
Iteration Assumed CD U ( m>s ) ; Eq. (2) Re; Eq. (1) CD from the graph
1 0.5 4.58 323 0.66
2 0.66 3.98 280 0.7
Use CD = 0.7, and

U = 3.87 m>s Ans.
1233
11–93. The 2-Mg race car has a projected front area of

1.35 m2 and a drag coefficient of 1CD 2 C = 0.28. If the car is
traveling at 60 m>s, determine the diameter of the parachute
needed to reduce the car’s speed to 20 m>s in 4 s. Take
1CD 2 p = 1.15 for the parachute. The air is at 20°C. The
wheels are free to roll.
Solution a=
du
dt
The air is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady. x
From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3 and n = 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for art at T = 20° C . (FD (c = 0.2272U2 (FD (P = 0.5428d2U2
U2 U2
( FD ) C = ( CD ) C ( AP ) Cr = 0.28 ( 1.35 m2 )( 1.202 kg>m3 ) a b = 0.2272U 2
2 2
. We or
U2 p 2 U 2
m W ina g
( FD ) P = ( CD ) P ( AP ) P r = 1.15 a d b ( 1.202 kg>m3 ) a b = 0.5428d 2U 2 (a)
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
2 4 2
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Writing the equation of motion along the x axis by referring to the free-body
k g rn to rig
diagram shown in Fig. a, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
dU
e lu nt ns co
+
d ΣFx = ma; - 0.2272U 2 - 0.5428d 2U 2 = 2 ( 103 )
dt
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
dU
ity o g us d S
- ( 0.2272 + 0.5428d 2 ) U 2 = 2 ( 103 )

dt
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
- ( 0.2272 + 0.5428d 2 ) 4s 20 m>s
L0 L60 m>s U
dU
gr w in e
J R dt =
th t o a ly by
2 ( 103 ) 2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
1 20 m>s
st ny s d s ec
- 0.002 ( 0.2272 + 0.5428d 2 ) = `

de f a rse de ot
U 60 m>s
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
1 1
0.002 ( 0.2272 + 0.5428d 2 ) = -
sa eir is p rk
20 60
th d wo
an his
d = 5.50 m Ans.
T
Ans:
5.50 m
1234
11–94. A 2-mm-diameter sand particle having a density of

2.40 Mg>m3 is released from rest at the surface of oil that is
contained in the tube. As the particle falls downward,
“creeping flow” will be established around it. Determine
the velocity of the particle and the time at which Stokes’ law
becomes invalid, at about Re = 1. The oil has a density of
ro = 900 kg>m3 and a viscosity of mo = 30.2 1 10-3 2 N # s>m2.
Assume the particle is a sphere, where its volume is
V = 43pr 3.
Solution FD
4
W = rVg = ( 2400 kg>m3 ) c p ( 0.001 m ) 3 d ( 9.81 m>s2 ) = 9.8621 ( 10-5 ) N
. We or
3
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
4 Fb
t p or em ch
Fb = roVg = ( 900 kg>m3 ) c p ( 0.001 m ) 3 d ( 9.81 m>s2 ) = 3.6983 ( 10-5 ) N
d th g. in t la
3
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
FD = 3pm0VD = 3p 3 30.2 ( 10 - 3 ) N # s>m2 4 V(0.002 m)
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
= 5.6926 ( 10-4 ) V
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
We solve Re = 1 to find V:
W
te is ss th ite
roVD
in f th se for Un
= 1 (a)
gr w in e
m0
th t o a ly by
30.2 ( 10 - 3 ) N # s>m2
y ar d le d
m0
ro p an o te
V = = = 0.016778 m>s
st ny s d s ec
r oD ( 900 kg>m3 ) (0.002 m)

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Now we integrate, starting with Newton’s Second Law:

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
+ T ΣFy = ma;
th d wo
dV
an his
W - Fb - FD = m
T
dt
9.8621 ( 10 - 5 ) - 3.6983 ( 10-5 ) - 5.6926 ( 10-4 ) V
4 dV
= (2400) c p ( 0.001 m3 ) d
3 dt
dV
6.1638 ( 10-5 ) - 5.6926 ( 10-4 ) V = 1.00531 ( 10-5 )
dt
t 0.016778 1.00531 ( 10-5 )
L L0 6.1638 ( 10-5 ) - 5.6926 ( 10-4 ) V
dt = dV
0
t = 0.002973 s = 2.97 ms Ans.
Ans:
V = 16.8 mm>s
t = 2.97 ms
1235
11–95. Dust particles having an average diameter of

0.05 mm and an average density of 450 kg>m3 are stirred up 0.5 m/s
by an airstream and blown off the edge of the 600-mm-high
desk into a horizontal steady wind of 0.5 m>s. Determine
the distance d from the edge of the desk where most of
them will strike the ground. The air is at a temperature of
20°C. Note: The volume of a sphere is V = 43 pr 3. 600 mm
Solution FD
Due to the smallness of a dust particle, the flow can be assumed steady and
. We or
often referred to as creeping flow. Also, the air will be assumed incompressible.
Appendix A gives ra = 1.202 kg>m3 and ma = 18.1 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2. For creeping
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
Fb
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
flow we assume that Re 6 1 so that stokes equation FD = 3pmaVD can be used.
an on in rs h
The bouyant force is Fb = raVg, and the weight of the dust W = mg = rdVg. Since
k g rn to rig
the dust is creeping in the vertical direction with its terminal velocity (constant),
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
then referring to the FBD in Fig. a,
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
+ T ΣFy = 0; rdVg - raVg - 3pmaVD = 0

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
(rd - ra)Vg
V = W
te is ss th ite
3pmaD
in f th se for Un
(a)
gr w in e
4 D 3
th t o a ly by
p
since V = p a b = D3, the above equation becomes
3 2 6
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
p
( rd - ra ) a D3 bg
de f a rse de ot
( rd - ra ) gD2
s
ill o u vi pr
6
V = =
w le co ro is
3pmaD 18ma
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Substitute the numerical data into this equation to find the terminal downward
an his
velocity,
T
( 450 kg>m3 - 1.202 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) 3 0.05 ( 10-6 ) m 4 2

V =
18 3 18.1 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2 4
= 0.03378 m>s
Then the Reynolds number is

raVD ( 1.202 kg>m3 )( 0.03378 m>s ) 3 0.05 ( 10-3 ) m 4
Re = =
ma 18.1 ( 10-6 ) N # s>m2
= 0.1122 6 1 (O.K.)
1236
*11–95. Continued
The time for the dust to strike the ground can therefore be determined from
h 0.6 m
t = = = 17.76 s
v 0.03378 m>s
Thus, the horizontal distance d is
d = Ut = ( 0.5 m>s ) (17.76 s) = 8.88 m Ans.
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
8.88 m
1237
*11–96. A rock is released from rest at the surface of the

lake, where the average water temperature is 15°C. If 600 mm
CD = 0.5, determine its speed when it reaches a depth of
600 mm. The rock can be considered a sphere having a
diameter of 50 mm and a density of rp = 2400 kg>m3.
Note: The volume of a sphere is V = 43pr 3.
Solution
Fb
d ( mV ) dV VdV
+ T ΣFy = = m = m
dt dt ds
Referring to the FBD shown in Fig. a, and realizing that Fb = rw g V, FD

rwV 2
FD = CDAp a b and W = rsg V,
2
rwV 2 VdV
rsg V - rwg V - CDAr a b = rsV
2 ds
. We or
m W ina g
VdV
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
2(rs - rw)Vg - CDAprwV 2 = 2rsV
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
ds W
d th g. in t la
with the initial condition at s = 0, V = 0,
an on in rs h
(a)
k g rn to rig
s V or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
L L 2(rs - rw)Vg - CpAprwV
VdV
e lu nt ns co
ds = 2rsV 2
th inc de f i es
0 0
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Let a = 2(rs - rw)V g and b = CDAprw. Then

te is ss th ite
s V
in f th se for Un
L L a - bV
VdV
gr w in e
ds = 2rsV
th t o a ly by
2
0 0
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
2rsV V
st ny s d s ec
s = c ln ( a - bV 2 ) d `
2( - b )
de f a rse de ot
0
s
ill o u vi pr
rsV
w le co ro is
a
s = ln a b
sa eir is p rk
b a - bV 2
th d wo
bs a
an his
= ln a b
T
rsV a - bV 2
a bs
2
= e
a - bV r sV
bs
bV 2 = a - ae -
rsV
a
V = ( 1 - e -bs>rsV ) (1)
Ab
1238
*11–96. Continued
Substituting the numerical data, rs = 2400 kg>m3 , rw = 999.2 kg>m3 , s = 0.6 m

4
V = p(0.025 m)3 = 65.4498 ( 10-6 ) m3 and Ap = p(0.025 m)2 = 0.625 ( 10-3 ) p m2,
3
a = 2 ( 2400 kg>m3 - 999.2 kg>m3 ) 3 65.4498 ( 10-6 ) m3 4 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) = 1.7988

b = CD 3 0.625 ( 10-3 ) p m2 4 ( 999.2 kg>m3 ) = 1.9619CD
rsV = ( 2400 kg>m3 ) 3 65.4498 ( 10-6 ) m3 4 = 0.15708 kg
Then Eq. (1) becomes
. We or
m W ina g
0.9169
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
V = c ( 1 - e -7.4940CD ) d m>s (2)
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
A CD
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Using C D = 0.5,
k g rn to rig
at s = 0.6 m V = 1.34 m>s or in a uc y Ans.
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
The terminal velocity can be obtained by setting s S ∞ . Then Eq. (1) becomes
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
0.9169
Vt =
ity o g us d S
A CD
te is ss th ite
Again using C D = 0.5,

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Vt = 1.35 m>s Ans.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1239
11–97. The smooth cylinder is suspended from the rail and

is partially submerged in the water. If the wind blows at
8 m>s, determine the terminal velocity of the cylinder. The
water and air are both at 20°C.
1m
8 m/s
0.5 m
0.25 m
Solution
The fluids are considered incompressible. The relative fluid is steady. From Appendix A,
ra = 1.202 kg>m3 and va = 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air and rw = 998.3 kg>m3 and
nw = 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for water at T = 20° C . If the terminal velocity of the cylinder
is V0, Ua = 8 m>s - V0 and Uw - V0. Thus, the Reynolds number for air and water N1 N2
are
a=0
UaD (8 - V0)(0.25 m)
( Re ) a = = = 1.6556 ( 104 ) (8 - V0) (1) x
na 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
( FD( a W
. We or
UwD V0(0.25 m)
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
( Re ) w = 2.5 ( 105 ) V0
in
no W iss ea s
= = (2)
itt id tio
is e D t w
1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
t p or em ch
nw
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
The projected areas perpendicular to the stream for air and water are
k g rn to rig
( AP ) a = (0.25 m)(1 m) = 0.25 m2 and ( AP ) w = (0.25 m)(0.5 m) = 0.125 m2.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
( FD ( k
e lu nt ns co
( 8 - V0 ) 2
th inc de f i es
Ua2
( FD ) a = ( CD ) a ( AP )a ra = ( CD ) a(0.25 m) ( 1.202 kg>m3 ) J R (a)
of rk ( stu e o tat
2 2
ity o g us d S
= 0.15025 ( CD ) a ( V02 - 16n0 + 64 )

te is ss th ite

in f th se for Un
Uw2 V 02
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
( FD ) w = ( CD ) w ( AP ) wrw = ( CD ) w(0.125 m) ( 998.3 kg>m3 ) c d

2 2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
= 62.394 ( CD ) wV 02
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Writing the equation of motion along the x axis by referring to the free-body
w le co ro is
diagram in Fig. a,
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
+ ΣFx = max; ( FD ) a - ( FD ) w = 0
S
an his
( FD ) a = ( FD ) w
T
0.15025 ( CD ) a ( V0 2 - 16n0 + 64 ) = 62.394 ( CD ) wV0 2

( CD ) a ( V 02 - 16v0 + 64 ) - 415.27 ( CD ) wV 02 = 0 (3)

Assumed Value from the graph
Iteration ( CD ) a ( CD ) w V0 ( m>s ) ; Eq. (3) (Re)a; Eq. (1) (Re)w; Eq. (2) ( CD ) a ( CD ) w
1 1.3 1.3 0.3742 1.26 ( 105 ) 9.36 ( 104 ) 1.4 1.4
Since the assumed CD is almost the same as that obtained from the graph in itera-
tion 1, the result of v0 in the iteration is acceptable. Thus,
V0 = 0.374 m>s Ans.
Ans:
0.374 m>s
1240
11–98. A 5-m-diameter balloon and the gas within it have

a mass of 80 kg. Determine its terminal velocity of descent.
Assume the air temperature is at 20°C. Note: The volume of
a sphere is V = 43pr 3.

From Appendix A, ra = 1.202 kg>m3 and va = 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at T = 20° C . W = 100 (9.81) N y
U(5 m) a=0
UD
Re = = = 3.3113 ( 105 ) U
va 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
4 4 5m 3
The volume of the balloon is V = pr 3 = p a b = 65.45 m3. Thus, the bouy-
3 3 2
ant force is
. We or
m W ina g
FD = 3.75625 CDU2
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
FB = raVg = ( 1.202 kg>m3 )( 65.45 m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) = 771.76 N
itt id tio
is e D t w

t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
(a)
5m 2
an on in rs h
b = 6.25 p m2
k g rn to rig
Here, AP = p a
2 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
U2 U2
CD ( 6.25p m2 )( 1.202 kg>m3 ) a b
th inc de f i es
FD = CDAP r
2 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
= 3.75625 pCDU 2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
+ c ΣFy = may; 3.75625pCDU 2 + 771.76 N - 80(9.81) N = 0

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
1.1051
st ny s d s ec
U2 =
de f a rse de ot
CD
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Iteration Assumed CD U ( m>s ) ; Eq. (2) Re; Eq. (1) CD from the graph
an his
e
T
1 0.2 2.351 7.78 ( 105 ) 0.14

2 0.14 2.809 9.30 ( 105
) 0.155
3 0.155 2.670 8.84 ( 105
) 0.15
Since the assumed CD is almost the same as that obtained from the graph in itera-
tion 3, the result of U in this iteration is acceptable. Thus,
U = 2.67 m>s Ans.
Ans:
2.67 m>s
1241
11–99. A smooth ball has a diameter of 43 mm and a mass

of 45 g. When it is thrown vertically upward with a speed of
20 m>s, determine the initial deceleration of the ball. The
temperature is 20°C.
Solution
The air is considered to be incompressible. The relative flow is steady. FD = 0.1746 N
From Appendix A, r = 1.202 kg>m3 and v = 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for air at T = 20° C .
Thus, the initial Reynolds number is y
UD (20 m>s)(0.043 m)
Re = = = 5.695 ( 104 ) a
v 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Entering this Re into the graph for a sphere, CD ≅ 0.5 (aprox.). Here,
0.043 m 2
. We or
AP = p a b = 0.46225 ( 10-3 ) p m2.
m W ina g
2 0.045(9.81) N
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
(a)
d th g. in t la
U2 ( 20 m>s )2
FD = CDADr = 0.5 3 0.46225 ( 10-3 ) p m2 4 ( 1.202 kg>m3 ) J R
an on in rs h
2 2
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
= 0.1746 N Ans.
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Referring to the free-body diagram of the ball in Fig. a,

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
+ c ΣFy = may; - 30.045(9.81) N4 - 0.1746 N = 0.045a

te is ss th ite
a = 13.7 m>s2 Ans.

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
13.7 m>s2
1242
*11–100. The parachutist has a total mass of 90 kg and is

in free fall at 6 m>s when she opens her 3-m-diameter
parachute. Determine the time for her speed to be increased
to 10 m>s. Also, what is her terminal velocity? For the
calculation, assume the parachute to be similar to a hollow
hemisphere. The air has a density of ra = 1.25 kg>m3.
V
Solution
Relative to the parachutist, the flow is unsteady and uniform since he is decelerating.
Here, the air is assumed to be incompressible. Applying the momentum equation
0t Lcv Lcs
0
+ T ΣFy = VrdV + VrVdA
The control volume considered is the parachute and the parachutist. Since there is
Lcs
no opened control surface, VrVdA = 0. Also, Vr can be factored out from the FD
. We or
Lcv
integral since it is independent of V . Also dV = V since the volume of the
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
control volume is fixed. Realizing that rV = m, the above equation reduces to
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
d(mv) dv
+ T ΣFy = = m or in a uc y
w d le tr p
dt dt
er ld
e lu nt ns co
raV 2
th inc de f i es
Referring to the FBD shown in Fig. a, and realizing that FD = CDAP a b,

2
of rk ( stu e o tat
raV 2
ity o g us d S
dv
mg - CDAPa b = m
te is ss th ite
2 dt
in f th se for Un
2mg - CDAP raV 2

gr w in e
dv
th t o a ly by
= m
2 dt
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
with the initial condition at t = 0, V = Vo,

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
t V
L0 LV0 2 mg - cDAP raV

dV
w le co ro is
dt = 2 m 2
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
V
an his
22mg + 2CDAP raV

e
2m
t = ln° ¢† mg
T
2( 22mg) 2CDAp ra 22mg - 2CDAP raV

Vo (a)
m 22mg + 2CDAP raV 22mg + 2CDAP raVo
t = £ ln ° ¢ - ln° ¢§ (1)
22mgCDAP ra 22mg - 2CDAP raV 22mg - 2CDAP raVo
Substituting the numerical data, m = 90 kg, CD = 1.4 (table 11–3), AP = p ( 1.5 m ) 2

= 2.25 p m2, ra = 1.25 kg>m3, Vo = 6 m>s and V = 12 m>s, we have
22mg = 22 ( 90 kg )( 9.81 m>s2 ) = 42.02

2CDAP ra = 21.4 ( 2.25p m2 )( 1.25 kg>m3 ) = 3.5171
1243
*11–100. Continued
Then
90 42.02 + 3.5171 ( 10) 42.02 + 3.5171 ( 6)

t = £ ln ° ¢ - ln ° ¢§
(42.02)(3.5045) 42.02 - 3.5171(10) 42.02 - 3.5171(6)
= 0.805 s Ans.
Terminal velocity occurs when t = ∞ . By inspecting Eq. (1), this condition can be
satisfied if
22mg + 2CDAP raVt = 0
. We or
2mg 42.02
m W ina g
b)
Vt = = = 11.95 m>s = 12.0 m>s Ans.
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
A CDAP ra 3.5171
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1244
11–101. A 3-Mg airplane is flying at a speed of 70 m>s. If

each wing can be assumed rectangular of length 5 m and
width 1.75 m, determine the smallest angle of attack a to
provide lift assuming the wing is a NACA 2409 section. The
density of air is r = 1.225 kg>m3.
5m 5m
Solution
For two wings, A = 2(5 m)(1.75 m) = 17.5 m2. Thus, the lift is
U2 ( 70 m>s ) 2
FL = CL Ar = CL ( 17.5 m2 )( 1.225 kg>m3 ) c d = 52521.875 CL
2 2
The equilibrium along a vertical requires
+ c ΣFy = 0; FL - W = 0
. We or
52521.875 CL - 3000(9.81) N = 0
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
CL = 0.560
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Entering this value of CL into the graph
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
a = 5° (approx.) or in a uc y Ans.
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
5° (approx.)
1245
11–102. The 5-Mg airplane has wings that are each 5 m
long and 1.75 m wide. It is flying horizontally at an altitude
of 3 km with a speed of 150 m>s. Determine the lift
coefficient.
5m 5m
Solution
From Appendix A, r = 0.9092 kg>m3 for air at an altitude of 3 km. For two wings,
A = 2(5 m)(1.75 m) = 17.5 m2. Thus, the lift is
U2 ( 150 m>s ) 2
FL = CL Ar = CL ( 17.5 m2 )( 0.9092 kg>m3 ) c d = 178998.75 CL
2 2
Equilibrium requires
+ c ΣFy = 0; FL - W = 0
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
178998.75 CL - 5000(9.81) N = 0
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
CL = 0.274 Ans.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.274
1246
11–103. The 5-Mg airplane has wings that are each 5 m
long and 1.75 m wide. Determine its speed in order to
generate the same lift when flying horizontally at an altitude
of 5 km as it does when flying horizontally at 3 km with a
speed of 150 m>s.
5m 5m
Solution
From Appendix A, r1 = 0.9092 kg>m3 and r2 = 0.7364 kg>m3 for air at an altitude
of 3 km and 5 km, respectively. Here, it is required that
(FL)1 = (FL)2
U 12 U 22
(CL)1A1 r1 = (CL)2A2 r2
2 2
( CL ) 1A1r1
. We or
U2 = ° ¢U1
m W ina g
A (C ) A r
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
L 2 2 2
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Since A1 = A2 and the angle of attack is the same for both cases, (CL)1 = (CL)2.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Thus,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
r1 0.9092 kg>m3
U2 = U1 = ° ¢ ( 150 m>s ) = 167 m>s Ans.
th inc de f i es
A r2 A 0.7364 kg>m3
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
167 m>s
1247
*11–104. A 4-Mg airplane is flying at a speed of 70 m>s. If

each wing can be assumed rectangular of length 5 m and
width 1.75 m, determine the drag on each wing when it is
flying at the proper angle of attack a. Assume each wing is a
NACA 2409 section. The density of air is ra = 1.225 kg>m3.
Solution
For two wings, A = 2(5 m)(1.75 m) = 17.5 m2. Thus, the lift is
U2 ( 70 m>s ) 2
FL = CL Ar = CL ( 17.5 m2 )( 1.225 kg>m3 ) c d = 52521.875CL
2 2
The equilibrium along a vertical requires

+ c ΣFy = 0; FL - W = 0
. We or
52521.875CL - 4000(9.81) N = 0
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
CL = 0.747
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Entering this value of CL into the graph
k g rn to rig
a = 8.20° (approx.)
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Using this result, the graph gives C D ≅ 0.04 (approx.). For each wing,
th inc de f i es
A = 5 m(1.75 m) = 8.75 m2.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
U2 ( 70 m>s ) 2
= 0.04 ( 8.75 m2 )( 1.225 kg>m3 ) c
te is ss th ite
FD = CDAr d
2 2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
= 1.05 kN Ans.

th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1248
11–105. The plane can take off at 250 km>h when it is at an V

airport located at an elevation of 2 km. Determine the
takeoff speed from an airport at sea level.
Solution
From Appendix A, r1 = 1.007 kg>m3 and r2 = 1.225 kg>m3 for air at an altitude of
2 km and 0 km, respectively. Here, it is required that
( FL ) 1 = ( FL ) 2
U 21 U22
( CL ) 1A1r1 = ( CL ) 2A2r2
2 2
( CL ) 1A1r1
. We or
U2 = ° ¢U1
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
A (C ) A r
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
L 2 2 2
d th g. in t la
Since A1 = A2 and the angle of attack is the same for both cases, ( CL ) 1 = ( CL ) 2.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Thus, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
r1 1.007 kg>m3
U2 = U = ° ¢ ( 250 km>h ) = 227 km>h Ans.
th inc de f i es
A r2 1 A 1.225 kg>m3
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
227 km>h
1249
11–106. The glider has a weight of 350 lb. If the drag

coefficient is CD = 0.456, the lift coefficient is CL = 1.20,
and the total area of the wings is A = 80 ft 2, determine the
angle u at which it is descending with a constant speed.
Solution
ΣFx′ = max′; FD - W sin u = 0 FD = W sin u (1)
ΣFy′ = may′; FL - W cos u = 0 FL = W cos u (2)
Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (2),

FD W sin u
= = tan u (3)
FL W cos u
The drag and lift are
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
U2
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
FD = CDAr
d th g. in t la
2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
U2 or in a uc y
FL = CLAr
w d le tr p
er ld
2
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Substituting these results into Eq. (3),

of rk ( stu e o tat
U2
ity o g us d S
CDAr
2
te is ss th ite
= tan u
U2
in f th se for Un
CLAr
gr w in e
2
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
CD 0.456
ro p an o te
tan u = =
st ny s d s ec
CL 1.2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
u = 20.8° Ans.
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
y´
an his
W
T
a=0
FD
x´
FL
(a)
Ans:
20.8°
1250
11–107. The glider has a weight of 350 lb. If the drag

coefficient is CD = 0.316, the lift coefficient is CL = 1.20,
and the total area of the wings is A = 80 ft 2, determine if it
can land on a landing strip that is 1.5 km long and located
5 km away from where its altitude is 1.5 km. Assume the
density of the air remains constant. u
Solution
ΣFx′ = max′; FD - W sin u = 0 FD = W sin u (1)
= 14.75′
1.5 Km
ΣFy′ = may′; FL - W cos u = 0 FL = W cos u (2)

d
FD W sin u
= = tan u (3)
FL W cos u (a)
. We or
The drag and lift are
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
U2
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
FD = CDAr
2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
U2 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
FL = CLAr
er ld
e lu nt ns co
2
th inc de f i es
Substituting these results into Eq. (3),

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
U2
CDAr
te is ss th ite
2
= tan u
in f th se for Un
U2
gr w in e
CLAr
th t o a ly by
2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
CD 0.316
st ny s d s ec
tan u = =
CL 1.2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
u = 14.75°
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. a,

th d wo
1.5 km
an his
tan 14.75° =
e
d
T
d = 5.7 km
Since 5 km 6 d 6 (5 + 1.5) km = 6.5 km, the glider can land on the landing strip.
Ans:
The glider can land.
1251
*11–108. Each of the two wings on a 20 000-lb airplane is

to have a span of 25 ft and an average cord distance of 5 ft.
When a 1>15 scale model of the wing section (assumed to
be infinite) is tested in a wind tunnel at 1500 ft>s, using a
gas for which rg = 7.80 1 10-3 2 slug>ft 3, the total drag is 160
lb. Determine the total drag on the wing when the plane
is flying at a constant altitude with a speed of 400 ft>s,
where ra = 1.75 1 10-3 2 slug>ft 3. Assume an elliptical
lift distribution.
Solution
We will assume that the flow is steady relative to airplane and the air and the gas is
incompressible. For the model plane,
1 1
( AP ) m = 2c (25 ft) d c (5 ft) d = 1.1111 ft 2
15 15
The drag coefficient for the infinite span can be determined using the model plane.
. We or
( FD ) m 160 lb
( CD ) ∞ =
m W ina g
b)
=
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
rgVm2
is e D t w
3 7.80 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 ( 1500 ft>s ) 2
t p or em ch
( AP ) ma
d th g. in t la
b ( 1.1111 ft2 ) • ¶
2 2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
= 0.01641 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Since the plane is flying at a constant altitude, it is in vertical equilibrium. This means
th inc de f i es
that the lift is equal to its weight; ie, FL = 20000 lb. Then the lift coefficient is
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
FL 20000
CL = =
te is ss th ite
2
raV 3 1.75 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 ( 400 ft>s ) 2
in f th se for Un
AP a b
[2(25)(5 ft)] • ¶
gr w in e
2
th t o a ly by
2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
= 0.5714
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
The total drag coefficient can be determined by applying

s
ill o u vi pr
CL2
w le co ro is
CD = ( CD ) ∞ +
sa eir is p rk
pb2 >AP
th d wo
an his
0.57142
= 0.01641 +
T
p ( 25 ft ) 2 >(25 ft)(5 ft)

= 0.03720
Thus, the total drag force on the wing is
raV 2
FD = CDAP a b
2
3 1.75 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 ( 400 ft>s ) 2

= 0.03720[2(25 ft)(5 ft)] • ¶
2
= 1302 lb Ans.
1252
11–109. The glider has a constant speed of 8 m>s through

still air. Determine the angle of descent u if it has a lift
coefficient of CL = 0.70 and a wing drag coefficient of 8 m/s
CD = 0.04. The drag on the fuselage is considered negligible
compared to that on the wings, since the glider has a very
long wingspan.
u
Solution
Since the glider is gliding with a constant velocity, it is in equilibrium. Referring to
the FBD of the glider in Fig. a, y
+ ΣFx = 0; W sin u - FD = 0
R
raV 2
W sin u - CDAP a b = 0 W
2
FL
. We or
FD
raV 2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
W sin u = CDAP a b (1)
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
2
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
+ c ΣFy = 0; FL - W cos u = 0
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
raV 2 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
CLAP a b - W cos u = 0 (a)
e lu nt ns co
x
2
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
raV 2
W cos u = CLAP a b (2)
ity o g us d S

2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Divided Eq. (1) by Eq. (2)

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
raV 2
CDAP a b
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
W sin u 2
st ny s d s ec
=
W cos u raV 2
de f a rse de ot
CLAP a b
s
ill o u vi pr
2
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
CD
tan u =
th d wo
CL
an his
CD 0.04
T
u = tan-1a b = tan-1a b = 3.27° Ans.

CL 0.7
Ans:
3.27°
1253
11–110. The 2000-lb airplane is flying at an altitude of

5000 ft. Each wing has a span of 16 ft and a cord length of
3.5 ft. If each wing can be classified as a NACA 2409 section,
determine the lift coefficient and the angle of attack when
the plane is flying at 225 ft>s.
16 ft
Solution 3.5 ft
Relative to the airplane, the flow is steady. Also, air is assumed to be i ncompressible.
Appendix A gives ra = 2.043 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3. Since the air plane is flying at a
constant altitude, equilibrium exists along the vertical. Thus
+ c ΣFy = 0; FL - W = 0
raV 2
CLAP a b - W = 0
2
3 2.043 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 ( 225 ft>s ) 2
. We or
CL 32(16 ft)(3.5 ft) 4 • ¶ - 2000 lb = 0
m W ina g
b)
2
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
CL = 0.345 Ans.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
with this value of CL, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
a = 3° (Approx.) Ans.
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
CL = 0.345
a = 3° (Approx.)
1254
11–111. The 2000-lb airplane is flying at an altitude of

5000 ft. Each wing has a span of 16 ft and a cord length
of 3.5 ft, and it can be classified as a NACA 2409 section.
If the plane is flying at 225 ft>s, determine the total drag
on the wings. Also, what is the angle of attack and
the corresponding velocity at which the condition of
stall occurs?
16 ft
Solution 3.5 ft
Relative to the airplane, the flow is steady. Also, air is assumed to be incompressible.
Appendix A gives ra = 2.043 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3. Since the air plane is flying at a con-
stant altitude, equilibrium exists along the vertical. Thus,
+ c ΣFy = 0; FL - W = 0
raV 2
CLApa b - W = 0 (1)
2
3 2.043 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 ( 225 ft>s ) 2
. We or
CL[2(16 ft)(3.5 ft)] • ¶ - 2000 lb = 0
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
2
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
CL = 0.3453
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
with this value of CL, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
a = 2.75
th inc de f i es
with this angle of attack,

of rk ( stu e o tat
( CD ) ∞ = 0.015
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
The total drag coefficient can be determined using

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
C L2
th t o a ly by
CD = ( CD ) ∞ +
pb2 >A
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
0.34532
de f a rse de ot
= 0.015 +
s
ill o u vi pr
2
p(16 ft) >(16 ft)(3.5 ft)
w le co ro is
= 0.0233
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Thus, the drag force on the airplane caused by the wing is

an his
raV 2
T
FD = CD APa b
2
3 2.043 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 ( 225 ft>s ) 2

= 0.023332(16 ft)(3.5 ft) 4 • ¶
2
= 135 lb Ans.
From the text, the condition of stall occurs when the angle of attack is
a = 20° Ans.
And the corresponding lift coefficient is
CL = 1.50
Again, applying Eq. (1)
raV 2
CL APa b - W = 0
2
3 2.043 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 V 2s

1.5[2(16 ft)(3.5 ft)] • ¶ - 2000 lb = 0
2 Ans:
FD = 135 lb
Vs = 107.95 ft>s = 108 ft>s Ans. a = 20°
Vs = 108 ft>s
1255
*11–112. If it takes 80 kW of power to fly an airplane at

20 m>s, how much power does it take to fly the plane at
25 m>s at the same altitude? Assume CD remains constant.
Solution
We will assume that the flow is steady relative to the airplane and the air is incom-
pressible. When the speed is 20 m>s,
P = FDV; 80 ( 103 ) W = ( FD ) 1 ( 20 m>s )
( FD ) = 4000 N
Using the drag force equation,
raV 12
( FD ) 1 = CDApa b
2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
ra ( 20 m>s ) 2
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
4000 N = CD AP c d
d th g. in t la
2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
20 or in a uc y
CD =
w d le tr p
er ld
ra AP
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
when the speed is 25 m>s,

of rk ( stu e o tat
raV22
ity o g us d S
( FD ) 2 = CD AP a b
2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
20 ra ( 25 m>s ) 2
gr w in e
b ( Ap ) c
th t o a ly by
= a d
ra Ap 2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
= 6250 N
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Thus, the power regained is

s
ill o u vi pr
#
w le co ro is
W2 = ( FD ) 2V2 = (6250 N) ( 25 m>s )

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
= 156.25 ( 103 ) W
an his
= 156 kW Ans.
T
1256
11–113. The plane weighs 9000 lb and can take off from an 125 mi/h
airport when it attains an airspeed of 125 mi>h. If it carries
an additional load of 750 lb, what must be its airspeed
before takeoff at the same angle of attack?
Solution
Equilibrium along the vertical requires
+ c ΣFy = 0; FL - W = 0
FL = W (1)
2
U
The lift is FL = CL Ar . Thus, using Eq. (1),
2
U 12
. We or
( FL ) 1 = ( CL ) 1A1r1 = W1 (2)
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
2
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
U 22
( FL ) 2 = ( CL ) 2A2r2 (3)
an on in rs h
= W2
k g rn to rig
2
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
U 22
th inc de f i es
( CL ) 2A2r2
of rk ( stu e o tat
2 W2
ity o g us d S
2
=
U W1
( CL ) 1A1r1 1
te is ss th ite
2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
( CL ) 1A1r1W2
y ar d le d
U2 = ° ¢U1
ro p an o te
A (C ) A r W
st ny s d s ec
L 2 2 2 1
de f a rse de ot
Here, A1 = A2 and ( CL ) 1 = ( CL ) 2. Thus,

ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
r1 = r2,
th d wo
W2
an his
9750 lb
e
U2 = U = ° ¢ ( 125 mi>h ) = 130 mi>h Ans.

A W1 1
T
A 9000 lb
Ans:
130 mi>h
1257
11–114. A baseball has a diameter of 73 mm. If it is thrown 60 rad/s

with a speed of 5 m>s and an angular velocity of 60 rad>s,
determine the lift on the ball. Assume the surface of the ball
is smooth. Take ra = 1.20 kg>m3 and na = 15.0 1 10-6 2 m2 >s, 5 m/s
and use Fig. 11–50.
Solution
For the given data,
vD ( 60 rad>s ) (0.073 m)
= = 0.438
2V 2 ( 5 m>s )
VD ( 5 m>s ) (0.073 m)
Re = = = 2.43 ( 104 )
v 15.0 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Since Re is in the range of 104, the figure in the text can be used to determine the lift
. We or
coefficient. Here CL ≈ 0.13. Thus,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
2
is e D t w
raV
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
FL = CL APa b
2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
( 1.20 kg>m3 )( 5 m>s ) 2
w d le tr p
er ld
= 0.13 3 p ( 0.0365 m ) 2 4 £
e lu nt ns co
§
2
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
= 0.00816 N Ans.
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.00816 N
1258
11–115. A 0.5-kg ball having a diameter of 50 mm is thrown y

with a speed of 10 m>s and has an angular velocity of
400 rad>s. Determine its horizontal deviation d from striking
a target a distance of 10 m away. Take ra = 1.20 kg>m3 and
na = 15.0 1 10-6 2 m2 >s, and use Fig. 11–50. v d
x
10 m
Top View
Solution
From the given data,
vD ( 400 rad>s ) (0.05 m)
= = 1.0
2V 2 ( 10 m>s )
VD ( 10 m>s ) (0.05 m)
Re = = = 3.33 ( 104 )
va 15.0 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Since Re is in the range of 104, the figure in the text can be used to determine the lift
coefficient. Here, CL ≃ 0.270. Thus,
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
raV 2
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
FL = CLApa b
d th g. in t la
2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
( 1.20 kg>m3 )( 10 m>s ) 2
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
= 0.27 3 p(0.025 m)2 4 £
er ld
§
e lu nt ns co
2
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
= 0.03181 N
ity o g us d S
The acceleration of the ball in the y-direction is

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
+ c ΣFy = may; 0.03181 N = ( 0.5 kg ) ay

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
ay = 0.06362 m>s2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
The ball travels with a constant velocity V = 10 m>s in the x- direction. Thus, the
de f a rse de ot
time for the ball to strike the wall is

s
ill o u vi pr
Sx 10 m
w le co ro is
t = = = 1s
sa eir is p rk
V 10 m>s
th d wo
The displacement d in the y direction for this same time interval is

an his
e
T
1 2
+ c sy = ( sy ) 0 + ( vy ) 0t + at ;
2 y
1
d = 0 + 0 + ( 0.06362 m>s2 ) (1 s)2
2
= 0.03181 m = 31.8 mm Ans.
Ans:
31.8 mm
1259

Solution: 11-1. Oil Flows With A Free-Stream Velocity of U 3 FT S

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Solution: 11-1. Oil Flows With A Free-Stream Velocity of U 3 FT S

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11–1. Oil flows with a free-stream velocity of U = 3 ft>s U

11–2. Water at 15°C flows with a free-stream velocity of U

= 2.25 N>m2 Ans.

11–3. The boundary layer for wind blowing over 15 m/s

u  y = 0.3 m = = 14.5 m>s Ans.

*11–4. An oil–gas mixture flows over the top surface of 0.75 m

The Reynolds number at this point is

Ux ( 0.8 m>s ) (1.5 m)

11–5. An oil-gas mixture flows over the top surface of 0.75 m

­laminar. Here, the Reynolds number at x = L = 1.5 m is

UL ( 0.8 m>s ) (1.5 m)

0.664brU 2L 0.664(0.75 m) ( 910 kg>m3 )( 0.8 m>s ) 2(1.5 m)

2Re L 22.857 ( 104 )

11–6. Wind flows along the side of the rectangular sign. 12 ft

laminar. Here, the Reynolds number at x = L = 12 ft is

( 6 ft>s ) (12 ft)

n 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s

0.664brU 2L 0.664(6 ft) ( 0.00237 slug>ft 3 )( 6 ft>s ) 2(12 ft)

= 0.00604 lb Ans.

11–7. A flat plate is to be coated with a polymer. If the

U = 0.585 m>s Ans.

From Appendix A, nw = 1.00 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 > s and na = 15.1 ( 10 - 6 ) m2 >s. Thus, the

2(Re x)w 23.2 ( 105 )

2(Re x)a 22.1192 ( 104 )

11–9. A liquid having a viscosity m, a density r, and a free- U

Thus, at x = 1 m, Re x = = 125 000. Then,

d = = = 0.01414 m = 14.1 mm Ans.

11–11. Air at 60°C flows through the very wide duct.

2Re x 21.0582 ( 105 )

The dimension of the square duct at x = 4 m is

= 200 mm + 2(21.16 mm)

= 242 mm Ans.

*11–12. Oil confined in a channel flows past the diverter

­laminar. Here, the Reynolds number at x = L = 0.05 m is

The drag force of both sides of the fin is

0.664brU 2L 0.664(0.2 m) ( 900 kg>m3 )( 6 m>s ) 2(0.05 m)

11–13. Air at 80°F and atmospheric pressure has a free-

Ux ( 4 ft>s ) (0.2 ft)

d = = = (0.01453 ft)a b = 0.174 in. Ans.

Also, the velocity of a particle at the point x = 0.2 ft and y = 3 ( 10 - 3 ) ft can be

determined using Blasius solution. Here,

2Re x = 24733.73 = 1.032

Interpolating the values in the table gives

u = 0.3396 ( 4 ft>s ) = 1.36 ft>s (approx.) Ans.

11–14. Water at 40°C has a free-stream velocity of 0.3 m>s. 0.3 m/s

Re x  x = 0.4 m = c 4.5181 ( 105 ) d (0.4 m) = 1.8072 ( 105 )

­laminar. Thus, its thickness is

d  x = 0.2 m = = = 0.003327 m = 3.33 mm Ans.

2Re x 29.036 ( 104 )

d  x = 0.4 m = = = 0.004705 m = 4.70 mm Ans.

2Re x 218.072 ( 104 )

11–15. Water at 40°C has a free-stream velocity of 0.3 m>s. 0.3 m/s

Re x  x = 0.4 m = c 4.5181 ( 105 ) d (0.4 m) = 1.8072 ( 105 )

­laminar. Thus, the shear stress on the plate’s surface is

t0  x = 0.2 m = 0.332m a b 2Re x

= 0.0987 N>m2 Ans.

= 0.0698 N>m2  Ans.

*11–16. The boat is traveling at 0.7 ft>s through still water

Ux ( 0.7 ft>s ) (1.75 ft)

2Re x 21.0041 ( 105 ) 1 ft

1.721x 1.721(1.75 ft) 12 in.

= 2.25 N>m2 Ans.

u y = 0.3 m = = 14.5 m>s Ans.

laminar. Here, the Reynolds number at x = L = 1.5 m is

= 0.00604 lb Ans.

U = 0.585 m>s Ans.

d = = = 0.01414 m = 14.1 mm Ans.

= 242 mm Ans.

laminar. Here, the Reynolds number at x = L = 0.05 m is

d = = = (0.01453 ft)a b = 0.174 in. Ans.

u = 0.3396 ( 4 ft>s ) = 1.36 ft>s (approx.) Ans.

11–14. Water at 40°C has a free-stream velocity of 0.3 m>s. 0.3 m/s

Re x x = 0.4 m = c 4.5181 ( 105 ) d (0.4 m) = 1.8072 ( 105 )

laminar. Thus, its thickness is

d x = 0.2 m = = = 0.003327 m = 3.33 mm Ans.

d x = 0.4 m = = = 0.004705 m = 4.70 mm Ans.

11–15. Water at 40°C has a free-stream velocity of 0.3 m>s. 0.3 m/s

Re x x = 0.4 m = c 4.5181 ( 105 ) d (0.4 m) = 1.8072 ( 105 )

laminar. Thus, the shear stress on the plate’s surface is

t0 x = 0.2 m = 0.332m a b 2Re x

= 0.0987 N>m2 Ans.

= 0.0698 N>m2 Ans.

*11–16. The boat is traveling at 0.7 ft>s through still water

11–17. The boat is traveling at 0.7 ft>s through water having

= 0.0139 lb Ans.

11–18. Air at a temperature of 40°F flows at 0.6 ft>s over 0.6 ft/s

x = 2.5510 ft = 2.55 ft Ans.

( FDf ) T = 2 FDf = 2(0.001058 lb) = 0.00212 lb Ans.

d = x = (1 m) = 7.67 mm Ans.

ϴ = 0.00102 m = 1.02 mm Ans.

d * = 0.0026395 m = 2.64 mm Ans.