Anayosi Br Ginting (4183322002)

Luni Karlina Manik (4182121021)

CENTRAL FORCE

The concept of a central force is very important and useful to learn the track and
concepts eg planetary motion, like the motion of the earth to the sun. The central
style as in the general style is actually derived from Newton's equations are quite
famous

F sentral=M benda ar ,θ

The fundamental difference is in the use of acceleration, acceleration is used has a

shape or a unit vector components of polar coordinates (2-dimensional polar).

We will not discuss further how to obtain / lower speed (in polar
coordinates), friends can review or learn how to get or lowering the equation
which originally Cartesian coordinates (x, y) thus transformed into polar
coordinates (r, θ) from the early chapters of books like Electrodynamics by David
j. Griffith, as well as a good mathematical physics books and Arfken fismatnya
Boas version, just the same.

In polar coordinates we can find / gain form the position, velocity, and
acceleration as follows

r⃗ =r . r^

⃗v =ṙ r^ +θ ∙ θ^

a⃗ =( r̈ −r θ 2 ) r^ + ( 2 ṙ θ+rθ ) θ^

so that when the form of the acceleration in polar coordinates in substituteinto

shape style, so he found the style form as follows

F sentral=M benda a(r , θ)

F=M a(r ,θ) =M [ ( r̈ −rθ 2) r^ + ( 2 ṙ θ+rθ ) θ^ ]

F=M ( r̈−rθ 2 ) r^ + M ( 2 ṙ θ+ rθ ) θ^

F=F ( r ) + F ( θ )

we use F ( r )
F ( r ) =M ( r̈ −rθ 2) r^ =M r̈ −M r θ2

Remember, that the momentum angle has the following form

L=M r v=mr 2 θ

so that

L
θ=
Mr 2

then the shape of the force F ( r ) when the write into the angular momentum is as
follows
2
L
F ( r ) =M r̈ −Mr ( )
Mr2
2
L
F ( r ) =M r̈ −
Mr 2

Last style of the equation we can then look for a general equation of motion. The
general equation of motion will be a "weapon" to settle those cases or matters
relating to central force and trajectory

Suppose we for example variable r has a relationship with u, the following

relationship

1
u=
r

then we will do twice differentiation r against t (time), whose purpose will

result in a form r̈ that can then be substituted into equation force F ( r ) . We begin
with the first differentiation,

dr d 1 −1 du −1 du du
=
dt dt u
= 2 ()
=
u dt u2 dt dθ

L L
Because θ= = u2 , then
Mr 2
M

dr −1 Lu2 du −L du
= ( )
=
dt u2 M dθ M dθ

Now we begin the second differentiation

d 2 r −L d du −L d du dθ −L d2 u
=
dt 2 M dt dθ
= ( ) = θ
M dθ dθ dt M dθ2 ( )
d2r L 2 2 d2u
dt 2
=−
M ( )
u
dθ2

Now we can substitute the above results into equation force F ( r ) ,so

L 2 2 d2u L
[( )
F ( r ) =M −
M
u
dθ 2
− 3
Mr ]
−M
Multiply the left and right segments with the above equation , so we get
L 2 u2

−M 1 d2 u
L 2 u2
F ()
=
u dθ 2
+u

Or

1 L 2 u2 d 2 u
F ()
u
=
M dθ2 ( +u )
The final equation is the "weapon" that we can use to complete some of the
following problems:

F =F ( r ) r^ that
1. Given a motion trajectory r ( θ )= ( Aθ+ B )−1 define the force ⃗
shape the trajectory. Note, A and B are constant
solution:
1
Because known trajectory is r ( θ )= ( Aθ+ B )−1 so because u= , we would
r
get
1
u= =( Aθ+B )
r (θ)
Be differentiated twice u against θ so obtained
du
=A
dθ
d2u
=0
dθ2
The result of such differentiation can substitute to force equation F ( 1u ) which we
have sent down before, in order to get

1 −L2 u 2 (
F ()
u
=
M
0+ Aθ+ B )

1
Because u= , F ( r ) then we can be as follows
r
2
−L (
F =F ( r ) r^ =
⃗ Aθ+B ) r^
Mr 2

2. A particle of mass m moving under the influence of a central force with

a
shaped trajectoryr ( θ )= a , e in a radial coordinate, which is the
1−e cos θ
real constant. The central style form is ??
solution:
As the settlement at about 1, we change its trajectory into the first form u
so
1 1−e cos θ
u= =
r (θ) a
We differentiation twice u against that:θ
du e sinθ
=
dθ a
2
d u e sinθ
=
dθ2 a
so that

1 −L2 u2 e cos θ 1 e cos θ

F= ()
u
=
m a (
+ −
a a )
1 −L2 u2 1
F= ()
u
=
m a ()
1
Remember, because thenu= ,
r

−L2 1 ^
F =F ( r ) r^ =
⃗
Mr 2 a()
r