Foundation Course

5th September 2018

Bino Paul G D, TISS

 Content

Labour & Employment in India

Formal and Informal Sector

Social Security, informal work

Migration

Demand for labour

 Structure of Labour Market

Population

Labour Not in Labour Force

Employed Unemployed Voluntary

Involuntary
Self Regular Salaried/
Casual
Employed Wage

Own Account Formal Employment

Work Relation
Employer Informal Employment
Relation
Helper
 Employment Math…..
P = L + N;
P = Population, L =Labour Force, N = Not in Labour Force

L = E + U;
E = Employed, U = Unemployed

E=S+R+C

S = Self Employed, R = Regular wage/salaried, C = Casual Employment

Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) = (L/P) * 100

Work Participation Rate (WPR) = (E/P) *100

Rate of Unemployment = (U/L) *100

Dependency
Dependency Ratio
Labour Force Participation Rate
 India Male (15 and Above)

Source: ILO Key Indicators of Labour Market

Labour Force Participation Rate in
India (15 and Above)

India Female (15 and Above)

 Structure of Indian Labour Market
(15 Years and above) (2011-2012) (Male + Female, Rural + Urban)
Source: Computed from NSS 68th Round Unit Records

18.0 16.9
16.3
Vulnerable Employment
16.0 14.8
14.0
14.0 Unpaid Household Activity
11.9
12.0
9.7
10.0 Regular Wage Employment
7.5
8.0

6.0 Employers

4.0 2.5 2.1

1.6 1.4
2.0 .8 .4

0.0
 Structure of Indian Labour Market
(15 Years and above) (2011-2012)
Source: Computed from NSS 68th Round Unit Records

35.0%
Male Female Total
30.0%

25.0%

20.0%

15.0%

10.0%

5.0%

0.0%
worked in employer worked as worked as worked as in other types did not work attended attended attended rentiers, not able to others
household helper in regular salaried casual wage of work but was educational domestic domestic pensioners work due to
enterprise self- household. wage labour in seeking and or institution duties only duties and was remittance disability
employed own enterprise employee public works available for also engaged recipients
account work in free
worker collection of
goods for
household use
Structure of Labour Market: Rural/Urban
Source: Computed from NSS 68th Round Unit Records
 Education and Labour Market
Educational Attainmnet (Male + female, Rural + Urban, 15 Years and Above)

Not Just Higher Post

Literate Literate Primary Middle Secondary Secondary Graduate Graduate Total
Source: Computed from NSS 68th Round Unit Records

worked in household 27.9% 11.6% 13.9% 18.1% 13.6% 7.9% 5.5% 1.6% 100.0%
enterprise self-
employed own account
worker
employer 12.8% 7.4% 10.2% 17.2% 19.4% 16.6% 12.6% 3.6% 100.0%

worked as helper in 32.9% 9.4% 12.4% 17.7% 13.8% 8.1% 4.8% .9% 100.0%
householdenterprise
worked as regular 8.8% 5.6% 9.1% 15.3% 15.2% 16.5% 19.9% 9.6% 100.0%
salaried wage employee

worked as casual wage 39.2% 15.6% 16.4% 16.8% 8.5% 2.8% .7% .0% 100.0%
labour in public works
in other types of work 42.6% 14.5% 16.1% 15.8% 7.5% 2.9% .6% .0% 100.0%
did not work but was 6.0% 5.0% 7.7% 15.3% 14.9% 20.1% 22.6% 8.3% 100.0%
seeking and or available
for work
attended educational .1% .9% 5.3% 25.5% 32.5% 28.4% 6.6% .8% 100.0%
institution
attended domestic 31.6% 10.4% 12.4% 16.3% 13.5% 8.6% 5.7% 1.5% 100.0%
duties only
attended domestic 49.4% 10.0% 12.1% 12.7% 7.5% 4.5% 2.9% .9% 100.0%
duties and was also
engaged in free
collection of goods for
household use
rentiers, pensioners 34.8% 8.4% 8.2% 8.8% 14.6% 9.2% 11.7% 4.3% 100.0%
remittance recipients
not able to work due to 62.5% 12.2% 10.1% 7.0% 5.4% 1.7% .8% .2% 100.0%
disability
others 64.7% 11.2% 7.8% 7.0% 5.2% 2.0% 1.5% .4% 100.0%

Total 30.2% 9.4% 11.7% 16.6% 13.9% 10.1% 6.2% 2.0% 100.0%
 Education and Wage (Male + Female, Urban + Rural)
(Age: 15 Years and above)
Source: Computed from NSS 68th Round Unit Records
(Age: 15 Years and above)
Wage (Urban + Rural)
Source: Computed from NSS 68th Round Unit Records
 Wage (Urban + Rural, Male + Female)
(Age: 15 Years and above)
Source: Computed from NSS 68th Round Unit Records
 Social Security
Act Year
Workmen’s Compensation Act 1923
Employee State Insurance Act 1948
Employee Provident Fund & Miscellaneous Provisions 1952
Act
Maternity Benefit Act 1961
Payment of Gratuity Act 1972
Unorganised Sector Workers Social Security Act 2008

(Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme, National Family Benefit Scheme,
Janani Suraksha Yojna, Handloom Weavers Comprehensive Welfare Scheme,
Handicrafts Artisans’ Comprehensive Welfare Scheme, Pension to Master Craft
Person, National Scheme for Welfare of Fishermen and Training and
Extension, Janashree Bhima Yojna, Aam Admi Bhima Yojna, Rashriya Swasthya Bhima
Yojna, Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme, Indira Gandhi National
Disability Pension Scheme, National Benefits Scheme and Annapurna)
 Type of Employment (Urban + Rural, Male + Female)
(Age: 15 Years and above)
Source: Computed from NSS 68th Round Unit Records

Formal
8%

Informal
92%
 Social Security (Urban + Rural, Male + Female)
(Age: 15 Years and above)
Source: Computed from NSS 68th Round Unit Records

5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
Percent

2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
only PF/ only gratuity only health only PF/ only PF/ only gratuity PF/ pension,
pension care & pension and pension and and health gratuity, health
maternity gratuity health care & care & care &
benefits maternity maternity maternity
benefits benefits benefits
Social Security
 Employment composition
Employment Status* (%) (15 Years and above)
Rural + Urban Rural Urban
2009-10 2004-05 1999-00 2009- 2004-05 1999- 2009-10 2004-05 1999-00
(66th (61st (55th 10 (61st 00 (66th (61st Round) (55th
Round) Round) Round) (66th Round) (55th Round) Round)
Round) Round)
Self Employed 25.7 30.5 28 28.7 34.1 31.3 18.3 21 19.1
(SE) (-1.6)$ (3.5) & (-2) $ (3.4) & (0.3) $ (4) &

Regular 8.7 8.8 8.5 4.3 4.7 4.5 19.5 19.8 19.4
Salaried/ (1.7) $ (2.5) & (-0.2) $ (2.7) & (2.7) $ (2.4) &
Wage (RE)
Casual Labour 17.9 17.1 19.2 21.9 20.8 23.3 8 7.2 8.3
(CL) (2.8) $ (-0.6) & (2.5) $ (-0.5) & (5.3) $ (-0.8) &

Unemployed 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.7 2.7 2.6
(U) (-4.5) $ (5.1) & (-3.9) $ (6.9) & (-5.3) $ (3.2) &

Not in Labour 46.4 41.8 42.8 44 39 39.8 52.5 49.3 50.7

Force (4.1) $ (1.4) & (3.9) $ (1.3) & (4.4) $ (1.5) &
(NL)
Total (P) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Figure in parenthesis is the compound annual growth rate (CAGR); $ for 2009-10 –
2004-05; & for 2004-05 – 1999-00. *Employment is measured in Usual Principal Status.
Source: NSS 55th, 61st and 66th round reports
Employment
EMPLOYMENT
 2011-2012

MoSPI_NSS Report No. 554, Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2011-2012, 68th round, National Sample Survey
Organisation, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi_2014
Migration Rate
Migration and Education
Migration Stream
Reasons for Migration
Out Migration
Social Network of migration
Migration Hubs
Migration state wise
Demand for Labour: India
Growth of Employment in India
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next
Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for
download atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
Growth of Real Output in India
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar
Generation of the Penn World Table" American EconomicandReview,
Marcel P. Timmer
105(10), (2015), available
3150-3182, "The Next for
Generation of the Penn World Table" American
download Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for
atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
download atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
 Growth of Real Capital in India
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next
Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for
download atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
 Growth of Labour Productivity in India
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next
Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for
download atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
Dynamics of Technology in India
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next
Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for
download atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
Labour’s share in Value Added
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next
Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for
download atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
Jobless Growth in India? (1950-2014)
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next
Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for
download atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
Technology and Productivity in India (1950-2014)
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next
Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for
download atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
Productivity and Real Wage in India (1950-2014)
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next
Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for
download atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
Technology and Real Wage in India (1950-2014)
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next
Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for
download atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
Total Factor Productivity and Technology
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next
Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for
download atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
Total Factor Productivity and Real Wage
Source: computed from Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next
Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for
download atwww.ggdc.net/pwt
Thanks