Impulse Characteristics of Grounding Systems

of Transmission-Line Towers in the Regions with High Soil Resistivity

He Jinliang. Zen Rong, Chen Shuiming, Li Siyun. and Wu Weihan
Electrical Engineering%epartment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
Abstract: The lightning protection effects of transmission
lines are related to the impulse characteristics of grounding
systems of transmission-line towers. The influences of several
main factors on impulse grounding properties were
systematically analyzed by simulation experiments according
to the simulation theory in this study. soil resistivity was
changed in the region between 100 to 5103Q.m. The
influential regularities of different parameters on impulse
grounding resistance and impulse coefficient of different
grounding devices for transmission lines in high resistivity
region were discussed. By analyzing the experimental results,
we concluded that the structure of grounding system should
be selected according to soil resistivity, geological structure
and technical economy analysis. The fitting calculating
formulae of impulse coefficients and power frequency
grounding resistances of different grounding systems were
acquired. The simulating experimental results had a good
agreement with those of field experiment in literature.
U,= B(R,i t L$),
where, L is the inductance of the tower, p is the current
dividing factor of the tower. When the potential drfference
between the, U,and the coupling potential of a conductor
exceeds thg discharging voltage of the string of insulators,
then the string of insulators has a flashover, and leads a short
current failure. The Crl is in direct proportion to the impulse
grounding resistance RI when other parameters in (1) are
fixed constants. The smaller the RI is, the less the failures of
transmission lines are. So, in the transmission-line tower
design. the selected values for the RI will seriously affect the
protective effects of transmission lines. The provided data in
Chinese grounding standard [ 11 were obtained by extra-
interpolation method from the experimental data in small
current. The field test show the provided data in Chinese
grounding standard is higher than the field results.

Keg words: transmission-line tower. grounding system. So, we think systematic research on the impulse properties of
impulse grounding resistance. simulation experiment, grounding devices of transmission-line towers, especially
impulse coefficient, regressive method. fitting formula those in high soil resistivity region, can make the lightning-
protection designs of transmission lines more reliable.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Chang-Fang 500 kV compact transmission lines, and all
With the development of power system. the failures caused by transmission lines of the Three-Gorges Power Generating
lightning striking the transmission lines have been being Station will pass through mountain regions with high soil
increased. Several methods. including unbalanced insulation. resistivity. how to well design the grounding devices of these
over-insulation. adding coupling ground wires; reducing the transmission lines and make them with good lightning
protective angles. decreasing the resistance of grounding protection properties is a problem needed to resolve. And this
devices, and installing line surge arresters on the study is part of this project.
transmission lines. It should not be suspended that reducing
the resistances of grounding devices of transmission lines is a The impulse grounding experiments of grounding devices can
very important key measure to improve the lightning be classified into actual and simulation tests. The actual test is
withstand level of transmission lines. finished on the grounding devices with actual geometric
dimensions, the real impulse property of grounding device
Usually, the impulse grounding resistance is used to measure can be obtained by this method. But in the esperiment process,
the property of grounding device of transmission-line towers. the related parameters are difficult to be changed, for example,
which is the ratio between the magnitudes of impulse voltage the soil resistivity, so the actual test can not systematically
applied on the device and the impulse current through the study the impulse property of grounding devices.
device. We know the impulse grounding resistance RI. is
directly related to the tripping out of transmission line, whxch The simulation test is performed on the simulating grounding
very strongly affects the lightning protection effect of devices with small geometric dimensions, and simulating
transmission line. When the lightning strikes the device is buried in soil or sand. The simulation test has the
transmission-line tower, the lightning flows into the earth same physical process of actual test, and these parameters
through the grounding device, the potential of the tower top is including the soil resistivity, the geometric dimensions of
grounding device, and the lightning parameters, can be easily
changed. During the test process, the main parameters can be
controlled and not be affected by other factors, so the reflected
regularity from the simulation test is accurate.

II. SIMULATING PRINCIPLES OF EWPULSE

PROPERTIES OFIMPUSLE PROPERTIES AND
EXPEFUMENTS
The dispersing process of lightning current from the
grounding device into the earth is very complicated. The
impulse characteristics of grounding devices are not only

0-7803-4754-4/98/$10.00 0 1998 IEEE -156-

related to the structure, geometrical dimension, and burial in China were used in our simulating eqperiments, they are
depth of grounding devices, soil resistivity, and lightning illustrated in Table 1. The diameter of conductor for
current magnitude, but also the lightning current with high grounding device is 20 mm, and the scale is 52, then the
frequency will generate a time-variant electrical field. So, the diameter of conductor for model grounding devices is 0.4 mm.
transient process is very difficult simulated by theory analysis. The wave shapes of the impulse current and the impulse
Up to now, a lot of papers about the impulse property of voltage were taken pictures by a two channels high voltage
grounding device have been published [2-91, but all based on oscilloscope.
simplified models, and the soil discharging process is not
considered. Table 1. The structures of grounding devices used in
simulation experiments
The field tests about impulse property of grounding devices in
China were introduced in [lo] and [ I l l . But the obtained Dimensions
results were not enough, those experimental results can be Title Structure Actual Simulated
used to check the simulating calculation and simulating test. device device
And other experimental results were provided in [12-141. (mil (mm)
From 1930's, the impulse properties of grounding devices
were studied by simulating experiments. The simulation
experiment principle was discussed in [ l j ] . The key to
simulate the impulse characteristics of grounding devices is to
guarantee the simulation on the physical process of impulse.
And the simulation scales of different parameters were
derived in [ 161. The main scales were
PI = P2 (2) I I

Eo, = Eo2 (3) rypeb I Id: 2.5 50

t , = nt, (1) I: 0-14 0-500
I,, = n2h4* (5) when I is not equal
T, =nT2 (6) to 0, l,=O; when I=O:
1
RI, = 3 2 (7) I,: 7 135

a, = a2 (8) rYPe c a: 1.5 30

Here, 1 presents actual grounding device, and 2 model one; d: 10 192
p is the soil resistivity: Eo is the critic breakdown electric
field intensity of soil: t is the time: and I, is the magnitude of 1: 5-53 100-1000
the impulse current. In order to guarantee the correct
simulation, the scale should be determined by the time scale.
the scale of wave-head time in the wave shape of the impulse
ryped I j, d 11: 5-1010 100-1923

current is the same of the time scale.

rypee 4 1: 5-610 100-1150
The measured wave-head times of the simulated impulse
currents applied to the grounding devices is in the region of
0.04-0.06U , s, the average value 0.05 ,U s is used in this study. Type f
The actual wave-head time of the lightning current is selected 1: 5-60 100-1150
as 2.6 ,U s from the Chinese standard [ 11. So, the scale n in
our e.uperiment is 2.6/0.05 = 52.
The simulating experiments were performed in the
Grounding Technology Laboratory in Chongqing University III. INFLUENCES OF DIFFERENT FACTORS ON
in Chongqing, China. The diameter of the semi-sphere sand IMPULSE GROUNDING RESISTANCE OF
pond is 5 m constructed by steel. The soil is simulated by fine GROUNDING DEVICIS
sand. the resistivity of the sand can be increased by applying
heater inside the sand, and can be decreased by spraying tap The main influential factors on the impulse grounding
water or salt water. During our experiments, the soil resistance consist geometrical shape, dimension and burial
resistivity was changed in the region of 100 - 5130 a . m . depth of grounding device, soil resistivity, wave shape and
The maximum impulse current magnitude generated by the magnitude of impulse current. In ow experiment, the
impulse current generator is 65 kA.When the dimension of a standard 2.6/50 ps lightning current is simulated, so the
model device is large, the tested results are modified influence of wave shape was not discussed. From our
according to semi-sphere electrode. The geometrical experimental results, the influence of burial depth to impulse
dimension and burial depth of the grounding device, the grounding resistance has a saturation property, when the
impulse current magnitude, and soil resistivity are easily burial depth exceeds about 0.8 m, then the impulse grounding
changed. resistance decreases vely slowly with the \burial depth, so in
our experiments, all data were obtained from 0.8 m burial
Six different grounding devices for transmission-line towers depth.

- 1 57 -
 point will disperse more current into earth than the far
portion, the current distnbution is nonuniform The
punctured soil thickness around the conductor near the
current input point is larger The punctured soil region has a
cone shape as illustrated in Fig 4. The current easily
disperses into earth from this region near the current input
I-
1
-- 1
point due to blocking effect of inductance When the
geometncal lmension of a grounding device reaches certain
a length. the impulse grounding resistance reduces very small
with the increase of geometncal dimension So. the impulse
grounding resistance has a saturation trend. and the
grounding device has effective length (or effective
geoinetncal dimension)
10' ' . ' . ' I
50 100 150 200 250 300
I,, W)
80
Fig. 1 Relationship between the impulse grounding resistance
and the impulse current magnitude.
A. Influences of Impulse Current magnitude on Impulse
Grounding Resistances
The relationshp between the impulse grounding resistance
and the impulse current magnitude is descnbed in Fig 1 the 20
impulse grounding resistance decreases with the increase of
impulse current. and has a saturation trend When the
impulse current exceeds certain a value. even if the impulse
current increases largely. but the impulse grounding
resistance reduces very small It is the same conclusion in [ 10
111 from the actual field expeninents
Fig 2 Relanonship between impulse grounding resistance
Under the effect of impulse current. the electrical field around and geometncal dimension of grounding device
the conductor is a time-vanant one When the electncal field
intensity exeeds the cntic breakdonn kalue of soil Eo. then
the soil around the conductor nil1 be punctured. it is equal to
increase the diameter of the conductor We know the
grounding resistance is in direct proportion with In( lld). so it
will decreases In other hand, there is a saturation propee
between ln(1ld) and d. so there is a saturation relationship G,
between the impulse grounding resistance and the impulse
current From the evpenmental results. n e obsened this
saturation properly is different in different soil resistivity The
smaller the soil resistivity is. the loner the impulse current
value reaching the saturation trend is It is due to the soil with Fig iThe distnbution parameter model of an electrode
low resistivity has good conductivity

B. Influences of Geometrical Dimensions of Grounding

Dtvices on Impulse Grounding Resistances
The influence of geometrical dimensions of grounding
devices on impulse grounding resistance is shown in Fig 2.
the impulse grounding resistances decrease with the
geometrical dimensions of grounding devices. and have
saturation trends.
Under the effect of impulse current. the electrode can be
treated as a distnbution circuit consisting inductance.
capacitance, resistance. and conductance. as illustrated in Fig
3 Because the frequency of lightning is very high. the Fig. 1 The discharging region shape around an electrode
inductive impedance is very large. the inductive impedance
resists the currenf flowing to the far position of the grounding From experimental results. we found the effective length will
device. We know the power frequency current distnbutes increases with the soil resistivlty due to soil conductivity
uniformly on the electrode, but the condition has been becomes bad with soil resistivlty increased, and the current
changed for impulse current. When the q " s e current is dispersed into earth in the portion near the current input point
applied to a grounding device, the part near the current input will reduce relatively. and more current must be dispersed

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into earth from the far portion of the electrode.
The relationship between the impulse grounding resistance of
Type a and the geometrical dimension of grounding device
under chfferent impulse current magnitudes is s h o m in Fig. 5 ,
we observed the effective length increases with the impulse
current due to the increase of current leads to the increase of
current density on the surface of an electrode, more current
will flow to the far part.
3 0 , . , . , . , . , . , .
25 4-zM=100~
--1,,~200kA
--O-1,,=300 kA
10 - 10
. l b ' 2 b ' 3 b ' ~ 0 ' 5 b ' 6 0
1 (m)
Fig. 5 Relationship between impulse grounding resistance of
Type a and geometrical dimension of grounding device under
different impulse current magnitudes.
cT* Influence Of to Impulse Grounding
Resistance
The relationship between the soil resistivity and the impulse
grounding resistance is illustrated in Fig. 6. We know, the
power frequency resistance increases linearly with the Soil
resistivity. But the impulse grounding resistance is different.
there is a nonlinear relationshp between them. When the soil
resistivity is small, the impulse grounding resistance
increases with the increase of soil resistivity. But the increase
becomes slowly when the soil resistivity is high.
Analyzing the relationship between the soil resistivity p and
the impulse grounding resistance RI. we obsened the curves
can be divided into three regions according to the soil
resistiyity. When the soil resistivity is smaller than 500 m,
the soil has good conductivity, and the impulse grounding
resistance increases quickly and linearly with the soil
reSiStivitY. In the Soil resistivity region Of joo-3000 n.m, the
impulse grounding resistance increases with the SO11
resistivity becomes slow, and their relationship is nodinear.
When the p is higher than 3000 n * m , the RI increases
with the p becomes very slow. and the relationship between
them is close to linear one. The impulse grounding resistance
has a saturation trend.
When the soil resistivity is smaller than 500 n*
m, the SmaIIer
the soil resistivity is, the better the soil conductivity is, the
more easily the impulse current can be dispersed into earth. In
the meantime, the punctured soil thickness around a
conductor increases very slow in the region with low soil
reSiStlVity, so the impulse grounding resistance iIlCreaSeS
linearly with the soil resistivity.
When the soil resistivity in the region of 500-3000 Q. m, the
soil conductivity becomes bad, and the punctured soil
thickness around a conductor increases quickly with the soil
resistivity. According to E = yJ. The increase of soil
resistivity makes the increase of the electrical field around the
conductors of grounding devices, then the punctured soil
thickness will increase too, which leads the grounding
resistance reduced. So, the influence of soil resistivity on the
impulse grounding resistance becomes weakly, the increasing
velocity .of the impulse grounding resistance with the soil
resistivity becomes slow.
70
- 60
. 50
- E
v
30
K. 30
20
0
0 1000 2000 3000 41000 5000
P (-1
Fig. 6 Relationship between the impulse grounding resistance
and the soil resistivity.
When the soil resistivity is higher thain 3000Q-m, the
conductivity of soil becomes very bad, this leads the resistance
increase. But, the electrical field intensity around the
conductor increases linearly with the soil resistance, this leads
the thickness of punctured soil increase quickly and weakens
the iduence of soil on ir,npulse grounding
resistance, so the impulse grounding resistance has a
saturation tend in the relationship bebvepn it and the soil
resistivity,
IV.SELECTION OF GROUND DEVICE
STRUCTURE IN DES1G.N
From the experimental results. we observed the impulse
grounding resistances of grounding devices are strongly
determined by their we concluded the following
results from fie experimental data,
(1) \+,hen single horizontal grounding electrode is selected,
the impulse resistance with the impulse current
applied to the electrode from the middle po8intis smaller than
that from one terminal when the soil resistivity and the
lightning Current magnitude keep fie salme. The impulse
grounding resistace with the rmpulse cunent applied to one
terminal is 1.15 times of that from the middle point.
( 2 )The ring-type grounding device ofconclrete tower (Type b)
has a high impulse grounding resistance, and should not be
adopted in the region with the soil resistivity higher than
1000~.m,
(3) ~h~vertical rod ( T f , has ~ a~ better
~ current dispersing
capability to impulse current than horizontal grounding
devices due to it can disperse the current in three dimensions.
so, it is better to use compound grounding device consisting
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horizontal grounding device and vertical rods. When the
lengths are the same, the impulse grounding resistance of
vertical rod reduces 35% comparing with that of horizontal
grounding electrode (Type d).
0.6 -
(4) If the installation of grounding device is difficult, Type a
and Type c are suggested by us, they can be easily installed
and have low impulse grounding resistances. t3
0.5 -
0.4 -
0.3 -
0.2 -
-
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110
1 (m)

Fig. 8 The relationship between the impulse coefficient and

the geometrical dimension of grounding device.

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

P (am)

Fig. 9 The relationship between the impulse coefficient and

the soil resistivity.
B. Influence of Geometrical Dimension of Grounding
Device on impulse coefficient
The relationship between the impulse coefficient and the
geometrical dimension of grounding device is shown in Fig. 8.
The impulse coefficient increases with the increase of
geometrical dimension of grounding device. When the
geometrical dimension is small, the increase of the impulse
0 52 4-a-u-b--C--c coefficient is very quickly, but becomes slowly when the
geometrical dimension increases to certain a value. As
0.48 discussed above, the impulse grounding resistance decreases
p=4076Gm. d 2=60m
0.44 with the geometrical dimension, and has a saturation trend
when the geometrical dimension reaches a certain value. But
0.40 the power frequency grounding resistance reduces with the
8 0.36 geometrical dimension, so the impulse coefficient decreases
0.32 with the geometrical dimension.
0.28 C. Influence of Soil Resistivity on the impulse Grounding
0.24 Resistance
- The influence of soil resistivity on the impulse coefficient is
0.20'. ' . ' . ' . * . ' 1 shown in Fig. 9, the impulse coefficient reduces with the
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
increase of soil resistivity. The power frequency grounding
IM(U) resistance increases linearly with the increase of the soil
resistivity, so relationship between the impulse coefficient and
Fig. 7 The relationship between the impulse coefficient and the soil resistivity is in contrary with that between the impulse
the applied magnitude of impulse current. rounding resistance and the soil resistivity.
When the soil resistivity p is smaller than 500 C l . m, the

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soil has good conductivity, in this region, the impulse (horizontal grounding electrode).
coefficient decreases quickly and linearly with the soil
resistivity. In the soil resistivity region of 500-3000 Q.m, The calculating formula for the power frequency grounding
the soil conductivity becomes bad, the increasing velocity of resistance of vertical rod is
impulse coefficient with the soil resistivity becomes slow, and
their relationship is nonlinear. When the soil resistivity is R = -(PIn-- 8L 1) , (16)
higher than 3000 Q. m, the soil conductivity becomes very 211.L D
bad, and impulse coefficient decreases linearly with the soil here, L is the length of vertical rod in m.
resistivity, but the reducing velocity is very slow. we observed
the impulse coefficienthas a saturation trend. W.COMPARISON WITH TESTED RESULTS
IN THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENTS IN LITERATURE
VI. REGRESSIVE FORMULAS TO CALCULATE
IMPULSE COEFFICIENTS These regressive formulas can be used conveniently in the
grounding device design to estimate the impulse grounding
The impulse coefficient is an important parameter relating resistance and to improve the reliability of the design. In
the impulse property of grounding device, which can provide other hand, we can estimate the impulse grounding resistance
convenient for lightning protection design of transmission of grounding device from the tested value of power frequency
line. If we know the power frequency grounding resistance of grounding resistance. The calculated results of 20 m
a grounding device, then we can obtain the respective impulse horizontal grounding electrode in the soil with the resistivity
grounding resistance of the grounding device. It resolved the of 1OOOQ.m by these regressive formulas were compared
problem to measure the impulse grounding resistance of a with the results obtained from the actual filed experiments by
grounding device. Wen et al. [4] and Liu et al. [ 5 ] in Fig. 10, they have good
agreement each other. These regressive formulas will be
As discussed above, the impulse coefficient is related to the referenced by the new modification version of Chinese
magnitude of lightning current, geometrical dimension of the national grounding standard, and had been used in the design
grounding device, and the soil resistivity. The fitting formulas of 500 kV Chang-Fang compact transmission line.
to calculate the impulse grounding resistances for Merent
grounding devices were obtained by regression analysis from
a large amount of experimental results:
For Type a:
a = o.74p-O4(7.0t J7)[1.56 - exp(-3.01,~-~~)1 (9)
For Type b:
a = 2.94p-O5(6.O+ &)[1.23-e~p(-2.OI,-~~)] (10)
For Type c:
a = 1.36~-o(1.3 + &)[1.55- exp( -l.OI,-o )] ( 11)
For Type d:
cz = 1.62p44(5.0+ fi)[0.79-e~p(-2.31,-~~)] (12)
For Type e:
a = 1.16p-04(7.1+&)[0.78-exp(-2.31,-02)] (13)
For Type f: Fig. 10 Comparison between the calculated and the tested
results of 20 m horizontal grounding electrode in the soil with
a = 2.75p-04(1.8+~ ) [ 0 . 7 5 - e ~ p ( - 1 . 5 0 1 , - ~ ~ ) ] , (14) the resistivity of 1000 Q. m.
here, p is soil resistivity in Q'm; 1 is the geometrical
dimension in m defined in Table 1; I, is the magnitude of VIII. CONCLUSIONS
impulse current in U.
(1) The lightning protection effects of trartsmission lines are
We know the impulse grounding resistance RI is equal to aR , related to the impulse characteristics of grounding systems of
R is the power frequency grounding resistance. In order to transmission-line towers. The influences of several main
obtain the impulse grounding resistance, we must know the R. factors on impulse grounding properties were systematically
The regressive formulas to calculate the power frequency analyzed by simulation experiments according to the
grounding resistances of different grounding devices is simulation theory. The soil resistivity was changed in the
region between 100 to 5103Q-m, the variable spread was
P L2
R = -(h-+ A), (15) very large, which did not reported in literature.
2rL Dh
here, L is the total length of horizontal grounding device in m, (2) The impulse grounding resistance decreases with the
L=4S+41for Type a; L=d+41 for Type c; L =8d for Type b with increase of impulse current magnitude, and has a saturant
I=O, and L=41 with I unequal to 0; D is the diameter of trend; it decreases with the increase of geometrical
conductor in m; h the burial depth of horizontal grounding dimensions and has a saturant trend, all tested grounding
device in m,A is the shape factor, which is 1.76, 1.0. 2., and systems have effective geometrical dimensions when impulse
0, respectively for Type a, Type c, Type b, and Type d current is applied. The impulse grounding resistance

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increases with tne increase of soil resistivity and has a High Current Impulse Properties of GroundingElectrodes wth
saturant trend. The relationship curve between impulse Long-Effective Low Resistivity Matenals,” High Voltage
grounding resistance and soil resistivity can be divided into Engineenng (In Chinese), No 4, 1981, pp 1-8
three regions. [I 11 C Wen, H S Tang, and S R Yuan, “Charactenstic
Expenments of Groundlng Electrodes LI-I Bgh Resistivity
(3) By analyzing the experimental results, we concluded that Regions,” Power System Technology fin Chinese), No 9-10,
the structure of grounding system should be selected 1962,pp 30-41
according to soil resistivity, geological structure and technical 1121 P L Bellaschi, “Impulse and 60-Cycle Charactenstics of
economy analysis. The ring-type grounding system of Dnven Ground 4,” N E E Transactions, Vol 61, No 3, 1942,
concrete tower has a high impulse grounding resistance and pp 349-363
should not be adopted in the region with soil resistivity higher [ 131 P L Bellaschi, “Impulse and 60-Cycle Charactenstics of
than 1000 Q. m. The impulse grounding resistance of vertical Dnven Ground -a,’’ AIEE Transactrons, Vol62, No 3, 1943,
grounding electrode is 35% lower than that of horizontal pp 333-345
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Impedance of Grounding Electrodes,“ Journal df the
(4) Selecting correct impulse coefficients of grounding Instztzttron of Engzneenngs (Indza), Vol64, No 8, 1983, pp
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protection design. The impulse coefficient increases with the [lj] A B Kopcvntsef, “Simulation of Impulse Property of
magnitude of applied impulse current and has a saturation Groundmg Device.” Elektpztestvo (In Russian), No 5 , 1958, pp
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Charactenstics of Grounding Devices of Transrmssion-line
(5) The fitting calculating formulae of impulse coefficients Towers.” JOlU““of Tsinghua Uriiversity (In Chinese), Vol34,
and power frequency grounding resistances of different No 4, 1993, pp 38-43
grounding systems were obtained by regression analysis to
experimental results. The simulating expenmental results had XI. BIOGRAPHIES
a good agreement with those of field exyeriment in literature
Dr. Jinliang He was born 111 Changsha, P R Chna,in 1966 He
(6) The research results in this paper can be used in received the B Sc degree from Wuhan Umversity of Hydraulic and
grounding system design of transmission line, and can be the Electncal Engineenng, the MSc. Degree from Chongqing
referred in the modification of grounding standards. Umversitv . and the Ph D degree from Tsmghua University, all m
Electncal Engmeenng, m July 1988, Jan 1991 and March 1994,
respeLtivel1 From Apnl 1994 to June 1996, he was a lecturer m the
M.ACKNOWLEDGMENT Electncal Engineenng Department, Tsmghua Umversity In July
1996. he became an associate professor 111 the same department
This research is a sub-project of the Chinese national Ninth- From 1994 to Jan 1997, he was the head of high voltage laboratory
Five Kev Science and Technolom Plan. in Tsinghua Umversity Since 1996, he has also held a concment
position as an associate professor in the National Key Laboratory of
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