CLAUSES

Definition:A clause is a part of a sentence, a string of words which expresses a

proposition and typically consists of at least a subject and a verb, and is joined to
the rest of the sentence by a conjunction. It is not a complete sentence on its own.
Examples:

 John sings
 Yesterday we played baseball

* The sentence "He retired early because he was sad " contains two clauses, a main clause, consisting
of the whole sentence, and a subordinate clause, "because he was sad ".

There are two main types: independent (main clauses),

dependent(subordinate clauses)

Independent clauses
An independent clause is a complete sentence; it contains a subject and
verb and expresses a complete thought in both context and meaning.
For example:

 The window opened

Independent clauses can be joined by a co-ordinating conjunction to form
complex or compound sentences.

Co-ordinating conjunction
and or not
but for so
yet

For example:
 "The door opened" + "The man walked in" = The door opened and the man walked in.
 "Jim studied in the Sweet Shop" + "his chemistry quiz" = Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his
chemistry quiz

Dependent Clauses
A dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it contains a subject and verb but
does not express a complete thought. They can make sense on their own, but, they are dependent
on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning. They are usually joined to an independent clause
to form a complex sentence.
Dependent clauses often begin with a subordinating conjunction or relative
pronoun that makes the clause unable to stand alone.

Subordinating Conjunctions
after although as because
before even if even though if
in order that once provided that rather than
since so that than that
though unless until when
whenever where whereas wherever
whether while why  

Relative Pronouns
that which whichever
who whoever whom
whose whosever whomever
For example

 The door opened because the man pushed it

 I wondered whether the homework was necessary
 They will visit you before they go to the airport

Connecting dependent and independent clauses

  Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because
of the noise.
 Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate
because of the noise.

A comma splice is the use of a comma between two

Common Errors to avoid
independent clauses. You can usually fix the error by changing the comma to a
period and therefore making the two clauses into two separate sentences, by
changing the comma to a semicolon, or by making one clause dependent by
inserting a dependent marker word in front of it.
Incorrect:

 I like this class, it is very interesting.

Correct:

 I like this class. It is very interesting.

 I like this class; it is very interesting.
 I like this class, and it is very interesting.
 I like this class because it is very interesting.
 Because it is very interesting, I like this class.

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

A clause is often defined as a group of related words that contains both a subject and a predicate. Like
a phrase, a subordinate (or dependent) clause is not a sentence.

The subordinate clause functions as a single part of speech—

as a noun,
an adjective,
or an adverb.
Notice the relationship of the sentences below to the clauses that follow.

SENTENCES

That fact I must admit. Ralph was my first and only blind date. I married him.

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN SENTENCES

I must admit that Ralph was my first and only blind date. (Noun clause--direct object)
The first blind date that I ever had was Ralph. (Adjective clause)
Ralph was my first and only blind date because I married him. (Adverb clause)

In the examples above, that and because are used as subordinators: they subordinate the clauses they
introduce, making these clauses dependent. The following words are commonly used to mark
subordinate clauses.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

that, what, which, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, that, though, till, unless, until, when,
whenever, where, wherever, while

Subordinators may consist of more than one word:

as if, as soon as, as though, even though, in order that, in that, no matter how, so that no matter how
hard I try, I cannot float with my toes out of the water. We bought three dozen doughnuts so that
everyone would be sure to have enough.

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES USED AS NOUNS

NOUN CLAUSES

The news may be false. What the newspapers say may be false. (Subject) I do not know his address. I
do not know where he lives. (Direct Object) Give the tools to Rita. Give the tools to whoever can use
them best. (Object of a preposition) That fact--Karen's protest-- The fact that Karen protested amazed
me. (Appositive)

The conjunction that before a noun clause may be omitted in some sentences:

I know she is right. (Compare "I know that she is right.")

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES USED AS MODIFIERS

Two types of subordinate clauses, the adjective clause and the adverb clause, are used as
modifiers.

Adjective clauses: Any clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun is an adjective clause. Adjective
clauses, which nearly always follow the words modified, are most frequently introduced by
relative pronoun but may begin with such words as when, where, or why.

ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Everyone needs loyal friends. Everyone needs friends who are loyal. The golden window reflects The
window, which shines like the sun. gold, reflects the sun. Peaceful countrysides no Countrysides where
I found longer exist. peace of mind no longer exist.

If it is not used as a subject, the relative pronoun in an adjective clause may sometimes be omitted:
He is a man I admire. (Compare "He is a man whom I admire.")

Adverb clauses: An adverb clause may modify a verb, an adjective, an adverb, an infinitive, a
gerund, a participle, or even the rest of the sentence in which it appears. Many adverb clauses can
take various positions in a sentence. Adverb clauses are ordinarily introduced by subordinating
conjunctions.

ADVERBS ADVERB CLAUSES

Soon the lights went out. When the windstorm hit, the lights went out. No alcoholic beverages are No
alcoholic beverages are sold locally. sold where I live. Speak distinctly. Speak so that you can be
understood.

Some adverb clauses may be elliptical.

If I can save enough money, I'll go to Alaska next summer. If not, I'll take a trip to St. Louis. (Omitted
words are clearly implied.)

The Subordinate Clause

Recognize a subordinate clause when you see one.

A subordinate clause—also called a dependent clause—will begin with a subordinate conjunction or a
relative pronoun and will contain both a subject and a verb. This combination of words will not form a
complete sentence. It will instead make a reader want additional information to finish the thought.

Here is a list of subordinate conjunctions:

after once until

although provided that when
as rather than whenever
because since where
before so that whereas
even if than wherever
even though that whether
if though while
in order that unless why

Here are your relative pronouns:

that who whose

which whoever whosever
whichever whom whomever

Now take a look at these examples:

After Amy sneezed all over the tuna salad

After = subordinate conjunction; Amy = subject; sneezed = verb.

Once Adam smashed the spider

Once = subordinate conjunction; Adam = subject; smashed = verb.

Until Mr. Sanchez has his first cup of coffee

Until = subordinate conjunction; Mr. Sanchez = subject; has = verb.

Who ate handfuls of Cheerios with his bare hands

Who = relative pronoun; Who = subject; ate = verb.

Remember this important point: A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not
provide a complete thought. The reader is left wondering, "So what happened?" A word group that begins
with a capital letter and ends with a period must contain at least one main clause. Otherwise, you will have
written a fragment, a major error.

After Amy sneezed all over the tuna salad.

So what happened? Did Amy throw it down the garbage disposal or serve it on toast to her friends? No
complete thought = fragment.

Once Adam smashed the spider.

So what happened? Did Belinda cheer him for his bravery or lecture him on animal rights? No complete
thought = fragment.

Until Mr. Sanchez has his first cup of coffee.

So what happens? Is he too sleepy to work, or does he have a grumpy disposition? No complete thought =
fragment.

Who ate handfuls of Cheerios with his bare hands.

So what happened? Were the roommates shocked, or did they ask him to pass the box so that they could do
the same? No complete thought = fragment.

Correctly attach a subordinate clause to a main clause.

When you attach a subordinate clause in front of  a main clause, use a comma, like this:

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE +,+ MAIN CLAUSE .

Even though the broccoli was covered in cheddar cheese , Emily refused
to eat it.

Unless Christine finishes her calculus homework, she will have to suffer
Mr. Nguyen's wrath in class tomorrow.

While Bailey slept on the sofa in front of the television , Samson, the
family dog, gnawed on the leg of the coffee table.

When you attach a subordinate clause at the end of a main clause, you will generally use
no punctuation, like this:

MAIN CLAUSE +Ø+ SUBORDINATE CLAUSE .

Tanya did poorly on her history exam Ø because her best friend Giselle
insisted on gossiping during their study session the night before .

Jonathon spent his class time reading comic books Ø since his average was
a 45 one week before final exams.

Diane decided to plant tomatoes in the back of the yard Ø where the sun
blazed the longest during the day.

Punctuate carefully when the subordinate clause begins with a relative pronoun.

Subordinate clauses can begin with relative pronouns [and thus are called relative clauses, a type of
subordinate clause]. When a subordinate clause starts with who, whose, or which, for example, punctuation
gets a little bit trickier. Sometimes you will need a comma, and sometimes you won't, depending on whether
the clause is essential or nonessential.

When the information in the relative clause clarifies an otherwise general noun, the
clause is essential and will follow the same pattern that you saw above:

MAIN CLAUSE +Ø+ ESSENTIAL RELATIVE CLAUSE .

Nick gave a handful of potato chips to the dog Ø who was sniffing around
the picnic tables.

Dog is a general noun. Which one are we talking about? The relative clause who was sniffing around the
picnic tables clarifies the animal that we mean. The clause is thus essential and requires no punctuation.

When a relative clause follows a specific noun, punctuation changes. The information
in the relative clause is no longer as important, and the clause becomes nonessential.
Nonessential clauses require you to use commas to connect them.

MAIN CLAUSE +,+ NONESSENTIAL RELATIVE CLAUSE .

Nick gave a handful of potato chips to Button , who was sniffing around
the picnic tables.

Button, the name of a unique dog, lets us know which animal we mean. The information in the relative
clause is no longer important and needs to be separated from the main clause with a comma.

Relative clauses can also interrupt a main clause. When this happens, use no
punctuation for an essential clause. If the clause is nonessential, separate it with a
comma in front and a comma behind. Take a look at these examples:
After dripping mustard all over his chest, the man Ø who was wearing a
red shirt Ø wished that he had instead chosen ketchup for his hotdog.

After dripping mustard all over his chest, Charles, who was wearing a red
shirt, wished that he had instead chosen ketchup for his hotdog.

Use subordination to combine ideas effectively.

Writers use subordination to combine two ideas in a single sentence. Read these two simple sentences:

Rhonda gasped. A six-foot snake slithered across the sidewalk .

Since the two simple sentences are related, you can combine them to express the action more
effectively:

Rhonda gasped when a six-foot snake slithered across the sidewalk.

If the two ideas have unequal importance, save the most important one for the end of the sentence so
that your reader remembers it best. If we rewrite the example above so that the two ideas are flipped, the
wrong point gets emphasized:

When a six-foot snake slithered across the side walk, Rhonda gasped .

A reader is less concerned with Rhonda's reaction than the presence of a giant snake on the sidewalk!

Subordinate Clauses - Concessive, Time, Place and Reason Clauses

Four types of subordinate clauses are discussed in this feature: concessive, time, place and reason.
A subordinate clause is a clause that supports ideas stated in the main clause. Subordinate
clauses are also dependent on main clauses and would be otherwise incomprehensible
without them.

For example:
Because I was leaving.

 Concessive Clauses

Concessive clauses are used to concede (reluctantly accept something to be true )a given point in an
argument.
The principle concessive conjunctions introducing a concessive clause are:

Though, although, even though, while, and even if.

They can be placed at the beginning, internally or at the end of the sentence.

When placed at the beginning or internally, they serve to concede a certain part of an argument
before proceeding to question the validity of the point in a given discussion. For example:
Even though there are many advantages to working the night shift, people who do so generally feel
that the disadvantages greatly outweigh any financial advantages that might be gained.

By placing the concessive clause at the end of the sentence, the speaker is admitting a weakness
or problem in that particular argument.
For example:
I tried hard to complete the task, though it seemed impossible.

 Time Clauses

Time clauses are used to indicate the time that an event in the main clause takes place.
The main time conjunctions are:

when, as soon as, before, after, by the time, by.

They are placed either at the beginning or the end of a sentence.

When placed at the beginning of the sentence, the speaker is generally stressing the importance
of the time indicated.
For example:
As soon as you arrive, give me a call.

Most often time clauses are placed at the end of a sentence and indicate the time that the action of
the main clause takes place.
For example:
I had difficulties with English grammar when I was a child.

 Place Clauses

Place clauses define the location of the object of the main clause.
Place conjunctions include :

where and in which.

They are generally placed following a main clause in order to define the location of the object of
the main clause.
For example:
I will never forget Seattle where I spent so many wonderful summers.

 Reason Clauses

Reason clauses define the reason behind a statement or action given in the main clause.
Reason conjunctions include:

because, as, due to, and the phrase "that the reason why".

They can be placed either before or after the main clause.

If placed before the main clause, the reason clause usually gives emphasis to that particular
reason.
For example:
Because of the tardiness of my response, I was not allowed to enter the institution.

Generally the reason clause follows the main clauses and explains it.
For example:
I studied hard because I wanted to pass the test.

Defining Relative Clause

Definition:
A defining relative clause (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative
clauses) gives essential information about the noun or noun phrase it modifies.
The purpose of a defining relative clause is to clearly define who or what we are talking
about. Without this information, it would be difficult to know who or what is meant.

For example:

 The hotel that we stayed in wasn't bad. ("that we stayed in" tells the listener which hotel we are
talking about; it defines the hotel)

Punctuation Commas are not used in defining relative clauses.

The following relative pronouns are used in defining relative clauses:

  Person Thing Place Time Reason

Subject who/that which/that
Object who/whom/that/ø which/that/ø where when why
Possessive whose whose      

Notes:

"Who", "whom" and "which" can be replaced by "that". This is very common
in spoken English while using defining relative clauses.

The "relative pronoun" can be omitted (ø) when it is the object of the clause.
For example:

 The mouse that the elephant loved was very beautiful.

 The mouse /ø the elephant loved was very beautiful.

"Whose" is used for things as well as for people.

For example:

 The man whose car was stolen.

 A tree whose leaves have fallen.

"Whom" is very formal and is only used in written English. You can use "who/that, or omit" the pronoun completely.

For example:

 The doctor whom/who/that/ø I was hoping to see wasn't on duty.

"That" normally follows words like "something, anything, everything, nothing, all, and
superlatives".
For example:

 There's something that you should know.

 It was the best film that I've ever seen.

Examples:

 The woman who lives in apartment No. 34 has been arrested.

 An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries.
 Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
 The house /ø is being renovated.
 Has anyone seen the book I was reading?
 The document that I need has "important" written at the top.
 Let's go to a country where the sun always shines.
 A seaman is someone who works on a ship.
 The boy /who/whom/ø we met yesterday is very nice
 Non-Defining Relative Clause
Definition:
A non-defining relative clause (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-restrictive
relative clauses) provide interesting ADDITIONAL information which is not essential to
understanding the meaning of the sentence. It tells us more about someone or something,
but do not define it.

For example:

 Elephants that love mice are very unusual.

* This tells us which elephants we are talking about.
 Elephants, which are large and grey, can sometimes be found in zoos.
* This gives us some extra information about elephants - we are talking about all elephants, not just one type or group.
 My sister, who lives in France, is coming to stay with me next week.
* "who lives in France" is not essential, which means that I only have one sister and she does not need to be defined by
the "relative clause")

Punctuation: Correct punctuation is essential in non-defining relative clauses. If the non-defining relative clause
occurs in the middle of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun and at the end of the clause. If the
non-defining relative clause occurs at the end of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun.

For example

 My friend John, who went to the same school as me, has just written a best-selling novel.

The following relative pronouns are used in non-defining clauses:

Person Thing Place

Subject who which
Object who/whom which where
Possessive whose

Notes:

In non-defining clauses, you cannot use "that" instead of "who", "whom" or

"which".

You cannot leave out the relative pronoun, even when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause:

For example:

 He gave me the letter, which was in a blue envelope.

 He gave me the letter, which I read immediately.

Non-defining clauses can be introduced by expressions like "all of", "many of" + relative pronoun:

  Person Thing
all of + whom + which
any of + whom + which
few of + whom + which
both of + whom + which
each of + whom + which
either of + whom + which
half of + whom + which
many of + whom + which
most of + whom + which
much of + whom + which
none of + whom + which
one of + whom + which
two of etc… + whom + which

For example:

 There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom I had known for years.
 He was carrying his belongings, many of which were broken.
The relative pronoun "which" at the beginning of a non-defining relative clause, can refer to all the information contained in the
previous part of the sentence, rather than to just one word.

For example:

 Chris did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise.
* = the fact that he did well in his exams was a big surprise.
 An elephant and a mouse fell in love, which is most unusual.
* = the fact that they fell in love is unusual).

Examples:

 Mrs. Jackson, who is very intelligent, lives on the corner.

 We stopped at the museum, which we’d never been into.
 I’ve just met Susan, whose husband works in London.
 I spoke to Fred, who explained the problem.

Relative Pronoun
Definition:
We use the relative pronouns to refer to a noun mentioned before and of which we are
adding more information. They are used to join two or more sentences and forming in that
way what we call "relative sentences".

Relative pronouns
Who, Whom, Whose
That, Which,
Where,
whoever, whomever,
whichever

For example:

 People who speak two languages are called bilingual.

* In this example, the relative "who" introduces the relative sentence "speak two languages" that describes or gives
more information about the noun "people".

Relative pronouns: Subject or Object ?

As the relative pronouns relate to another noun preceding it in the sentence, they connect a dependent clause to an
antecedent (a noun that precedes the pronoun.) Therefore, relative pronouns act as the subject or object of the
dependent clause.

For example:

 The chef who won the competition studied in Paris.

* Here, "who" relates back to (or is relative to) the noun "Chef". "Who" also acts as the subject of the dependent clause
and the verb "won".
=> The dependent clause: who won the competition.
=> The independent clause: The chef studied in Paris.

 The shirt that Carl bought has a stain on the pocket.

* Here, "that" relates back to (or is relative to) the noun "shirt". "That" is also the object of the verb "bought".
=> The dependent clause is: that Carl bought.
=> The independent clause: The shirt has a stain on the pocket.

Referring to people: Who, Whom, Whoever, Whomever

These pronouns take a different case depending on whether the relative pronoun is a subject or an object in the
dependent clause.

1. Subjective case
Use the subjective case when these relative pronouns are the subject (initiating the action) of the dependent clause:
Who, Whoever
 For example:

 Negotiations were not going smoothly between the two leaders, who made no bones about not liking each
other.
* "Who" relates back to the noun "leaders" and is the subject of the dependent clause and the verb "made".
 Most workers, whoever was not employed by the auto manufacturer, toiled at one of the millions of little
minnow companies.
* "Whoever" relates back to the noun "workers" and is the subject of the dependent clause and the verb "was
employed".
.

2. Objective case
Use the objective case when these relative pronouns are the object (receiving the action) of the dependent clause:
Whom, Whomever

For example:

 This is the approach taken by journalists, whom some consider to be objective.

* "Whom" relates back to the noun "journalists" and is the object of the verb "consider". The subject of the
dependent clause is "some".

 The three representatives, whomever the committee chooses, should be at the meeting tomorrow.
* "Whomever" relates back to the noun representatives and is the object of the verb "chooses". The subject
of the dependent clause is "Committee".

3. Referring to a place, thing or idea: Which, That

When using relative pronouns for places, things or ideas, rather than determining case, the writer must decide
whether the information in the dependent clause is essential to the meaning of the independent clause or simply
additional information.

When information is critical to the understanding of the main clause, use That as the appropriate relative pronoun
and do not set the information off by commas.

For example:

 Russian generals have delivered a message that is difficult to ignore.

* "That" relates back to the noun "message" and is necessary for the reader to know what "message" the sentence is
about.

 There is another factor that obviously boosts the reputation of both of these men.
* "That" relates back to the noun "factor" and is necessary for the reader to know what "factor" the sentence is about.

When information is not critical to the understanding of the main clause, use "Which" as the appropriate relative
pronoun and set the information off by commas.

For example:

 The toughest intramural fight of all for Clinton was the North American Free Trade Agreement, which he undertook a
full year before the 1994 election.
* "Which" relates back to the noun "agreement" and the information following it is not necessary for the reader to
know what "agreement" the sentence is about.

 Clinton refused to head toward the centre on affirmative action and abortion, which are the two most sacred issues to
the traditional liberal wing of the party.
* "Which" relates back to the noun "affirmative action and abortion" and the information following it is not necessary
for the reader to know what "affirmative action and abortion" the sentence is about.

When referring to more than one place, thing or idea use these relative pronouns: Whatever, Whichever

For example:
  The three approaches, whichever works is fine, produce a more ambiguous picture of a man.
* "Whichever" relates to the noun "approaches" and the information contained within the commas is additional, not
critical information.

 Any excessive profits, whatever exceeded accepted limits, would attract the notice of representatives.
* "Whatever" relates to the noun "profits" and the information contained within the commas is additional, not critical
information

General remarks: That, Who, Which compared

The relative pronoun that can only be used in defining clauses. It can also be substituted for
who (referring to persons) or which (referring to things). That is often used in speech; who and
which are more common in written English.

William Kellogg was the man that lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising

children. - spoken, less formal

William Kellogg was the man who lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising

children. - written, more formal

Some special uses of relative pronouns in defining clauses

 that / who

Referring to people, both that and who can be used. That may be used to refer to someone in
general:

He is the kind of person that/who will never let you down.

I am looking for someone that/who could give me a ride to Chicago.

However, when a particular person is being spoken about, who is preferred:

The old lady who lives next door is a teacher.

The girl who wore a red dress attracted everybody's attention at the party.

 that / which

There several cases when that is more appropriate than and is preferred to which:
After the pronouns all, any(thing), every(thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing), none,
some(thing):

The police usually ask for every detail that helps identify the missing person. - that used as the

subject

Marrying a congressman is all (that) she wants. - that used as the object

After verbs that answer the question WHAT? For example, say, suggest, state, declare, hope, think, write,
etc. In this case, the whole relative clause functions as the object of the main clause:
Some people say (that) success is one percent of talent and ninety-nine percent of hard work.

The chairman stated at the meeting (that) his company is part of a big-time entertainment industry.

After the noun modified by an adjective in the superlative degree:

This is the funniest story (that) I have ever read! - that used as the object

After ordinal numbers, e.g., first, second, etc.:

The first draft (that) we submitted was really horrible. - that used as the object

If the verb in the main clause is a form of BE:

This is a claim that has absolutely no reason in it. - that used as the subject

Finite and non-finite clauses

 Finite clauses have a finite verb as their head.

I know everyone sent their friends birthday cards this year.

 Non-finite clauses have a non-finite verb (i.e. an infinitive or a participle) as their head.

Everyone promised to send their friends birthday cards this year.

This important difference is always signalled by the first verb in the verb-chain:

I know everyone has sent their friends birthday cards this year.

Everyone hopes to have finished their projects by the end of the week.

Having already finished their projects, they can have a rest.

This difference also affects the ways in which these clauses can be used:

 Finite clauses may generally be used as complete sentences (once any subordinating words have
been removed):

Everyone sent their friends birthday cards this year.

 Non-finite clauses are always part of a larger clause:

They have made plans to send their friends birthday cards this year.

This is because the use of a non-finite verb such as to send is one of the main signals that a clause is a
subordinate clause.

This difference may also affect the meaning of sentences, often in a subtle way. For example, compare:

 I remembered that I was responsible. (finite)

 I remembered to do it. (non-finite)

 I saw that you did it. (finite)

 I saw you do it. (non-finite)

These highlighted clauses are non-finite:

We really enjoy sailing our dinghy.

Spurred on by the crowd, they won the match.

He struggled to read the small type.

Changing the tense of the sentence doesn’t change the non-finite clause:

 We enjoyed sailing our dinghy.

 We will enjoy sailing our dinghy.
  He struggles to read the small type.
 He will struggle to read the small type.

 Spurred on by the crowd, they won the match.

 Spurred on by the crowd, they are winning the match

Relative clause

Relative clauses are adjectival because, like adjectives, they modify a nouns; but unlike adjectives,
they come after the modified noun:

 Sam is the one who usually sits here.

 The shop where I work is closing.
 This computer, which I usually use, is faster.

Relative clauses usually start with a relative pronoun:

 that, who, which, whom, whose

or a relative adverb:

 when, where

Relative pronouns and relative adverbs act as subordinating words – they signal a subordinate
clause.

Joe bought a dog and the dog barks all night Co-ordinated main clauses
and it keeps us awake.

The dog that Joe bought barks all night and Relative subordinate clause
keeps us awake.