Module 6: Electronics Systems

DR. SANDEEP KUMAR, NITK SURATHKAL

 Contents

§Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)

§ Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
§Communication Systems
 Digital to Analog Converters (DAC)

• A D/A Converter is used when the binary output from a digital system is to be converted into its equivalent
analog voltage or current.
• It has two types:

(i) DAC Using Binary-Weighted Resistors Type

(ii) DAC Using R-2R Ladder Network
Digital to Analog Converter using Binary-
Weighted Resistors
Contd….
R-2R Ladder Network
Contd….
 Analog to Digital Converter

Counter type ADC

Contd…
 Communication Systems

DR. SANDEEP KUMAR, NITK SURATHKAL

Cellular Mobile Communication System
 Contd…

• The cellular concept employs variable low-power levels, which allow cells to be sized according to the subscriber density and demand of a
given area.
• Increases in demand and the poor quality of existing service led mobile service providers to research ways to improve the quality of service and
to support more users in their systems. Because the amount of frequency spectrum available for mobile cellular use was limited, efficient use of
the required frequencies was needed for mobile cellular coverage. In modern cellular telephony, rural and urban regions are divided into areas
according to specific provisioning guidelines. Deployment parameters, such as amount of cell-splitting and cell sizes, are determined by
engineers experienced in cellular system architecture.
• A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system. The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape of the areas into which a coverage
region is divided. Cells are base stations transmitting over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons.
Optical Communication Systems
Contd…
 Satellite Communication System

• A satellite is a body that moves around another body in a mathematically

predictable path called an Orbit.
• A communication satellite is nothing but a microwave repeater station in
space that is helpful in telecommunications, radio, and television along
with internet applications.
• A repeater is a circuit which increases the strength of the signal it
receives and retransmits it. But here this repeater works as
a transponder, which changes the frequency band of the transmitted
signal, from the received one.
• The frequency with which the signal is sent into the space is
called Uplink frequency, while the frequency with which it is sent by
the transponder is Downlink frequency.
Fig. Block diagram of satellite communication system
Contd…
 Contd…

Ø There are many Advantages of satellite communications such as −

•Flexibility
•Ease in installing new circuits
•Distances are easily covered and cost doesn’t matter
•Broadcasting possibilities
•Each and every corner of earth is covered
•User can control the network
Ø Satellite communication has the following drawbacks −
•The initial costs such as segment and launch costs are too high.
•Congestion of frequencies
•Interference and propagation
Thank you……