3 Transformation Manipulation

Chapter 3
“Transformation, Manipulation and

Data Storage”
Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 1

2D and 3D Transformations
Translation, Rotation, Scaling etc
Concatenations, Matrix representation
Object oriented programming on transformations
Object Transformation, Mirror transformation
Data Structures for interactive modeling
Bill of Materials, Engg Data management system
SQL, Design Info System

2D Transformations
 What is transformations?
 The geometrical changes of an object from a
current state to modified state.
 Why the transformations is needed?

 To manipulate the initially created object and
to display the modified object without having
to redraw it.

 Can be done in Two ways –
1. Object Transformation
 Alter the coordinates descriptions of an
object
 Translation, rotation, scaling etc.
 Coordinate system unchanged
2. Coordinate transformation
 Produce a different coordinate system

Translation
 Moving drawing or model across the
screen
y
P x  x  t x , y   y  t y
T  x  x  t x 
P    , P    , T   
P  y  y t y 
x
P  P  T

1 1
 Consider a line defined by, L =
2 4
Translate the line in space by 2 units in x direction
and 3 units in y direction.
Solution:-
This would involve adding 2 to the current x
value and 3 to the current y value.
That is -
1 1 2 3 3 4
+ =
2 4 2 3 4 7
The new line would have end points (3,4) & (4,7).
Scaling
 Changing the dimensions of window and
viewport to alter the size of drawing
 Used to enlarge or reduce the size of an

element
 Not necessarily be done equally in x and y

directions.

Scaling
x  x  s x , y   y  s y
Sx
 x   s x 0   x
 y   0 s y   y 
Sy   
P  S  P
y Scaling about a fixed point  x f , y f 
x  x  sx  x f 1  sx 
y  y  s y  y f 1  s y 
x f , yf 
x
P  P  S  P f   1 - S 

1 1
2 4
Apply the scaling factor of 2 to the line and redraw
the line.
Solution:-
The scaling matrix for the 2*2 line definition would be-
2 0
T=
0 2
The resulting line is -

1 1 2 0 2 2
* =
2 4 0 2 4 8
The new line would have end points (2,2) & (4,8).

Rotation
 Rotation of a drawing about a pivot point.
 Point P1 can be rotated about the origin through

an angle θ in the anti clockwise direction to
position P2.
 The coordinates of P2 can be obtained by

multiplying the coordinates of P1 by matrix-
cos 𝜃 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
−𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃

1 1
2 4
Rotate the line in space about the origin at 30°.
Solution:-
The Rotation matrix would be-
cos 30 𝑆𝑖𝑛30
R=
−𝑆𝑖𝑛30 𝐶𝑜𝑠 30
The resulting line will be –
1 1 cos 30 𝑆𝑖𝑛30 0.366 1.366

* =
2 4 −𝑆𝑖𝑛30 𝐶𝑜𝑠 30 −0.268 4.464

 Point P1 (40,20) can be rotated about the origin
through an angle θ = 45° in the anti clockwise
direction to position P2.
 The coordinates of P2 can be obtained by

multiplying the coordinates of P1 by matrix-
cos 45 𝑆𝑖𝑛45
−𝑆𝑖𝑛45 𝐶𝑜𝑠 45

 The new coordinates are -
cos 45 sin 45
= 40 20
− sin 45 cos 45
0.707 0.707
= 40 20
−0.707 0.707
= 14.14 42.42

y
Rotation in angle  about a
pivot (rotation) point  xr , yr  .


yr
x
xr
x  xr   x  xr  cos    y  yr  sin 
 x, y
y
y  yr   x  xr  sin    y  yr  cos 
 x, y  P  Pr  R   P  Pr 

cos   sin  
 xr , yr  x R
 sin  cos  

3D Transformations
 Homogeneous coordinates: (x,y,z)=(wx,wy,wz)
 Transformations are now represented as 3x3

matrices
 Typical graphics packages allow for specification

of translation, rotation, scaling and arbitrary
matrices
 Translation, Rotation, Scaling, Concatenation

3D Transformations
 Very similar to 2D.
 Same general procedure are applied.
 Using 3x3 matrices rather than 2x2.

3D Translation
 The translational matrix for a point defined

in three dimensions would be –
T = (m n p)
 It would be applied by adding the

increments m, n, p to the respective
coordinates of each of points defining the
3D geometry element.

3D Translation
x  x  t x
y
y  y  t y
z  z  tz
 x, y, z  x   1 0 0 tx   x 

 x, y, z   y 0
  1 0 t y   y 

 z  0 0 1 tz   z 
z x      
 1  0 0 0 1  1 

3D Rotation
 Rotation in 3D is about an axis in 3D space
passing through the origin
 Using a matrix representation, any matrix with

an orthonormal top-left 3x3 sub-matrix is a
rotation.
 Rows are mutually orthogonal (0 dot product)

3D Rotation
 Determinant of matrix is 1
 Implies columns are also orthogonal, and that the

transpose is equal to the inverse
 Rotation matrix about z axis -
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 0
R = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 0
0 0 1

3D Rotation
 x  rxx rxy rxz 0  x 
 y  r r r 0  y
    yx yy yz  
 z   rzx rzy rzz 0  z 
    
 1   0 0 0 1  1 
and for example :
rxx ryx  rxy ryy  rxz ryz  0

y y y
P2
P2
P1
P1 P1
x x x
P2
z z z
y y y
P2 P2
P1 P1 P1
P2 x x x

z z z

1 0 0  x1 
0 1 0  y1 
The vector from P1 to P2 is: T
0 0 1  z1 
 
V  P2  P1   x2  x1 , y2  y1 , z2  z1  0 0 0 1 
Unit rotation vector: u  V | V |  a, b, c 
a   x2  x1  | V | y u   a, b, c 
b   y2  y1  | V |
c   z2  z1  | V |
x
a 2  b2  c2  1
z
Rotating u to coincide with z axis
First rotate u around x axis to lay in x  z plane.

Equivqlent to rotation u 's projection on y  z plane around x axis.
cos   c b 2  c 2  c d , sin   b d .
 
We obtained a unit vector w  a, 0, b 2  c 2  d in x  z plane.
y u   a, b, c 
1 0 0 0
0 c d b d 0  u
R x    
0 b d c d 0 
   x
0 0 0 1
z
Rotate w counterclockwise around y axis.
w is a unit vector whose x  component is a, y  component is 0,
hence z  component is b 2  c 2  d . y u   a, b, c 
cos   d , sin   a
d 0 a 0  x
0 1 0 0 
Ry    
 a 0 d 0 z
 
0 0 0 1 w   a, 0, d 
R    T1  R x1    R y1     R z    R y     R x    T

cos   sin  0 0
 sin  cos  0 0 
R z    
 0 0 1 0
 
 0 0 0 1
R    T1  R x1    R y1     R z    R y     R x    T
M R   
 a 2 1  cos    cos  ab 1  cos    c sin  ac 1  cos    b sin  

 
                  
2
ba 1 cos c sin b 1 cos cos bc 1 cos a sin 
 ca 1  cos    b sin  cb 1  cos    a sin  c 2 1  cos    cos  
 

General 3D Rotations
1. Translate the object such that rotation axis passes
through the origin.
2. Rotate the object such that rotation axis coincides with

one of Cartesian axes.
3. Perform specified rotation about the Cartesian axis.
4. Apply inverse rotation to return rotation axis to

original direction.
5. Apply inverse translation to return rotation axis to

original position.

3D Scaling
y y
x  x  S x
y  y  S y
z  x  S z
z x z x
Enlarging object also moves it from origin
 x   S x 0 0 0  x 
 y  0 Sy 0 0  y 
P        SP
 z   0 0 Sz 0  z 
     
1  0 0 0 1  1 

Scaling with respect to a fixed point (not necessarily of object)
y y y
x f , yf , zf  x f , yf , zf  x f , yf , zf 
z x z x z x
y
Sx 0 0 1  S x  x f 
 
1 
TS T  
0 Sy 0 1  S y  y f 
 xf , yf , z f  0 0 Sz 1  S z  z f 
 0 0 0 1 
z x

Concatenation
 To combine the individual transformations in order
to achieve the required results.
 The combined transformation matrix can be

obtained by multiplying the respective
transformation matrices
 The order of the matrix multiplication be the same

as that of transformation

Mirror Transformation
 In modeling operations, one frequently
used operation is mirroring an object.
 Mirroring is a convenient method used

for copying an object while preserving its
features.
 The mirror transformation is a special

case of a negative scaling.

Mirror Reflection
Y Y
(1,1)
(-1,1) (1,1)
X
X
(1,-1)
Reflection about X - axis Reflection about Y - axis

x  x y    y x   x y   y
1 0 0   1 0 0
M x  0  1 0 M y   0 1 0
0 0 1  0 0 1

Other transformations
Reflection:
x-axis y-axis
1 0 0
0  1 0 
 
0 0 1
  1 0 0
 0 1 0
 
 0 0 1

Reflection:
origin line x=y
  1 0 0 0 1 0 
 0  1 0 1 0 0
   
 0 0 1 0 0 1

Shearing Transformation
1 a 0 1 0 0 1 a 0
SH x  0 1 0 SH y  b 1 0 SH xy  b 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
Sheared in X Sheared in Y Sheared in both X

unit cube
direction direction and Y direction

Shear:
x-direction y-direction
1 shx 0  1 0 0
0 1 0   sh 1 0
   y
0 0 1  0 0 1

Object Transformation
 Line: Can be transformed by transforming
the end points
 Plane:(described by 3-points) Can be

transformed by transforming the 3-points
 Plane:(described by a point and Normal)

Point is transformed as usual. Special
treatment is needed for transforming Normal

Bill Of Materials
 Bill of materials (BOM): a listing of all of the raw
materials, parts, subassemblies, and assemblies needed
to produce one unit of a product.
 Each finished product has its own bill of materials.
 Product structure tree: Visual depiction of the

requirements in a bill of materials, where all
components are listed by levels.
 Basically, a bill of material (BOM) is a complete list of

the components making up an object or assembly.

Processes that utilize a BOM
 Production
 Materials planning
 Product costing
 Plant maintenance

Types of BOMs
 Static (fixed) bill
 A bill of material for a part that is normally
made from the same components, labor and raw
materials.
 Used for standard assemblies, components, and
engineer-to-order customer orders.
 Example:
 A bill of materials for a standard chair

Types of BOMs
 Dynamic (parametric) bill
 A bill of material for a product or part for
which size, color, laminate, and other
options can be selected.
 Example:
 A bill of materials for a Dell computer

Structure of a BOM

What information is on a BOM?
1. Quantity
2. Item ID#
3. Description of Item
4. Cost of Item
5. Total Project Cost

 Extracting attribute values to form a table or text file
is an excellent application for data extraction. It is
useful for creating bills of materials, schedules, and
associated lists, such as parts lists, application lists,
data lists, index lists, and wire lists.
 The data is already available, so you can add it to a

table or text file without having to retype the
information.
 Extracted data is also associated with the table or

text file. As a result, when you make changes to the
extracted data in the drawing, the corresponding
information in the table or text file updates.

Engineering Data management system
1. Data Base
 Physical Data
 Logical data
 Data independence
2. Objective
1. Reduce redundant data
2. Integrate existing Data
3. Provide Security
4. Share data among users
5. Simplify the method of using data

Engineering Data management system
 Data Base Models
 Hierarchical Database
 Network Database
 Relational Database
 DBMS Architecture

Relational Database for Design
 In object relational/object oriented
databases, attributes can be composite or
multi-valued
 But in relational databases, composite

attributes will need to be flatten out and
multi-valued attributes need to be
represented by another relation

 We can create tables to represent
design in many different ways
 Combine attributes differently to create tables
 Why do we choose some ways over the

others?
 Redundancy
 Inability to represent certain information
E.g. relationships among attributes

Relational Database Design Process
 Decide whether a particular relation R is in “good”
form.
 In the case that a relation R is not in “good” form,
decompose it into a set of relations {R1, R2, ..., Rn}
such that
 each relation is in good form
 the decomposition is a lossless-join decomposition
 Theory is based on:

 functional dependencies
 multivalued dependencies

Object Oriented Database
 A database system that incorporates all
the important object-oriented concepts
 Some additional features

 Unique Object identifiers
 Persistent object handling

Definition of an object
Objects – User defined complex data types
 An object has structure or state (variables) and
methods (behavior/operations)
An object is described by four characteristics-

 Identifier: a system-wide unique id for an object
 Name: an object may also have a unique name in

DB (optional)
 Lifetime: determines if the object is persistent or
transient
 Structure: Construction of objects using type
constructors
SQL Overview
 Structured Query Language
 The standard for relational database management
systems (RDBMS)
 SQL-92 and SQL-99 Standards – Purpose:
 Specify syntax/semantics for data definition and
manipulation
 Define data structures
 Enable portability
 Specify minimal (level 1) and complete (level 2)

standards
 Allow for later growth/enhancement to standard
57 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle

SQL Environment
 Catalog
 A set of schemas that constitute the description of a
database
 Schema
 The structure that contains descriptions of objects created
by a user (base tables, views, constraints)
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Commands that define a database, including creating,
altering, and dropping tables and establishing constraints
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Commands that maintain and query a database
 Data Control Language (DCL)
 Commands that control a database, including administering
privileges and committing data

SQL Data types
 String types
 CHAR(n) – fixed-length character data, n characters long
Maximum length = 2000 bytes
 VARCHAR2(n) – variable length character data, maximum
4000 bytes
 LONG – variable-length character data, up to 4GB.
Maximum 1 per table
 Numeric types
 NUMBER(p, q) – general purpose numeric data type
 INTEGER(p) – signed integer, p digits wide
 FLOAT(p) – floating point in scientific notation with p

binary digits precision
 Date/time type
 DATE – fixed-length date/time in dd-mm-yy form

Design Information Systems
 A logical series of development phases
followed in an organisation to conduct all
the steps necessary to analyse, design,
implement & maintain information systems.
 These logical series of development phases

- known as System Development Life Cycle
(SDLC).

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Scope & objectives
Feasibility
Analysis
 Waterfall Model Time
Design
– Proven approach
Implement
– Lacks flexibility
Maintain
– Time lag
– Ensures points of review Review

Final
Exam
University Questions
1) Explain in details any FOUR 3D transformations. Enlist its
benefits. [12 M]
2) Write a short note on –Information systems in

CAD/CAM/CAE. [5 M]
Re-Exam
1. Find the transformed homogenous coordinates when a square

(1,1), (2,1), (1,2) and (2,2) is rotated through one of its vertex
(1,1) and parallel to x axis. Also give its concatenated matrix .
[15 M]

Thank You…

3 Transformation Manipulation

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3 Transformation Manipulation

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Chapter 3

“Transformation, Manipulation and

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 1

Translation, Rotation, Scaling etc

Concatenations, Matrix representation

Object oriented programming on transformations

Object Transformation, Mirror transformation

Data Structures for interactive modeling

Bill of Materials, Engg Data management system

SQL, Design Info System

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 2

 Why the transformations is needed?

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 3

 Coordinate system unchanged

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 4

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 5

 Used to enlarge or reduce the size of an

 Not necessarily be done equally in x and y

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 8

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 9

The resulting line is -

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 10

 Point P1 can be rotated about the origin through

 The coordinates of P2 can be obtained by

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 12

The resulting line will be –

1 1 cos 30 𝑆𝑖𝑛30 0.366 1.366

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 13

 The coordinates of P2 can be obtained by

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 14

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 15

pivot (rotation) point  xr , yr  .

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 16

 Transformations are now represented as 3x3

 Typical graphics packages allow for specification

 Translation, Rotation, Scaling, Concatenation

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 17

 Very similar to 2D.

 Same general procedure are applied.

 Using 3x3 matrices rather than 2x2.

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 18

 The translational matrix for a point defined

 It would be applied by adding the

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 19

 x, y, z  x   1 0 0 tx   x 

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 20

 Using a matrix representation, any matrix with

 Rows are mutually orthogonal (0 dot product)

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 21

 Implies columns are also orthogonal, and that the

 Rotation matrix about z axis -

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 22

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 23

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 24

Unit rotation vector: u  V | V |  a, b, c 

First rotate u around x axis to lay in x  z plane.

R    T1  R x1    R y1     R z    R y     R x    T

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 27

R    T1  R x1    R y1     R z    R y     R x    T

 a 2 1  cos    cos  ab 1  cos    c sin  ac 1  cos    b sin  

Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, MPSTME, Vile Parle 28

2. Rotate the object such that rotation axis coincides with