1) What are the concepts of cell theory and their proponents

By the late 1830s, botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann were
studying tissues and proposed the unified cell theory. The unified cell theory states that: all
living things are composed of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; and new
cells arise from existing cells. Rudolf Virchow later made important contributions to this
theory.
Schleiden and Schwann proposed spontaneous generation as the method for cell
origination, but spontaneous generation (also called abiogenesis) was later disproven.
Rudolf Virchow famously stated “Omnis cellula e cellula”… “All cells only arise from pre-
existing cells.”

2) Differentiate plant from animal cells (using Venn Diagram)

3) Identify the parts, characteristics and function of a cell

PARTS CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONS

Vacoule Most plant cells contain one
or more membrane-bound
vesicles called vacuoles.
Within the vacuole is the
cell sap, a water solution of
These high concentrations
cause the entry,
via osmosis, of water into
the vacuole, which in turn
expands the vacuole and
 salts and sugars kept at high
concentration by the active
transport of ions through
permeases in the vacuole
membrane
Lysosome Lysosomes are bound by a
single phospholipid bilayer
membrane. They vary in
size and are formed by the
fusion of Golgi-derived
vesicles with endosomes
derived from the cell
surface
Nucleus The control center of the
cell
Cell Wall is a structural layer
surrounding some types
of cells, just outside
the cell membrane
Microbodies Microbodies are roughly
spherical in shape, bound
by a single membrane, and
are usually 0.5 to
1 micrometre in diameter.
Endoplasmic Reticulum The endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) is a system
of membranous cisternae
(flattened sacs) extending
generates a hydrostatic
pressure, called turgor, that
presses the cell membrane
against the cell wall. Turgor
is the cause of rigidity in
living plant tissue
Enzymes known to be
present in the lysosomes
include hydrolases that
degrade proteins, nucleic
acids, lipids, glycolipids, and
glycoproteins. Hydrolases
are most active in the
acidity maintained in the
lysosomes. After the
material is broken down,
lipids and amino acids are
transported across the
lysosomal membrane by
permeases for use
in biosynthesis. The
remaining debris generally
stays within the lysosome
and is called a residual body
To control gene expression
and mediate the replication
of DNA during the cell cycle
to give the cell strength and
structure, and to filter
molecules that pass in and
out of the cell
A product of these reactions
is hydrogen peroxide, which
is further metabolized into
water and oxygen by
the enzyme catalase, a
predominant constituent of
peroxisomes. In addition,
peroxisomes contain other
enzyme systems that
degrade various lipids.
The endoplasmic reticulum
can be classified in two
functionally distinct forms,
the smooth endoplasmic
 throughout the cytoplasm.
Often it constitutes more
than half of the
total membrane in the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic The RER is generally a
Reticulum series of connected
flattened sacs
Golgi Apparatus This organelle, first
described by the Italian
cytologist Camillo Golgi in
1898, has a characteristic
structure composed of five
to eight flattened, disk-
shaped, membrane-defined
cisternae arranged in a
stack
4) Make an analogy of the cell and the community
In a community, there are different individuals with different purpose. Just like in a cell, it
has different parts that has different functions. If these individuals will not do their work or
task, it will be difficult in a community to reach its objective. In a cell, if its parts will not do
their proper way to function, there will be a negative effect.
reticulum (SER) and the
rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER). The
morphological distinction
between the two is the
presence of protein-
synthesizing particles,
called ribosomes, attached
to the outer surface of the
RER
The functions of the SER, a
meshwork of fine tubular
membrane vesicles, vary
considerably from cell to
cell
It plays a central role in the
synthesis and export of
proteins and glycoproteins
and is best studied in the
secretory cells specialized
in these functions
The Golgi or secretory
vesicles are proteases that
cut many secretory proteins
at specific amino
acid positions. This often
results in activation of the
secretory protein, an
example being the
conversion of inactive
proinsulin to
active insulin by removing a
series of amino acids