Beruflich Dokumente
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4CMASH
r^
C •
RSE
LARY FRENCH
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$14.95
U.S.A.
/ 44 pages
5x7 inches
(17.8 x 12.5cm)
400 illustrations
Index
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ARCHITECTURE
A CRASH
COURSE
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ARCHITECTURE
A CRASH
COURSE
HILARY FRENCH
WATSON-GUPTIL1
PI BLK VTIONS
View York
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First published in the! nited States in 1
<>'>;', h>
ISBN 0-8230-0976-9
Printed inHongKong
1 2 3 •+ 5 6 7 8 9 10/06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98
Contents
Introduction
Pyramid Power
The Egyptians 14
Being God
Gothic 2 24
Into the Eight
Renaissance 26
Baroque en Prance
Mansart, he Ian 46
There Is Nothing Eike « Dome Gay hut Not Gaudy
Brunelleschi and Uberti 28 Rococo fS
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Chicago, CBicago
High-Rise Heaven 76
Art Nouveau in Caledonia
Mackintosh 78
Getting Away from It All
Secession 80
Palladia.! Revival
So Long Frank Lloyd Wright
Burlington, Campbell, and Kent 1// A merican Ce/n'n 82
Adam Family Values
Georgian
Manly Virtues
(heck Revival 58.
Oh Those Creeks
Greek Revival 2 60
Aspirations
Gothic Revival
faster. Faster
Italian Futurism 84
Deutscher Werkbund
The [ge of ( oncrete and Glass S6
House Reds
(
Russian 'ons/mcfirism 88
Postmodern Formalism
The New York Fire 126
How Does It Feel?
Sensual Response and Sustainability 12$
Viva Espana
Spanish Regionalism ISO
The Essence of Things
The Jazz Age Minimalism 132
Art Deco 110
Et Tu Brute?
Brut a /ism 112
Serious Structuralists
Order a la (arte ll-f
Glass Menageries
Skyscrapers 116
Bits and Pieces
Be Reasonable
Deconstruction 134
Weorationalists IIS
Building in Cyberspace
Virtual Worlds 136
Techno Speak NO
.» Index 142
Photographic Credits l-n
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Technical Boxe
Here you will find
Introduction innovations, new
techniques, and
new materials; all
to explain why
^
buildings look the way they
" c **
the constraints of
' gravity, finance, and,
"s/ories" with a
beginning, a middle.
modernism.
This book is /ess like
an explanation and
more like a description The Erectheion
the Acropolis
on
Athens, Greece.
st online. It uses conventional categories and in
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SPOT systems, resulted in different "traditional"
THE
STYLE or vernacular buildings, using the most
These boxes supply you easily available /oral materials. Learning
with the nitty gritty
details so as to
Asides
Here, the author takes
a breather and engages
you with tidbits about
the subject matter
and architects being
thinking? Read on
and find out.
M I lil V CRASH
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I I
experience might be. To understand even one building fully it
1 993), designed by
trusted construction Norman Foster.
remains unchanged; as W. R.
Lethaby said in his book
Architecture, Mysticism and
Myth almost 100 years ago,
HILARY FRENCH
\i{< in 1 1
i ii in \ i ii \-i
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3 1 OO B.C. Menes 3000-2800 B.C. 2400-2200 B.C.
conquers the Delta Kingdom Canal construction begins The upright weaving
of Lower Egypt and unifies in Egypt; flutes and loom introduced in
the country under one tambourines in use for j\. Egypt, before this, cloth
3400-900 b.c.
Pyramid Power
The Egyptians
The pyramids, gigantic,
anonymous, and impersonal,
were arguably the first
Stepped pyramid examples of monumental
of King Zoser.
architecture. Built in
durable stone to lastforever, they ore
symbolic of tin' importance the Egyptians
placed on the afterlife: the timeless
structures of cut stone with column and p;i|>\ rus columns, and clerestories to
l>\
Ion with battered inclined wall-. \ ia a
\ i i: \-n <
2000 B.C. Egyptians 1360-1280 b.c 1 1 90 B.C. Rameses III
invent the shaduf, a device Tutankhamen buried repels the invading Sea
for raising water avoiding in his tomb amid People, marauding bandits \JZ£§.
unpleasant stooping; it's so great splendor from the eastern
pylon facade with statues over 65 feel high Uthough little is known about architects at
Many temples of traditional form, such as this period, we know that it was [mhotep,
the temple of Horns at Edfu and the architect and minister o/King Zoser, irhu
temple of Isis at Philae (280-50 B.C.). was responsible far the first known pyramid
survive from the Ptolemaic period, ill Saqqara in Egypt 1/ tribal ion was not
established following the breakup of always so straightforward, however. \u
Napoleon would have been interested in the The three famous Fourth Dynasty
glassone erected in the courtyard of the pyramids at Giza, near Cairo, are the
Paris Louvre in 1986 ... finest "true" pyramids.
850-297 B.C.
The surviving -tone buildings use the of columns. I he stonework was often
same trabeated structures that were covered with ;i plaster or stucco, and
used for timber buildings. Earl} painted and gilded with a common color
construction methods — mud-brick walls scheme. Brighl blue was used fortriglyphs
with timber posts to supporl timber lintels and cornice 1 >l« >< k --. red for spaces between
and beams — produced verj simple logical the cornice blocks arid bands, blue with
structures, lor important buildings, such gold stars for the ceiling panels, and uilt
replaced with -tone. The classic temples The type of column and frieze used also
vary in size bu1 use the same formal varies. The different styles are known as
elements and arc variations on the basic the Orders. The Doric order, named after
theme of a rectangular enclosed -pace w ith the Dorian people of mainland Greece, is
a colonnaded porch (portico) at one end. the earliest. Columns are chunky, fluted,
I he most complex have several rooms and tapering toward the top, w ith a simple
inside, porches at both end-, and square capital and no base. 1 he Ionic order
ambulatories at the sides with a double row developed in the Vegean Islands and the
c 387 B.C. Plato founds 350 B.C. The 220-1 80 B.C. The Greeks
the Academy in Athens sculptor Praxiteles introduce town planning, chaotic
where the jeunesse doree of produces the Venus of marketplaces at Ephesus and
Athenian aristocracy learn Cnidus, the first-known Miletus are knocked down and
to philosophize. female nude replaced with serene squares
more than 25%, he was held personally became common much later, in the
liable for them. The Greeks sought Hellenistic period of ALEXANDER nil
eternally ralid rules of form and proportion Great's (356-323 b.c.) empire. The
but were not without their critics. Olympeion (174 B.C.-A.D. 131) is the
Hermogenes. architect and foremost earliest large-scale building using the
Hellenistic architectural theorist, threw a
Corinthian order. Alexander's empire all
tantrum part way through building one
saw more regimented planning in cities,
temple and abandoned the Doric for the
and the introduction of the abstract
Ionic, saying that "the distribution of the
controlling device, the grid. Plans for
trighphs and metopes is troublesome and
inharmonious. " Alexandria. Priene,
Sigh...
and Miletus all If you see
it in) w aj
included attention to
The Greeks continually
coast of A-ia Minor. The column is the construction of
pursued perfection.
generally more slender and finely fluted, vistas and monumental Columns, if perfectly
i- carved to form volutes on each side. The the construction of stylobates and cornices
were horizontal, they
Doric and Ionic orders were used for most defensive structures
would appear to sag in
columns generally
bulge outward in the
upward to around 1
long sides.
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a .
(15th) of March
limiting the movement <>f people, was the brought masonry building techniques and dome
antithesis of ili«- Greek open spaa — forms to Russia.
viaducts. vasl bathhouses, and civic originally open corridor, and domed apses.
The elaborate decorations and exotic onion
buildings were verj different also. \\ here domes were added in the seventeenth century.
from bricks or small pieces of stone, walls EARLY CHRISTIAN, a.d. 200-400
could extend much higher and openings l.arK Christian buildings date from around
could be an) size, \\ iih semicircular arches. \.d. 200 — catacombs, martyria (usually
In conjunction with concrete, massive circular, built to mark sacred sites), and
structures could be achieved. I he Classical meeting houses for worship. Once
orders, with variations, were employed in a ( Ihristianit) was officially recognized as the
decorative fashion, applied to the surface religion of the Roman Empire in \.i). 391
of masonr> walls. the basilica was adopted as the model for
RE - I CRASH COURSE
410 Rome sacked 425 The Mausoleum of Galla 527 Justinian crowned emperor
by Visigoths; the
last Roman troops x Placidia
dark
is
interior
built in
is
Ravenna;
enlivened by
its of the Eastern
his
Roman Empire, with
churches. Originally a meeting hall, it was certain formal Jerusalem by the future
emperor in A.D. 70. But
ideally suited to accommodate a arrangements. The
triumphalism was in full
congregation. Typically rectilineal- in plan cross-in-square plan flow as early as the first
century with
it had a higher central nave lit by became a common B.C.,
temporary arches;
clerestory windows and flanked l>\ type, with a central later, permanent
colonnaded aisles. A curved end (apse). higher dome on a structures feature not
(Constantinople) in \.n
gladiatorial arena.
V)
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I i A HA Mttn :
800 Charlemagne, king 1 066 William the 1 096 The Cluniac orders
of the Franks, is crowned Conqueror seizes the begin to spread rapidly, and
Holy Roman Emperor by English throne and Gregorian chant echoes
the Pope. He unites and introduces the Norman through the new
reforms the Western building style (stone ecclesiastical buildings
Church and imposes the and round arches) appearing all over France
Benedictine Rule
700-1200 /SPOT
Heavy Duty THE
STYLE
Romanesque and Norman The meaning of
Romanesque depends
on where you come
The term Romanesque was coined in the nineteenth from. If those rounded
century to describe buildings that continued Roman arches seem to suggest
clues, think again. The
form and construction. A generalized term, it carers
architectures of the
a long period of time and a wide geographical area. French Channel coast
and of Sicily don't seem
Stocky, chunky, solid, and primitive looking, to have much in
( lonqueror, i- i\ pica! of
construction.
Carolingian architecture is sometimes
distinguished as a separate style from other
Romanesque l»v its geographical location in
France. Germany, and the Netherlands. It
Neither powerful nor dominating, and is named after Charlemagne, the Holy
without the grandeur of Roman Roman Emperor from 800 A.I). He
buildings or the m\ stery of Byzantine promoted a return to Constantine
architecture, although using elements from Christianity with basilican planning but
both, the Romanesque has a picturesque with altered form: prominent towers,
quality much "friendlier" feel. The
and a important ends both east and west, and the
Abbaye-aux-Hommes in Caen (1060-81). heavy, solid construction typical of the
\ ( ]<
\s|| COI RSE
I 098 The Cistercian order I 1 39 Alfonso Henriques, I 334 Plague in Constantinople
is founded in Burgundy, count of Portugal, calls himse Genoese traders spread the Black
France. By 1 200 there will be king, and presses English Death westward Monks and town
more than 500 Cistercian crusaders into service to oust dwellers suffer most, living in close
abbeys in Europe. the Moors from Lisbon. proximity, and this era of monastic
buildings comes to an end.
Aachen is the most dramatic building of During this period the term "architect " goes
the period. out of common usage in Europe, giving rise
In Italian Romanesque, the picturesque to some bizarre theories about roving guilds
quality is evident; the tower (campanile) is of Masonic masons being responsible for the
detached from the main body of the church dramatic expansion of building activity.
and external arcading is common. Pisa But in a eery real sense God was to blame.
Xererthe/ess. at least one cleric thought
Cathedral (1063-1118: 1261-72) is the
that "the passion for building is a sin:
best known, with its
monastic buildings are being constructed
Anything for a leaning campanile
with the usury ofgreed, lying trickery, and
Quiet Life with arcades at even-
the tricked deceits ofpreachers" (Pierre Le
The rigors of medieval
level, as well as three
monasticism, the Chant re. Paris. J ISO).
magnificence of the more levels of arcades
monastery buildings,
on the facade of the
and the might of the
monastic orders
cathedral itself. the most complete
themselves make a picture of monastery
bizarre combination.
Britain their remains
In
NORMAN building and life in the
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1 0»6 The First 1137 The flying buttress 1 1 44 Robert de Mont-
Crusade to the Holy is invented The buttresses Saint-Michel describes the
Land sets out Islam carry the weight of the building of Chartres: "... as
and Christianity building structure, enabling if by magic towers rose into
confront each other. walls to be thinner and c the air . . . men and women
windows to be inserted in could be seen ... singing of
Gothic
Gothic cathedrals, with their great
height and multiple flying buttresses,
rise dramatically above the surrounding
landscape, forming intricate openwork
silhouettes against the sky. Inside.
spaces seem similarly detachedfrom the
mere earthly, with the slenderest of
columns rising to impossible heights and
hazy daylightfiltering through stained
glass tracery and clerestory windows. The
Gothic cathedrals represent a synthesis of
Cod. Humanity, and
I
Size
» 1 1 i I «
became a
I Yin Big] Nature the — :
wrnm^^m
harmonious
dominant feature of
Gothic cathedral combination oj religious
building. Amiens
symbolism with the most
(1220-70) was large
enough at more than logical and efficient The main part of the west front of Notre
9,000 square yards to
structures. Dame in Paris was built in 1 220-50.
hold the entire city
population. Strasbourg
(1245-75) was as tall Ihe essence of fill the £ii|>^ (inlill panels). As well as
as a 40-story building.
Beauvais, intended to
T!Gothic building is allow ing greater spans through vastly
be the largest, was ii- structun — the result reduced materia] weight, arches and rib
never completed. mI the combination vaults group all the vertical loads (weight
Building started on
of ll\ ing buttresses, of the building) into single points, so
the choir (158 feet/
48 meters to the vault) pointed arches, and rib columns can be used. Flying buttresses,
in 1220, but byl 284
vaults. I bese elements detached al the end of bridge-like arches.
some of its vaulting had
collapsed. The work together to make take the lateral loads. Solid. Load-bearing
cathedral consists of the a skeletal, cagelike walls arc redundanl and the space between
choir and transepts
structure with only the columns can be filled with window s.
only; the proposed
nave was never built. the ii<'t'<l for verj thin, Similarly, every other element has a useful
supervises the rebuilding first windmill in the Paris and its university
Spain
and Gothic cathedrals are not as common in Spain as
structure, the ends are contained
in Northern Europe. Seville Cathedral (1402-1519)
supported at the east end by the apse. is a particularly unusual late Gothic building. It was
like an arch on its side, and at the wesl built on the foundations of a mosque, giving it an
enormous square plan, which was neatly gothicized
end by a pair of square towers that
by doubling up the side aisles. It is a curious mixture
contain entrance porches. The pinnacles, of the Christian and Moorish. The orange tree court,
pointing skyward on the buttresses, add the original forecourt for ritual ablutions, is a curious
entrance space and the bell tower is a converted
weight to tie the buttresses to the ground.
minaret. The famous Mesquita at Cordoba, with
Spites act as landmarks and allow the endless Moorish horseshoe-shaped arches, was
also converted to Christian uses in the thirteenth
sound of bells to be heard far away.
century with the insertion of a Gothic section.
vault, the heavier the blind faith and the nave, provide lateral support and give
load. Vertical load was
away from the it the Latin cross plan. The great interior
carried on continuous
solid walls which had God as an
idea of space contains music and the rising clouds
to become buttressed unknown fearsome of incense. High above the nave, clerestory
to take any increase
force that was windows light the vault of Heaven and
in load. Rib vaulting
removes all the associated with the huge windows of colored glass tell stories
superfluous material
dark and mysterious in light. The individual is recognizably
and weight. Ribs gather
the vertical loads onto
churches. God is insubstantial in relationship to the \;i-i
is created in his
like an additional row
of columns, are detached image and nature
—the characteristic is hi., kingdom.
flying buttresses. Later,
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1 202 Mathematician 1291 Clear glass 1 300 Sulfuric acid
numerals to Christendom
SPOT
THE
1200-1450 STYLE
Being God Gothic is probably the
best-known architectural
^^ The stained-glass
rose window.
though the French cathedral builders
attempted more daring structures
than their English counterparts. They
built much higher naves, often with
windows. But watch
Some
in
of these features
existed before the
other places.
confusing. Pundits
It's
1
out.
200s
so
nod
at the Abbey of St. Denis
several tiers inside; several lerels of as the earliest complete
flying buttresses, and fleches rather than towers over Gothic building, but the
style developed in
the crossing. In plan the French cathedrals include different ways
chevet East ends, usually with radiating chapels. everywhere. In England
look no further than
Canterbury Cathedral,
earliest Gothic building the w c-t Front ha> two
Tin- is
and for a fusion of
rebuilding of the choir of the Abbey square towers and French and German
of Saint Denis near Paris 1-tO). with a circular windows. styles see Cologne
( 1
24 \IU.IH TE< Tl RE
—
1381 Wat Tyler and 1 387 German 1 41 5 The Due de Berry
ENGLAND
The Gothic period covers more than three
NAMES ON THE WALL
centuries and it is usual for the style to be
further divided. In England the period is
Because of the uncertain nature of some
architectural experimentation, many
roughly divided by century, generally
masons were paid handsome retainers
related to the complexity of the tracery.
to maintain their buildings. Some poor
The thirteenth-century "Early English" is
unfortunates found that they would never
sometimes railed "Lancet" to describe the
attend to anything else, giving a whole
simple pointed windows before complex new meaning to "Cot/tie horror. "
The
fracery was established. Canterbury Countess Albereda of Bayeux beheaded
Cathedral's Trinity Chapel is a good her architect so that there could never be
example. Westminster Abbey was largely another castle built to match hers. In
rebuilt between 124-5 and 1269 in the Germany, a knight moved by his faith to
Early English style, with this specific style help build a cathedral was battered to
Chartres Cathedral
In the last phase, late Gothic or
11 95-1 220) has
"Perpendicular" (roughly fifteenth
spires, not common
in France, on both century), the tracery reverts to more
towers. rectilinear patterns, including multiple
Chapel at Westminster (
\MY-\) and King's
College Cambridge (1-+40) are the mosl
magnificent examples. The plans are
\ei \ -iinplt — reel align la i' with apsidal
easl ends. But the spaces are dramatic
immensel) tall and II led with lighl
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1 403 The City of Venice imposes 1414 The Florentine Med 1418 Henry Vof
quarantine on newcomers in an family become the official England captures Rouen,
attempt to prevent recurrence of the bankers to the papacy. the capital of Normandy.
Black Death that had ravaged Europe
Florence ( 1 446-5 1 ),
an early
Into the Light example of the use of
work of those who subverted shaft, and c capital (the top design of a building was
bit), all in proportion, and
these rules or strayed too far seen as distinct from h-~
ranging from the dull to the
from the coirect uses of the frankly florid. In order, then: construction. Architects had
orders was labeled with Doric (Greek or Roman, sir? new creative ^tatu>. This
Greek? Without a base, then);
derogatory terms such as intellectual respectability
Ionic, with a base and a scroll
Rococo. Nowadays, such base and a capital showing off movement with die creation
some restrained scroll-work,
labels aie often used
garnished with a little acanthus
of the first Italian academies
descriptively without any salad. Now repeat. in the second half of the
sense of deprecation. sixteenth century.
26
1 43 1 In France, Joan I 446 In Italy the Renaissance 1506 Pope Julius II lays the
of Arc is burned at the style Brunelleschi founded is foundation stone for St Peter's
stake for witchcraft. taking off; in England the building Basilica in the Vatican, Rome
of the Gothic King's College
Chapel begins.
opportunity to visit and sketch. Giovan- own works a> well a> centuries of building
Maria Falconetto set off on the 300-mile those of antiquity, with his De Re
Aedificatoria, the first
journeyfrom Verona to Home on the pretext were enormously coherent publication on
ofsetdingan argument about a cornice. influential. They the use of the Classical
orders. When talking of
continued to be a
harmonic proportions,
respected source well or architectural
Florence ( 1 42 -45)
1 — more Tuscan
Romanesque than Antique Roman.
Glazed /
medalli
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1 450 Florence forms an 1450 Revision of the 1452 Alberti writes
1420-1500
There Is Nothing Like a Dome
Brunei leschi and Albert
Poucr and influence ruled supreme in
early Renaissance Italy. Gone were the
established hereditary aristocracy. In
came the now-famous Italian families
of merchants, Medici in Florence,
/ isconti and Sforza in Milan. If ith
their new wealth came a new trend —
patronage. It became fashionable to
surmounting Florence
the put lOlia^
Cathedral (1420-34). of this IICW claSS.
was the time for intellectual and of the great Renaissance domes to complete
It
artistic discovery and development: the church of Santa Maria del liore (1436)
geometry, and symmetry. Innovative and loi mwork. which remained in position
sculptor and went on to build the first (1428) in the church of San Lorenzo is one
and one penetrating the exterior of a anonymous craft worker of the Gothic
perfect cube. The dramatic spatial effect is period. Alberti is described as the "first
heightened by the stark contrast between great dilettante architect, "a dabbler who
the white plaster surfaces of the walls and seldom bothered himself with the ad aid
business of building. Rustici was an
the grav stonework. He was inspired by the
eccentricwho kept hedgehogs, froze
twelfth-century Tuscan Romanesque.
mercury, and studied the occult. There was
even mention of a
ALBERTI
woman architect called Everybody
While Brunelleschi based his work on Gaddi in 1423. Her Must get
Romanesque and medieval sources, Leon first name is not Domed
Battista ALBERTI (1404-72), a writer and From Rome's
recorded but she was
Pantheon to the
academic, as well as an architect, drew allegedly competent
Millennium in
inspiration from ancient Rome for his enough to compete London's Greenwich,
with Brunelleschi. domes have been
buildings. His fagade of Santa Maria
big business. They
Novella. Florence (1456), with its scrolls are beasts to build.
anli io design
a striking
Alberti's facade of
facade thai
Santa Maria Novella,
liareK concealed
Florence (1456), is
29
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1 452 Leonardo da I 453-56 Athens is sacked Greek 1 477 Botticelli paints
Vinci, the Renaissance scholars flee to Italian cities with the perennial favorite
Man par excellence, nothing but their scholarship, which Primavera, and the
is born. they impart to the Italians, and the painter Titian is born.
Renaissance begins.
1500-1530
Perfect Harmony
Bra in a ute and Peruzzi
Majestic building projects were an obvious is a diminutive circular temple. The interior is
Srsl who broughl good ;m<l beautiful and entablature faithful to Roman principles,
architecture to light. His rempietto crowned \\ itli a (more ( ihristian) drum and
semicircular dome. I he walls are decorated
Raphael. Mister Perfect. simpl) with niches and pilasters.
As a painter, this north Italian boy set benchmarks I lis big break came with the election
no one could beat for years, and condemned us all
of Pope Julius II. \\ ho asked him to prepare
to Mannerism. His paintings, like The Betrothal of
the Virgin (1 504, Milan) and the frescoes of the designs for the rebuilding of St. Peter's
Stanze (from 1 508) — the rooms in the Vatican he
and the Vatican. Bramante proposed a
decorated for Pope Julius II —are among his best
were only four of the trend is ushered in mathematics, painting, sculpture, and
whiz kids involved.
science. Ciacomo Barozzi da Vignola
Bramante's plan for St.
by Baldassare
produced Regole delle cinque online a
Peter's was the first, Peruzzi (1481-
vast in concept and "hoir-to hook that was hugely popular.
1536). whose finest
revolutionary for its
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1 475 In Bruges, William 1 450-1 667 St Peter's in Rome 1 495 Syphilis spreads from
Caxton(c. 1422-91) prints rebuilt Rossellini, Bramante, Raphael, da Naples. French sailors are
the first book in the English Sangallo, Michelangelo, della Porta, held to be to blame
revolutionary, non-
Albertian artist-architect
The Vitruvian rules, followed with such rigor and
was and is larger than
meticulous care by Bramante, were rejected by the life. But the vain
frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the which decoration has been added — il has
Vatican (1 508-1 2), depicting stories from Genesis. become a sculptural element.
c. 1 550 The Renaissance 1561 Completion of the 1 564 William Shakespeare
flourishes. At the same time onion-domed St Basil's Christopher Marlowe, and
the Italians develop a taste basilica in Moscow, built by Galileo are born; the Roman
for billiards. Ivan the Terrible ( 1 530-84) to Church publishes an index of
celebrate his various victories prohibited books.
WHEN IN ROME
In 1534 Michelangelo undertook his first
involve the visitor in the sensuous experience centralized plan and a bottom, and columns
paired recesses, rather
of the building. His Palazzo del Te in Mont no smaller dome. Much in
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1 53 1 The comet known c. 15 50-72 1 566-78 Vignola completes
as "the Great Comet" Benedictine monastery at the Villa Lante at Bagnaia (near
causes consternation; Tivoli is rebuilt as the lavish Viterbo). One of the features of its
one of six to terrify the Villa d'Este with fountains, gardens is a series of water-
world (the new astronomers ornamental lake, cascades, cooled dining tables.
excepted) in the 1530s. water jets, water organ,
grottoes, et al.
1510-1590
Mind Your Mannerism
Vignola
Following in the footsteps of someone as great as
That Cool,
Michelangelo might seem the worst ofjobs for Clear Water
anyone^ but Giacomo B \ROZZl D i VlGNOL i Characteristically the
Romans developed and
proved himself equal
1507-73) to the challenge. He provided the means to
succeeded Michelangelo at St Peter's and as Rome's deliver water across
rough terrain
leading architect He studied painting and to your door ... well,
supporting a stone
Villa Giulia
Tli.' channel in which the
1551-55), ImiMi wet stuff flowed.
a facade designed by
Giacomo della Porta.
closed 1»\ a
semitransparent
loggia that divides the
courtyard in two.
Concealed steps lead
down to a lower level,
Giulia provides
formal arrangement?
shade from me
juxtaposition of straight
Roman sun.
thefaqade 1571-84). He also followed exiended nave. In place of side aisles there
Michelangelo at St Peter's (1573-74 and arc chapels opening directly oil the central
completed the dome (1588-90{ and the nave. I he facade i- a basilicas form with
garden facades. Carlo Maderno's task
decorative scrolls reminiscenl <»l Mherti -
l.aiucntian I .ibrarv
in CRASH ml IM 35
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l l ( l l It I
1 508 Michelongelo 1511 The text of Vitruvius's 1518 "Cigaritos"-
begins his monumental ancient treatise De Architecture, small cigars from the
work, painting the dedicated to Augustus and in New World —are being
Sistine Chapel ceiling. circulation again since 1414, imported into Europe
is now published (in Latin and by Spanish traders.
later in Italian, French, Spanish)
Andrea Palladio
1540-1380 What a boy. No frills,
no sidelines. Just a
simple. He
and
learned
be achieved through the careful application oj the rules changed the landscape.
If Inigo Jones
of composition derivedfrom ancient civilization and (1573-1652) hadn't
based on the lairs of nature: symmetry and harmony. been such a slavish
admirer, and if the
great Kunstftihrer
Palladio has an enormous number of has pilasters paired in
Lord Burlington
buildings of all types to his credit as the coiner bays and (1694-1753) hadn't
well as extensrt e writings, including / i> heavily rusticated. followed suit, the British
reference for centuries after* aid. | li^ first it> two-storj portico, never have existed.
Think about it.
Giovanni Spinetti invents of Padua University, discoverer of the pencil is given by the
the spinet, to be played of Fallopian tubes, invents the Swiss Conrad Gesner
School's ()u
The growth of the
THE VILLAS Palladio's churches
academy as a teaching
While the palazzos show a Mannerisl are less well known hut institution was a slow
tendency and a variety of design ideas, the none the less beautiful one, and architects
weren't recognized as
numerous \ illa> Palladio designed conform and accomplished works.
a breed apart: they
ni a standard pattern that was both San Giorgio Maggiore. were lumped in with
Functional and flexible. Most, such as Villa Venice ( 1565), is a the painters and
sculptors. The
Poiana, Poiana Maggiore (154 ( )). \ ilia Benedictine church with
breakthrough came in
Pisani. Bagnolo (1544). and Saraceno, a Latin cross plan, side France, in 1 671 where
,
symmetrically a> variations on the basic nave. The later tended to stay informal,
\ i i; \- II i ni i;-i
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a
1517 The portrait of Pope 1 528 In Germany, despite I 550 Viols, recorders,
Leo X by Raphael shows the Renaissance influences, and the lute are essential
pontiff wearing spectacles. Gothic art is going strong. instruments in court and
Glass manufacture (based in Griinewald completes the stately home
Venice and Nuremberg) now Isenheim altarpiece at Colmar
makes many more readers use
eyeglasses
1500-1600
The Palais de Fontainebleau (1 528-40), Seine-
Chateaux and Palais et-Marne, built for Francois I, gains much of its
simple medieval model. The interior is artists resided at Imboise, routs, and
completely symmetrical. It has two axial, Blois. Meanwhile, "master mason" types oj
rectangular vaulted halls making a cross in the medieval periodlike Cities Le Breton
continued to operate, and increasingly
plan, with a fantastic double-helix
established craft dynasties. Responsibility
staircase behind openwork balustrading
for masterpieces such as the Loire chateaux
placed centrally at the intersection. No
is holly contested, and one theory holds
encounter is possible on the staircase;
that the Kinjr (Francois I) duiuiit.
climbers circle each other, ascending and
descending. In the corner on each floor are
Gridiron
of war are
industrial product.
to
the and A Midsummer
Night's Dream.
quatre Violins du Roi.
Baroque music gets going.
ft"
Gridlock
identical logis THE LOUVRE AND FONTAINEBLEAU
Town planning really
streets. In France, lanterns light the centuries. Pierre LESCOT (1500-78) made
King Henri IV staircases and crowds an important contribution to French
(1553-1610) was
of dormers and tall Classicism with his design for the Cour
more interested in
town planning than chimneys punctuate Carre (1546-51), and Philibert de I'Orme
in building chateaux.
the roof, which can be began designs to connect the Louvre to the
Inspired by Sixtus V's
plan for Rome, he explored via a Palais des Tuileries. Jean Du Cerceav
introduced radial balustraded terrace (c. 1590-c. 1649) is the other
planning with public
below the eaves. important architect, remembered for
squares and "places"
at the street intersections. his ostentatious horseshoe-shaped
The Place des Vosges BLOISAND staircase at the Palais de Fontainebleau.
(originally Place
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—
1 529 Cardinal Wolsey 1 530 England leaves Rome
falls from grace and Henry and the Reformation follows.
should have known bettei care for them, but the better-off
than to outbuild the king. have stone to build with.
1520-1630
G oriana1 • Strapwork — interlaced
patterns as
Tudor and Elizabethan England or metal,
if
woven
in leather
together !
beyond
floor). Little
the ground
Moreton
T
I
be grandest
Tudor house
lampion Court
is During Elizabeth's
and symmetrica] Renaissance
reign, a more geomel
style of
ric
Hall, in Cheshire
Palace (1520), begun planning developed. Facades followed suit,
(1559), and Pitchford,
in Shropshire (1560), by Cardinal Wolsey. hut differed radically from the Italian and
are the best-preserved Henry Vm then French style with the use of Dutch gables
examples of "black and
claimed it for himself and strapwork, and in continuing the
white" Elizabethan
houses. By the end of because ii \v;i^ bigger Perpendicular passion for very large
the sixteenth century,
and better than his windows with masonry mullions and
timber shortages and
consequent price rises
old timber-framed transoms. The principal room was the two-
led to the development palace in Surrey. stor\ great hall, often containing the main
of alternatives. The
Nonsuch. Built in
more economical box
frame with fewer timbers, brick, the house is
courtyards, has rigorously 59), a typical Tudor courtier's home, The style continued in
manages to house a long gallery.
symmetrical facades, similar fashion into the
Timber framing is put to ornamental
continuous entablatures, reign of James 1 (1603-
use (some call this early Renaissance)
and pilastered projecting 25). OfnoteareAudley
bays. Wollaton Hall, in Nottingham (1580) End, in Essex (1603), which has rather
also l>\ Smythson, is castlelike, w nli turrets picturesque turrets above an others ise
around a central block containing the very simple, symmetrical facade, and
S] miiietrically planned main hall and Hatfield House, in Hertfordshire (1607),
square towers at each corner. The exterior where the south facade has an arcade on
has straps oik on Dutch gables and the ground floor below the lone gallery.
superimposed Hat pilasters, paired in
Wiltshire,
go. In architectural terms the period known as the
Longleat, in
Dissolution of the Monasteries was a collective act
built for Sir John
of unbridled vandalism on the part of a king who
Thynne by Robert
prided himself on his intellect and education. Did
Smythson in the
Henry have a moral point? Were the monasteries
1 570s, has the corrupt? By that time, very likely. But the
requisite long gallery, architectural damage done was horrendous.
grand staircase, and
terraced entrance.
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1601 Inigo takes 1605 In the year of 1 620 The London Virginia
his first Italian holiday the Gunpowder Plot, Company finances the Pilgri
and comes back full of Inigo designs his first Fathers' first trip to
1573-1652
SPOT
The Welsh Wizard THE
STYLE
Inigo Jones
Palladian revival is
cube including a gallery. The facade is first-floor level and curved symmetrical
<li\ ided into three; the center w ith flights of steps up to the terrace. Again
protruding half columns and ha conic-, the I symmetry and proportion are paramount:
two sides with flatter pilasters and panels. the hall inside i- a perfect cube.
It has a rusticated base, first-floor \\ indow -
s:
Charles I and is soon joined in
Jones's Pupil
London- first
Roger Pratt
Inigo Jones,
(1620-85),
a talented follower of
was
responsible for setting
the trend for simple
classical houses.
NAMES ON THE WALL
Berkshire (c.1650,
and went bankrupt in 1589. Jones Junior
Garden, with a
demolished 1952), first found renown as an originator oj royal
colonnaded street
was the finest, with a masques. On a second visit to Italy at age
level and giant double square plan
40, he was still sketching the human figure
and tripartite elevations
pilasters above. The more than architectural details. Given this
based on Palladio.
only surviving piece late start, it is clear that many more
is the church of St. buildings have been attributed to him than
client, this structure was defined by Jones The Queen's House, in Greenwich, is plain
MM m
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1 595 The Carrocci found 1637 Philosopher 1 646 The English Civil
1620- 1830
The oval dome of
The Fabulous Baroque Boys Borromini's San Carlo alle
spaces. rhe clearly understandable static soul — a working man and a first-rate
space of the perfect circle, and the craftsman. The <nli*r. Gianlorenzo BERNINI
processional space of the rectilinear nave. (1598-1680), from a wealthy family.
art- replaced !>\ oval plans and walls is self-assured, multitalented, and favored
I
»n net ia i nd with niches and alcoves of all 1>\ wealth} patrons. Neither has much time
shapes and sizes. Facades change from for the other.
convex to concave and back again, their Borroinini started his career as a stone
pilasters now ded together, adding depth cutter ai St. Peter's, where be was eventually
and shadow to the undulating surface. to become Bernini's assistant. Among \\\>
Columns are now into spiral twists, the best work- are two very small churches. Tlu
know n orders are distorted, and the chapel of San ( larlo alle Quattro Fontane
pediments are broken, riotously curved, 1638-46) i- formed from the geometry of
and tilted every which way. Spaces appear interlocking triangles, and ha- several oval
to have been carved from solid shapes. side chapels that somehow seem to merge
\K( llll I ( I I HI .
- V CRASH C
1 648 In France the 1660 The English 1683 Dutch lens grinder
first of the uprisings monarchy is restored; the Antonie van Leeuwenhoek see
known as the Frondes reign of Charles II opens tiny living beings through his
form of the dome above. In San Ivo della The career of Domenico Fontana
Sapienza ( 1642-60), where the chapel is
(1543-1601) Musi rules he importance ofI
Sts1 seen a1 a distance across a courtyard. papal patronage and the unconventional
the dome becomes a spiraling ziggnrat on modus operandi of some popes. Engaged in
• Theatrical illusionistic
the church opposite
devices, false
perspectives in which was designed
trompe I'oeil painting
h\ Borromini.
and in built form,
concealed lighting,
exuberant decoration
Twisted
• Open -topped or
columns
broken pediments,
twisted columns
1600-1700
Baroque en France
Mans art, Le Vau
The Baroque in France comprises
thesame formal and decora/ire
elements that are found in Italy —
/;/// a certain French coolness
menus that the extravagant drama
is tempered with n degree of
(
'lassical restraint.
Russia
The westernization of Russian architecture usually
Jules II IRDOl TN-MANS \I!T ( 1 646- 708, 1
is
appointed royal architect in 1675 and medieval but with some Classical symmetry and
application of the Classical orders. During the reign
continued Le Van's work at the palace of
of Peter the Great (1 682-1 725), and with the
Versailles in the 1670s. including tin- founding of St. Petersburg (1 703), western
concealed \\ indo\* s.
The Versailles style was the original vision
\-ll ol li-l
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It (
1717 In France the 1 730s In England gin- 1 735 Charles Marie de
painter Watteau introduces drinking (an idea fostered la Condamine discovers
the genre of painting by the Dutch) accounts for rubber while in South
known as the fete galante one in seven adult deaths America measuring the
Lightness, elegance, and This state of affairs lasts curvature of the earth.
delight rule the day until a tax is imposed
on gin in 1751
1650- 1790
Gay but not Gaudy
Rococo
Rococo is often used to (/escribe buildings
expressively used.
with rocaille, the term for the rocklike encrustations
usedfor grottoes and on fountains. There is also a
spatial complexity usually attributed to the influence of the work
of the Italian Guarino Gl \/,'t\t (1624-83). Guarinis work, with a
compter use of undulating concare and convex forms, is a synthesis
of the geometries ofBorromini and the illusionist ic effects ofBernini,
together with a rich ornamentation of his own.
Oriental i fline
(1724-1 804) takes time off anchor at Botany Bay, as he names brothers take the first
from philosophizing and this bit of coastal Australia Joseph hot-air balloon for
points his great mind skyward Banks, one of his team of scientists, a flight.
Kinksv Palace in Vienna (1713-16) is along the main axis of was the most famous
member of this tribe, a
typical of his work, with delicate pilasters the nave, two circles at prolific church-builder
rising to great height on the facade, the transepts, and who trained under
Hildebrandt. His love of
together with robust caryatids holding the smaller ovals in the
odd geometric shapes
open pediment over the entrance. aisles. The effect of the (octagons, ellipses) and
exploited thi> new-found spatial possibility completing as many as (as only the Rococo
knew how to create).
with fantastic paired sweeping curves, as at 32 churches and 22
abbeys. Still with the
same rich stucco decorations, some of his
buildings display a masterly spatial
complexity. Two of the finest abbey
churches are at Ottobeuren ( 1748-67) and
It's a (.as!
Not a style in its own right, Rococo represents the
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1653 Five- 1658 Faithorne publishes a 1665 Wren comes back
year-old Louis XIV fairly accurate map of London. from Paris full of ideas for city
comes to the Only eight years later the Great designs and plots a rash of
throne in France. Fire of London renders it obsolete rond-points and radiating
Ogilvy, Morden, and Lea's new avenues for London.
map will appear in 1 682.
1600-1750
When Is an Architect
not an Architect?
Sir Christopher Wren
Sir ( hristopher WREN (1632-1723) was a
classicist, mathematician, and astronomer —
and had no education as (ui architect But
he had studied the texts of Uberti, Serlio, .
was rapid and included domestic and barrel—vaulted ceiling. Galleries at each
commercial buildings. 50 city churches, side are an integral part of the composition,
and \\ nn s universally known landmark. forming a Doric base for the Corinthian
St. Paul's Cathedral. order above.
The city churches were remarkable
I toil i iii their form and their Classical ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL
appearance. Plans are simple: as Protestant St. Paul's Cathedral (1675-1710) marks a
churches, they had to have large spaces to dramatic move away from the Catholic
accommodate congregational worship and Gothic cathedrals and their intricate
the all-important pulpit. A whole variety of shadowy depths. The clear spaces and
tower- and tall spires allowed them to be clean surfaces are starkly lit with clear
easily identified in the dense urban area of glass in place of the colored glass of the
the city of London. Gothic. The original plan was to have been
1 660 The I 693 German philosopher 1704-11 The early days of
restoration of the and mathematician Wilhelm English journalism, with the
monarchy, and the Leibnitz (1 646-1 71 6) toys with publishing of the first editions
founding of the the binary system, based on two of the Review (Daniel Defoe),
Royal Society units and operating with the the Tattler (Richard Steele)
Still
"
\nd Vanbrugh lists clients of
continues all around the building. The
William Talman (1650-1719) who sorely upper level becomes a screen to hide the
wished they had done the job themselves: flying buttresses and pitched roofs. The
the Dukes of Devonshire and Kingston. dome is reminiscent of Bramante s
and his long life of the central dome, which is crowned by a lantern,
College of Surgeons, or
as a highly regarded
geometrician, Wren led
the field. The tremors of
the Restoration and the
Great Fire of London
(1666) followed. St.
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I 669 Samuel Pepys 1 679 Nicholas 1 690 As an army
writes me last page of his Hawksmoor is engaged by captain, Vanbrugh is
(^ 'm?\<&L
last diary and his coded Wren as his personal clerk arrested in Calais and
record of London life since and is soon working for him spends two years in
1 660, and all the dramas in surveying and design. prison (thought to be
thereof await posterity for spying).
training, became one of the leading it, resembling a massive medieval fortress.
country-house architects of the English Vanbrugh was commissioned by Queen
Baroque st) le. I lis \\ ork uses massive Anne to build the magnificent Blenheim
forms, often grossly proportioned and Palace (1705-24) for the Duke of
heavy looking, unpopular with Classical Marlborough. It is seen as his finest
|niii-i- Inn very powerful and distinctive. achievement, \\ ith a combination of
Castle Howard, in Yorkshire (169^-1712 substantial-looking hold massing of the
bears a resemblance to French central block and wings, contrasting
seventeenth-centurj planning as used at with a varied, picturesque skyline.
Versailles, with a cour d'honneur in front
of the main house flanked l>\ \\ ings.
52
I 698 Howksmoor meets 1 704 John Churchill, Duke The Ascot race
A^k
Vanbrugh, a successful and of Marlborough, trounces the meeting established by
is
*&£•-
dm
i
converts the
architecture
and
latter to
of Blenheim; the nation
rewards him with Blenheim
Palace, built at the
taxpayer's expense
ladies their
opportunity to
extravagant headgear
first
wear
—> :
m
^3K
NICHOLAS HAWKSMOOR
Nicholas HAWKSMOOR (1661-1736)
NAMES ON THE WALL
started working in Wren's office at the
Office of Works. His St. work at anything restrained device to unsettle the viewer.
Mary le Strand
else, but devoted Thomas Archer (c. 1668—1743) built two
(1714-17) is clearly in
style. St. Martin-in-the- from the start, London. St. Paul at Deptford (1712-30)
Fields (1721-26) has a semicircular Doric colonnaded
adopting a rigorous
marks a dramatic
analytical approach, portico, from the roof of which the tower
change of style, with
Palladian elements rises up. The flamboyant St. Paul's in
working with
added to the Roman. Smith Square (1714-28) has fractured
detailed drawings
The tower and steeple pediments, huge Palladian windows, and
are now set back and abstract
four towers like elongated drums with
behind the pedimented
geometries. His best-
portico, a relationship pineapples on top.
"rusticated" window built between 1711 Act for Building Fifty New Churches.
surround previously and 1718 during Always based on skillfully designed
used by Palladio at the
Palazzo Thiene (1542).
his appointment as axial plans and employing mass to create
CRASH C0URSI 53
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1 688 Polished glass manufactured 1 690 English philosopher 1706 Henry Mil
on industrial scale in France. The new !tK\* John Locke (1 632-1 704) writes invents carriage
technology was already in place in S^ "An Essay Concerning Human springs. Journeys
Monsart's dazzling Galerie des S-r, Understanding ." He claims that around town
Glaces (Hall of Mirrors,) built between the human mind is borti a tabula become much
1 678-84 at Versailles for Louis XIV. rasa, or blank slate, and empirical more comfortable
knowledge is all that we have
1^13 -")()
Palladian Revival
Burlington, Campbell, and Kent
pedimented entrances on a
raised main floor, above <i rusticated semibasement
The planning is geometric, repel it ire. and
Palladian house plans symmetrical, with different roof slopes and domes
are typically geometric
gently breaking up the solid mass of the building.
synonymous with the Palladian r«\ ival. An a lawyer before publishing the first volume
amateur architect himself, he \\;i^ of / itruvius Britannicus in 1715. Lord
extremely influential a> a patron. He also Burlington was so impressed with it that
financed publications -i i<li a^ Palladio- lit- fired ( ribbs, who was working with him
drawings of Roman baths and Kent's on Burlington House, and gave the job to
Designs ofInigo Jones. I li- own villa at ( lampbell instead. I lis Men-worth Castle,
Chiswick 1725) was buill in imitation of Kent (1723). i- vet another version of the
Palladio - \ ilia Rotunda to house hi> Villa Rotonda. Houghton Hall, buill for
paintings and books. \t the foot of the the Prime Minister Robert Walpole
entrance stairs are statues of both Palladio (1723). has a central salon and cubic hall
and Inigo Jones. Burlington's rigid taken from Inigo Jones's Queen's House.
adherence to the rules of antiquity and In- The windows have rusticated *Gibbs
imitation of Palladio are evident in his surrounds." which were themselves
other works, such as the ballroom at the already secondhand from Palladio s
Assembly Rooms, York (1731-32). copied Palazzo Thiene, Vicenza (begun in 1542
from the Egyptian Halls of Palladio. but never actually completed).
\H< III I I J It HI - \ i
H \-ll < Ol RSE
1715 Lancelot 2» !
1 742 Color printing developed in 1 749 Henry Fielding
"Capability" Brown, w_A Japan Kitagawa Utamaro (1 753-1 806) writes his masterpiece,
landscape gardener, born at -X\ becomes the greatest exponent of the Tom Jones, the picaresque
capabilities of Blenheim
and Kew.
Arcadia, Kh? interiors. The plan composed of only one building. The mast
Art into Landscape or has four identical famous examples are in Path: John Wood's
Landscape into Art? Circus (1754) and Royal Crescent
wings arranged
The eighteenth century
(1 767-7.5).
saw The Grand Tour in synunetrically around
swing, and when
full
a central block. His
the English milords
landscapes. Palladian
to a T Someone has a
bright idea. Why not
make gardens like the
Pedimented
pictures. Trees. Lakes.
temple front
Temples. Many try, but
porticoes
the acknowledged
garden king is Lancelot
"Capability" Brown
(1716-83), best known
for horticultural
wonders at Blenheim
(1765) and elsewhere.
Would-be initiates
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I 700s For English and 1717 Handel's Water Music is 1 725 In cities, the sedan
European gentlemen, the first performed on the Thames chair (introduced in the
Grand Tour of cities and River. It was written for Handel's previous century) is now an
archeological sites of fellow German-turned- established and popular
Europe is de rigueur. Englishman, George I. means of transportation for
the wealthy.
Stoned.
Immaculate.
1 ^20- 1795
The Palladian and
the Palladian revival and the austerity of the Greek stuff; Edinburgh's New
revival, the Adam style much influenced by Italian and — Town is elegantly gray
plaster moldings applied to surfaces painted his departure from the Soane's Bank of
England in the 1790s.
in hold colors give otherwise flat surfaces a strictly Palladian. The
richness and depth. Often decorative plan, which was started
patterns described in raised plaster
moldings on the ceiling are repeated \\ o\ en
designed as part of a whole "palazzo roads from the Strand RobertAdam. His
many achievements
facade with a pedimented center. His at first-floor level, included decor
earliest terrace was the Adelphi (1768-72. above the "rustic developed with what
nowadays would be
demolished 1937). a speculative arched colonnaded
called "a market" in
development that included stables, offices, wharf area at rivet- mind: those who were
and warehouses n> well as residences. Built level. The facade was actively seeking new
forms of Classicism.
on the banks of the Thames, it used the of painted stucco with
Adam's furnishings
sloped ground to advantage for access the usual applied were enormously
of his rooms,
a giant order of
comfortable pastel
pilasters. The projecl colors, Etruscan motifs;
(1757-70), designed
a Palladian manner.
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I
1811 John Nash, recently 1 81 2 The Elgin marbles 1813 In the ballrooms of
married to a lady said to be the are taken to England by c Europe the waltz is being
mistress of the Prince Regent, is Thomas Bruce, the seventh danced by dashing army
commissioned to design Regent's earl of Elgin captains and blushing ladies.
1790-1840 Substantial
columns, Doric
Manly Virtues capitals, and //at
Greek R e v i va
58
1814 Gas is used for 1 81 5 At the Battle of 1 820 The Danish physicist
L
public streetlighting for the Waterloo the Duke of Hans Oersted notices that an
first time. Westminster in Wellington's troops rout electric current deflects a
discovered.
illusion. In common with architects of the oriental style replete with onion domes and
Baroque, the sensual minarets. His most interesting work, for its
them. Grottoes, like the manipulation of terraces that line the park is
one at Stourhead. A
volume and light unadventurous. using a mixture of all the
tower, like that at
Cothele, Devon. But if
lather than form and Neoclassical elements available. The most
you were an eccentric decoration. interesting is Park Crescent at the top of
millionaire with an
interest in architecture
Soane's own house Portland Place, which has the simplest of
like William Beckford in Lincoln's Inn. in facades, with flat stucco work and paired
(1760-1844,) you London (1812). is a Ionic columns, and the boldest form.
might build a Gothic
abbey (1796-1 807) wonderful example of Soane's house at Lincoln's Inn
based on Salisbury his work. On an Fields, in London (1812). The
Cathedral with a
ordinary-sized bay window at first floor level
horrendously high
was originally an open loggia.
tower. It falls (to no terraced house plot.
one's surprise) in 1825 magical spaces
unfold, every wall is
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1751 Denis Diderot I 773 American colonists dump 1781 InYorktown,
(171 3-84) publishes the first cargoes of East India tea into the sea Virginia, General Cornwallis
chunk of his encyclopedia at Boston harbor (the Boston Tea surrenders to George
(from the Greek words Party) in protest against British Washington. The redcoats
meaning general education), monopolies and taxes. are marched away as the
an attempt to summarize military band plays on.
human knowledge
1~ (
)()~ L840
The Top German
Oh Those Greeks Karl Friedrich Schinkel
Germany in the
Neoclassical period.
The fashion for reviving primitive Greek architecture
He studied under Gilly
became firmly established in the late eighteenth century, (1772-1800) and
stepped out boldlyfrom became head of the
<u id its British stronghold.
Public Works
"Plain, sturdyand masculine, " with its geometric joints Department in Prussia
1830. He
and absence of decoration, it prodded an alternative to in
completed many
the picturesque Gothic revival, as well as tying in with prestigious public
buldings, especially
contemporary Neoclassicists. in
Thomas JEFFERSOIS 1743-1826), the His design for the the New Guard House
(1816-18) and the
third presidenl of the I oited States, as Virginia State Capitol.
Schauspielhaus
will it- being an economist and educationalist his first Neoclassical (1819-21). The Altes
was a successful and influential architect. building in the U.S., Museum has a mural in
declared a republic
(1799-1801) and the Water Works (1800) While most of Boullee's work remained
in Philadelphia established the Greek revival on paper. Ledoux's was built. The
in the U.S. Baltimore Cathedral (1804-18), Barriere de la Villette ( 1785-89), one
probably influenced by Soane's work, is his of the remaining toll gates to Paris, is in
best. It has a shallow dome, an elongated the pure form of a Greek cross and cylinde
nave, and line vaulting. intended to communicate the dominance
and affluence of the city. The saltworks al
(1728 -99) and Claude-Nicolas LEDOl X city of Chaux, and has some unusual
(1736-1806) takes Neoclassicism to its combinations of classical motifs.
extreme. Fascinating in its combination of Unfluted Greek Doric columns of
logic, it couples the simple forms of pure chunky proportions stand at the entrance-
geometries with an emotive expressionism. a massive arch leading to
several enchanting
churches in Glasgow,
combining the purity
of composition. The
Caledonia Road
Church (1856) has an
immaculate Ionic portico
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1 829 An instrument from 1 837 In France the 1 840s Gaslight is
China known as the sheng Commission for Historic now found in all the
1800~1 (
)()()
Aspirations
Gothic Revival
The picturesque skyline and the
pointed arches, steeples, and
pinnacles of the Palace of
Westminster represented a
triumph for the Neo-Gothic over
the Neoclassical when it was built
Barry's Westminster New Palace, London (1 836-68)
in the middle of the nineteenth — the Houses of Parliament to you and me — is the
century, [rchitects and patrons first significant Gothic Revival building. The authentic
by Gothic detail was provided A.W.N. Pugin.
until then hud been preoccupied with
the Neoclassical style, which was firmly established as appropriate for
important institutions, dot hie was acceptable for religious buildings.
A
Great
lire in
I [all.
1834 destroyed the medieval
Palace of Westminster, except for the
For the replacement palace
buildings, it w;i^ decided to choose Gothic
rather than the prevailing fashionable
Neoclassical, to be more in keeping with
the remaining medieval buildings. The
plans of Charles B 1////1 (1785-1860), a
confirmed Neoclassicist, were accepted
and [ugustusWelbyPucm (1812-52)
provided the Gothic influence. Barry s plan
was along ( !lassical lines with symmetrical
facades: the Gothic embellishments — the
pointed arches andfieches (spires) — wen-
added by Pugin, a devout Catholic who
saw a dired connection between religious
faith and the Gothic cathedrals, more
Tl „... .
„„_„-., particularly the most elaborate "second
I he Kijksmuseum, Amsterdam (o/Z-od), by
1
'
II I II HI - \CH\!
1 843 Pugin takes to 1 848 The Pre-Raphaelite 1881 The world has its first
nA.
in eccentric sailor's restore the purity of fifteenth-
[
NAMES ON THE WALL ]
PREACHING TO THE CONVERTED
Structural analysis by the French theorist
Tin- Gothic revival had already begun ti
statues of the "Kings ofjudah unci Israel" revival — had at last having been the
linchpin of the Gothic
on the facade ofNotre Dame in Paris: they been accepted for
revival. As for Ruskin,
ire re destroyed in 1793 in the belief that secular buildings.
this weirdo had a claw-
they represented the French monarchy Other notable Gothic like grip on the art of
his day. In The Seven
revival buildings in
Lamps of Architecture
Sir George Gilbert Scott's St. Pancras Station Britain include the (1849), he declared for
building, with its hotel (1 865-71 is one of
),
Midland Hotel (1865), Sacrifice, Truth, Power,
London's High Victorian Gothic glories. Beauty, Life, Memory,
shielding St. Pancras
and Obedience ("we
from view, and want no new style ...
Steeply pitched roof
is broken with ( rlasgox* I oiversirj the forms of architecture
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1 777-79 The first iron bridge 1 782 The improved steam 1818 John Nash
is built at Coalbrookdale. It was engine is patented by James uses cast iron in the
Steel-framed
1830-1000 Modernism
Steel frames were a key
The Iron Age breakthrough
Modernism.
for British
Felix
welded-steel-frame
Built to bouse the Greal Exhibition of bridge building as wel structures to be built.
and was assembled on the site from a series Thomas TELFORD (1757-1834) was
of prefabricated panels. Built around the lir>t to build arched bridges in cast
existing trees, it was enormous, measuring iron, a material that works well in
-+10 \ 197 feet/125 \ 60 meters in plan compression. Wrought iron, which works
and 72 feet/22 meters in better in tension, he
Robert Stephenson s
64
1819-25 The 1 825 England becomes the first country 1 842 The first modern
building of the Menai to have a railroad, with the opening of anesthetic (ether) is used by
spaces with huge spans, tall slender construction and engineering, exhibition pavilions
have continued to produce some great architectural
columns, and elaborate ironwork. The
and technological achievements. The Paris Exhibition
railroad companies' lack of confidence in
of 889 saw both the widest span and the tallest
1
the esthetic qualit) of Mich adventurous structure of the time. The Galerie des Machines
with huge portal frames hinged at the base and the
structures meant that man) <>f these
apex, had the widest span at 394 feet/ 1 20 meters.
"utilitarian spaces were concealed, (inline The tallest was the Eiffel Tower, still standing on axis
Tudor, and Creek revival ticket halls. with the buildings at the Trocadero, left from the
Exhibition of 1 878. Both Victor Contamin and
hotels, and facades shielded the iron
Gustave Eiffel were heavily criticized by others who
structures from public \ iew a- at thought their daring steel constructions foolhardy
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s
Monier( 1823-1 906). perfects the manufacture of Gaudi is starting the Casa
artificial silk, and names it Mila apartment buildings,
rayon (as in rayon de Barcelona (1905- 10).
lumiere, ray of light)
1850-1950
The Hard Men
C o ii rete St r u
<• <• ( u re
and l»\ the mid-nineteenth century it was Francois I lennebique rapidly became
routinely used in foundations and floors. synonymous with reinforced concrete
( Mm nit — ;i mixture of sand, stones, building w ork all over Europe.
and wilier — work.- well in compression
it can support heavy vertical loads
Experimentation with cast iron and then [
NAM ES ON THE WALL
later steel bars resulted in a material that
Tony Gamier graduatedfrom the Ecole
work- well in compression and in tension, (les Beaux- \i is. winning the Prix de Ronn
with the added advantage of being fibre in 1899. Instead of sketching antiquities,
resistant. I he sewers designed l>\ Frangois Gamier spent his time there working on
CoiGNET 1814-88) for Haussmann's Paris his Cite Industrielle. Published in 1917,
were among the first experiments to try out it was one nf the earliest examples <>l city
the potential of the new technology. planning with fully thought-out zoning,
but was also intended to be constructed
primarily in concrete. The absolute
MAKING THE CONNECTION
geometric simplicity of many of his
The real breakthrough came when
proposed buildings prefigures the
Frangois lli.wi.nioi i. (1842-1921), little white boxes so beloved of
another Frenchman, solved the problem Vfodem inurement architects.
of joints between columns and beams by
K \>ll CO I RSE
1 925 At the trend-setting Paris 1936 The Spanish 1947
Exhibition of Decorative Arts the Civil War breaks out. Television sets
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1865 The world's first 1 876 At the Centennial 1881 William Morris t% <4?«»V*
political socialist party is Show at Philadelphia is a establishes his wallpaper >•'/.
->."*
officially born in Germany display of Shaker furniture, and carpet factory in Merton.
— the Social Democratic and the fashion has been The wool is washed in the fel
Labor Party growing ever since Wandle River before being v- r
1
)
'^
dyed with Morris's own
dyes and by his own hand.
7r n
1860-1900
Useful and Beautiful
Arts and ('rafts
\n. for Morris, was pan of lifi — not the created a w ant -dependent working class.
domain of the rich elite: "I do not wain H\ the 1890s. the movement had spread
art for a lew any more than education for to Europe and North America.
a lew or freedom for a lew." Frustrated One of the mosl influential buildings was
l>\ the difficulty in obtaining good-qualit] Red I louse at Bexleyheath (1859),
well-designed products, in 1861 Morriss< designed lor Morris l>\ his architect and
up bis own company. Morris. Marshall an friend Philip Webb (1831-1915). \\n\
an- often highly colored and intricately name), with half-hipped roofs and rustic
decorated, featuring birds and flowers. tiles — very different from the fashionable
I lis call lor heiier design and handicraft white-stuccoed '
Italianate villas. Morris
was influenced l>\ die \\ ritings of Rusk-in went to town on the interior, reworking
and 1 1
i
-> belief thai quality came from the ever) thing thoroughly — the wall hangings,
relationship between a craftsman and his furniture, and stained-glass wirfdows.
by Jenney and Mundie enthusiastic audiences at the D'Oyly and wireless communication
Sir Edward Burne-.Tones (1833-98) quint* ssential English >i\ le, in a series of
is probably best known because of his Lond< n town houses: Hat red brick, staggered
associations with the Pre-Raphaelite stone quoins, and
Brethren. His rise from freelance illustrator hi| )|)C( I tools HeyJ What D'You
to a Baronetcy was not uncommon among a revival of mid- Think You're Doing?
his lutec circle, hut in this context we have The Victorians also faced
seventeenth centun
problems of conservation.
to see him us a mi ioc topes/ ry artist for
brick buildings, After all, acid rain was
Monis & ( o. Not what you >/ call the there even they didn't
reminiscenl of Dutch if
hest draftsman >>/ his ecu. Burne-Jones know what it was called,
architecture. This and most of the medieval
remains famous for his dull, "greenery-
Richard Norman Sn i //
( 1 83 1-1912) red brick with stone architect of churches,
railroad stations, and civic
represents the other strand of English dressings, and
and government buildings,
country-house architecture of the period. elaborated with was one of the worst of
I li- early work is in the picturesque Gothic distinctive circular these well-meaning offenders:
in his hands old buildings
revival style. Leyswood, in Sussex (1868). turrets, corbelled ou1
just lost all their je ne sais
and ( Iragside, in Northumberland ( 1870), al die corners, was hi quoi beneath a veil of
are in a romantic. "old English* stvle. He first public building. Victorian bilge. So, the
Society for the Preservation
of Ancient Buildings was
formed in 1 877, under the
influence of (you guessed)
Morris, to try and stop the
rot. Definitely a good
move, and inextricably
associated with the Arts
and Crafts Movement.
as an "esthetic Elysium."
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1 886 American Charles Hall 1 888 George Eastman 1 889 In Paris, the Eiffel
(1863- 19 14) and French metallurgist (1854-1932) invents the Tower is erected as a
Paul Heroult (1 863-1 91 4) perfect the Kodak camera. Home temporary structure (amid
way of making aluminum using an movies are born great protest) to
electric current passed through a demonstrate the latest
Late 1
c
> 1 1 1 Century [ NAM ES ON THE WALL
thai there teas "nothing as unique George Gilbert Scott . and traveled widely
(
1867-1 947) and Edouord brings out Tifie broadcasting
Vuillard (1868-1940) Interpretation of Dreams, begins on a reguk
No Pictures
PASSING ON THE MESSAGE and Crafts — the first
Pleasel
W. R. Lethaby
// Uliam Richard Lull Wl ( 1
857- 1 93 1 school to include (1857-1931) formed
completed very few buildings, but they are workshops for teaching the Art Workers' Guild
in 1 884. He wanted
immensely important. The church of All crafts. Lethal)} -
to bring all kinds of
Saint- in BrockhamptOD (1900-02) i> one influence a> a scholar craftsmen together who
of the mosl original buildings of it> time, and a teacher has been did not call themselves
institutionalized, and
and other buildings include Avon Tyrrell, wide-reaching. His
their initial membership
in Hampshire (1891). and Melsetter History of. Architecture included a mixed group
of imaginative bodies
House. in Orkney (1898). Lethaby was the (1898) is confirmation
called The Fifteen. The
first director of the Central School of Arts of the Arts and ( Irafts AWG saw themselves
principles that as the custodians of
taste ...but they didn't
Sir l.dw ard Lutyen "design... i> a>
want to talk about their
Influenced by Shaw and V /ebb,
Edward Sir mulling compared "Great and Improving
Lutyens (1869-1944) des gned some of the on Behalf
to workmanship and Efforts of
best-known English country r houses in a style
Society." Strange!
and Cral ts movement. For
linked to the Arts "design should not be
Because of this the Arts
example, he created Dean ery Garde at Sonning, a matter of scholarship. and Crafts Exhibition
in (1899-1902) and Munstead Wood
Berkshire Society was formed to
knowledge of historical
atGodalming, in Surrey, f Dr Gertrude Jekyll. He hold the exhibitions
went on to design commer cial buildings in London, styles, but a response the AWG didn't want!
such as the Midland Bank headquarters (1924-39) r
to immediate ueeds. Both organizations
and Britannic House (192( )-24), as well as the plan would clash with a
for New Delhi. Another Ar ts and Crafts exponent Ira, lU, new tendency in
was Hugh Mackay Baillie Scott (1865-1 945), thatch design, Art Nouveau,
who was interested in soci alist ideas for alternative a story that unfolds
forms of dwelling, collectiv e living arrangements, biomorphically
Local slanc
and alternatives to the fam ily house, especially elsewhere.
as women became more if idependent. At
Hampstead Garden Subur d in London,
he designed Waterlow Co urt, an M
apartment building for
operated on a
collective basis, with
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— —
1895 The Studio 1 895 A shop named "Art
M. H. Baillie Scott.
1890-1905
Follow the Curve
Art Nouveau
1/7 Nouveau originated in two-
dimensional graphic and textile
design in the 1880s and spread to
furniture and architecture in the
1890s. In common with the irts
tended to look
• Decorative surfaces hack to a medieval The entrance to the Porte Dauphine
ceramic tiling, often metro station in Paris (c. 1 900) is
past as its model,
highly colorful, typical of the arresting Art Nouveau
especially with stylized \rl Wouveau looked designs of Hector Guimard.
plant forms in long
droopy curves
forward to the potential
(il RSI
1895-1 900 Victor Horta, 1 900 German physicist
(1851-1942) is credited with the first important both in terms of its constructioi
1/7 Wouveau curves on book covers for his and as a new building type. It was one of ;
Wrens City churches /7SWJ and Century- series of "people s buildings, run l>\
1892. He become director of the School staircase, contained all Fin de Siecle
the supporting service Literally "the end of
of \rts
. and ( 'rafts in Her/in.
a century." The end of
spaces. Smaller room- at
J the nineteenth century,
lower levels supported to be precise, but in
the "hiu book 'of naiiut — logic, harmony. three stories above the
impossible. Use
siecle to describe the
fin de
and sentiment — and was critical of those hir.l >or level. Inside paintings of Edvard
\\ ho used Art Nouveau motifs to ornament hem ting hall the (loot Munch (Norwegian,
i.i
i v 1863-1944) or
basic structures. Sloped, the root
Gustav Klimt
His metro undulated, and (Hungarian, 1 862-
stations in Paris cantilevered 1918) or movements
like German
I
1899-1904) l
I
.1
talconies
.. ..: .
Expressionism,
are perfect leaned over from and you're dead
right. To talk of
examples of his inclined walls.
anxiety, of androgyny,
principles: of anarchy, of
anesthetic — for
an eye operation.
1875-1910
The Last of the Big Masonry Towers
United States o f A m e r i «• a
and then worked in the atelier of I lenri the originality and antiquity that dared
to suggest that those
Labrouste. I le built some private houses rationality of
sparkling white stone
that appear forward-looking in Itoih an Richardson s work can buildings had actually
The Marshall Field Wholesale Building w as also the starting public buildings to use
exposed cast-iron
in Chicago (1885) isthemosl important point for the very
structures, shocking
of these buildings. Seven stories high, different approach his contemporaries, who
considered the material
it did not make full use of the Latest of the revivalists of
most unsuitable.
si eel -frame technology bul was instead American colonial
constructed of solid, richly textured, architecture, besl
uncompromising clarity of line thai Was (1853-1906). Their work follow. Bean
typical of the new rationalist approach. \w- symmetrical planning bul is much
74 \ n ( 1 1 II \ ( K\-\\ i
01 RSI
1895 The first moving 1 896 Adolf Loos settle 1 898 The Paris Metro,
pictures screened in in Vienna, where he meets linking the city via
demolished 1963). was both a spectacular skyscrapers and the at hers built domestic
monument to the success of the railroad architecture and public buildings, II lute
company and a utilitarian service. must hare made same BIG plans: lie was
Esthetically, it combined both the shot dead at a theater rehearsal in l
l )0(>.
\Ml oi K-l
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t t
1 866 Alfred Nobel (of
Nobel Prize fame)
dynamite From now on
invents
now by
in the
Chicago, with
population of 300,000,
its
is
American West.
1 884
Waterman
eponymous
Lewis Edson
patents the
pen
fountain pen.
:
i
/If
be destroyed at a stroke
mi (v
Going Up!
1875-1910 Iron and steel framing
was a useful, all-around
adapted in Britain
H igh - Ri s e Ilea v e n during the railroad
boom, and eventually
Soon after the destitution of the great fire
of 1871 imitated and extended
in France and the U.S.
and the period of depression that followed, Chicago was ...but not without a
expanding again. Building development was rapid, and struggle with the stone-
loving purists. New
as space became more difficult to find and laud values York's Haughwout
rose, pressure increased to fulfill the demands of Building was completed
in 1857, becoming the
commerce for yet more space. Taller buildings first iron-framed multi-
The common element in this group of as they were soon to (181 1-61) passenger
Hard
commercial l>nildin<_r > i> the use of a lie know ii. were -lill elevators. to
new and radical invention — a steel skelel perhaps onl) I •> storie
believe these
tested only in
were
854.
—
1
structun ami. more importantly, the high, and il w a- to lie Otis's vertical spring-
is almost complete and The Picture of Dorian Cray, "Stars and Stripes
band march
Haifa dozen stories up. pollution and Qoor slabs are fully expressed. The mosl
wind make opening windows a had idea. accomplished, however, is Sullivan s ( larson
I solution was arrived at by Dr. Willis PirieSeotl Store (1899-1904), where the
Haviland Carrier, who had to control rigorous expression of the new technolog) is
temperature and humidity in a Brooklyn finally achieved in a style that for the first
( llassical image with a rusticated in New York !ity, the tallesl building
(
recognizable characteristics mi
;i projecting cornice. of the ( IbicagO School. Il i>
§
Stevenson (1850-94) (1856-1 91 5) founds the Booth (1871-1955) invents
writes Treasure Island, Scottish Labour Party; in the that wonderful machine
(fie ultimate ripping yarn same year, he suffers electoral the vacuum cleaner.
own
Macki ntosh turf. His work was not
well received in Britain,
Mackintosh west
and devoted his time
builf the
Mackintosh became an inspiration to painting, living in
wing of the Glasgow
to Josef Hoffmann and other 1/7 various British and
School of Art, housing
continental locations.
the library, in 1 907-9. Nouveau exponents in Europe. He never looked back,
never got rich, and
died at a young age.
a bitch?
Tbe characteristics of the <\ oh ing Scottish baroi ial Ain't life
ilit- Glasgow Architectural Association on rational style with in;i>si\r stone walls
design, Mackintosh led the pack by a long shot in uncultivated landscapes, together with
this respect, largely because of his ideas of
his delicate graphics, were perceived
proportion: geometrical in his famous Glasgow
School of Art, elongated and purely wooden, and l>\ exponents of \n Nouveau as a part
in certain commissions what one critic called of their organic and aaturalistic
antipretty. This might have been promising had
tendency allied to the Arts and Crafts
Mackintosh not thrown in the towel. But there
(1860-1 937) writes Peter physicist, he had put forward the concept thriller The 39 Steps, featuring
Pan. A statue of the of absolute zero (a state in which there is the intrepid Richard Hannay
eponymous lost boy is put no energy in a gas, liquid, or solid). The dicing with death amid the
up in London's Kensington Kelvin scale of absolute temperature was banks and braes of Scotland
Gardens eight years later named after him.
I BELONG TO GLASGOW
Mackintosh designed interiors
Helensburgh, the importance of the design The curving glass and Street (1 904), typify
( rafts 1 Exhibition Society's exhibit ion in result ol the process ol internal spatial
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1 895 The first-ever 1898 The Finnish 1 899 Ernst Ludwig, Grand
X ray is taken, showing composer Sibelius, Duke of Hesse, admires Olbrich's
the ringed hand of Bertha funded by tfie Finnish Secession Building for the new
Roentgen Her husbond, state, begins to write group of artists so much that he
Wilhelm, has discovered the first of his nine brings him to Darmstadt to found
a clearly Neoclassical sty le and materials exposed for Secessionist group were
looking to develop a style
continued in ili«' \rt Nouveau stylein the the lir>t time. We arc
that was not copied from
train stations he designed for the Vienna invited to see that the historical precedent.
commission to replan the city <>f \ ienna and w aterproonng and which led them to
\ I i: \-n ( 01 n-l
I 899 Such is the headache I 900 Freud's 1919 In Russia, revolution
caused by the confusion of Interpretation of Drea holds sway In Britain, Lady
styles and ideas in the art world based on his clinical Astor becomes the first
The Studio
This art journal exerted
The exterior NAMES ON THE WALL
a powerful influence
over design practice cladding is of
Wagner was not alone in his Call lo do
at this time — for marble slabs fixed
away with the decorative in favor of a
instance, bringing
visibly with new .rationalist
Mackintosh's work to architecture. Henri van
the attention of Austrian aluminum bolts:
I de Velde (1863-1957) led a campaign in
architects. M. H. Baillie
inside, a glazed Belgium lo purify the formal language of
Scott was introduced to
medieval furnishings
barrel -vaulted roof architecture in his books Deblaimenl < I An
through its illustration of covers the main (1S94) am/ Why Should Artists Who Build
a Burne-Jones tapestry; Palaco in Stone Rank Any Higher Than
hall. An effortless
the Grand Duke of
Who
elegance
Artists Build Them in Metal? (1901).
Hesse discovered is achieved
In the I '.S., Louis Sullivan, in Ornament
Baillie Scott's work with a simple.
through The Studio in Architecture (1892), said. "It would be
straightforward,
and commissioned greatlyfor our aesthetic good, if we should
him to work on the and efficient design.
refrain entirelyfrom the use of ornament for
Palace of Darmstadt.
Among Wagner's a period ofyears, in order that our thought
most well-known might concentrate acutely upon the
pupils an- the Vienna Secessionists Joseph production of buildings well formed
Maria OLBRICH 1867- 1008) (
and comely in the nude"
and Josef HOFFMANh
(18^0-1050). The work of
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1879 Edison perfects 1905-6 In Chicago, 1910 Frenchmc i Georges
the electric lightbulb and the first public building in Claude develops
a crowd of 3,000 people gather reinforced concrete is neon light, and
on New Year's Eve for the first constructed, by Frank advertising signs
— Unity Temple, in
are set to
be part of
Ce<m&\
Oak Park. city buildings.
1
(
>()()~ 1940
So Long. Frank Lloyd Wright
An American Genius
The l/V.v and (
'rafts Movement had
declined in England by 1900 but continued
in Germany and in the ( .S. for another 20
years, /rank Lloyd II RIGHT (1867-1959),
one of [merica s most famous architects,
was a founding member of the ( "hicago irts
and ( rafts Society, which was set u/> in 1897.
He workedfor Louis Sullivan before starting
in independent practice. \n unlikely
Wright'searl) buildings
w ere large suburban
INTERNATIONAL SCENE
\\ right's early work in the Arts and drafts
style was of interesl to European architects,
a composition of
A Busy Life
Wright led an cantilevered concrete
extraordinary life. He slabs; the Johnson
was Sullivan's most
\\ ax administration
important pupil,
anticipated many of Le building in Racine, The influential Robie House, Chicago
Corbusier's ideas, and W isconsin ( 1 909) marks the climax of Wright's
influenced the Dutch De Prairie Style houses, which have terraces
Stijl movement as well as
(1936-39), is buili
merging into gardens, projecting roofs,
Walter Gropius. He with the recently
and rooms running into one another.
sympathized with much
developed reinforced
Arts and Crafts thinking
Guggenheim Museum in New York City. II. P. Berlage (1856-1934) and De Stijl
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i; \-n ( ot ii>i
— 9 1
1916 Giorgio de Chirico 191 5-1 8 Carl Jung 1 921 Luigi Pirandello's
(1888-1978) produces a and Alfred Adler defect new play, Six Characters
Tu tur is mo e
Fuse is mo
L 909- 191
Futurism is one of the
artistic change
There work to
is little built Speed was the obsession
combined
of the Futurists.
exemplify the Futurist Movement, with a large slice of
real anarchy, plus a
[rchitecture is represented declared need to
massive scale \\ iih multilevel roadways an uncompromising call Pre-1914 Futurismo did
not make it to the
an<l ziggurat forms Leading to slender for a complete break Armistice, but its chief
towers pointing toward dir sky. The with the |>a>i polemicist, Marinetti,
did, with nearly every
images have a romantic quality; dir\ and the need in find
other involved artist.
present a Utopian vision thai has expression for society s
Their varying
persuaded mam architects since that the new concern — peed. associations with
Mussolini and Fascism
world of new technology, of high-speed Architecture was
were a combination of
circulation, and new metropolitan established in the bad news and bathos.
landscapes can be exciting. manifesto with a
contribution from
MANIFESTOS Sant'Elia in l
(
)l4. following an exhibition <>l
The Futurist Movement, which included his work with the Nuove Tendenze group of
r
artists from different disciplines, wa- artists in Milan. The *Messaggio of Nuove
led by Filippo Tommaso M \i:i\ij 1 Tendenze called for an architecture that
(1876-1944). The first manifesto rejected ornament and bistoricisl form
was published in 1909, mthefigarv "w here we see the lightness and proud
traced through
( lonstructivism and
the rational architec of the modi
mn\ ement. but. moi iportantly, il sth
basis l«'i a technological determinism
The most detailed of Sant'Elia's drawings
of La Citta Nuova, 1914. The skyscrapers,
expounded b\ such innovators as
have all become part of town planning. avant-garde English group ^rchigram.
Crystal Clear
Together with
1
(
)(r~ 1939
concrete the exciting
industries. The AEG Turbine Factory \rls and ( 'rafts both inside and out.
T was
nw
olveoul ofth
n<> partii
objects ai
Mar visual
d building
fields of handicrafts, applied arts, graphic application of color, light, and water created effects
\lii III I l i
l I in
1 916
prints
The Daily News
an interview with the
president of the Arts
power
waged
in
While war
in
Russia
Europe
1919 Mussolini founds
The first Werkbund Exhibition, in 1014 The 1914 Werkbund Exhibition was
in Cologne, included Bruno Taut's glass conceived as a tour de force for the body
pavilion, which explored the l hul hod been inspired by the British Irts
unconventional use of a material that was dud Crofts guild revival and now boasted a
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1911 Sergei 1 9 1 6- 1 9 A group of 1 924 The death of Lenin creates
Diaghilev Hungarians who fled to a great building opportunity for
architecture
1920- 1935
House Reds
Russian Con s true tiyi s in
Russian ( 'onstructiuism em raced (>
T\ru\
Welcome to the Machine The tower built 1>\ Vladimir
combined at the end of the nineteenth century, when a proposed l,000foot/300-meter building.
theorists argued that Germany (yes, again) might
known
is the most wider} Constructivisl
begin to compete with the world market if their
first their applied arts had to improve. The Deutscher spiraling. canted conical web evokes a
Werkbund was the firs* step. Founded in 907 in 1
science-fiction-inspired excitement of
Munich, was an association of artists, architects,
it
Corbusier, and then the Bauhaus itself, ultimate art- pure shapes, a cube, a pyramid, and a
house of the early-twentieth century. Industry and
cylinder suspended within the structure.
design finally enter a new phase.
Each was to revolve at different speeds
and at different intervals — a visible
people from drinking the opera The Love for a cinematic stir
light of day. Tatlin started out a> a painter prompting architectural research on town
and was also highly regarded as a sculptoi planning and communal housing. Moisei
and theater designer, often working with Ginzberg's Narkomfin housing block in
all branches of the first of the Russian ( 1889-1942), who proposed a form of
visual arts, and the
Constructivists to continuous linear development. New towns
story is immensely
complicated. However,
achieve recognition are organized in parallel narrow strips in a
it's safe to say that, when he built the logical order to separate residential areas
of all the arts,
graphic design and
Russian pavilion from industrial — railroad and industry,
propaganda made the «1 Paris for the followed by green belt and highway,
biggest strides. Artists 1 925 Exposition followed by housing and park adjacent to
like Molevich (1878- T , ,
(1885-1953) and even Arts Decoratifs et continued to grow as necessary along the
Chagall (1887-1985)
Industriels Modernes. lines of the rail and road, including any
might have held center
stage for a moment,
His projects existing towns along ii> path.
with the general demonstrate a
idea of showing the
highly
L
individual,
harmony in the new
progressive approach. [
NAM ES ON THE WALL
socialist order, but it
lL , Workers (.nil)
in contrast to the rationalist approach,
an avenue to the hearts
of the people. Wriggle (1927) in Moscow. a second group more interested in the
though they did,
the plan is triangular abstract ideas ofpainters such as Kasimir
Russian artists and
architects found
in shape With Malevich and I.I Lissitsky was formed,
little sympathy in auditorium-- at each led by the Vesnin brothers. Uexander,
Communism from Victor, and Leonid. Their design for the
of the three levels.
that point on.
Leningradskaya Pravda (l ()'2l) illustrates
I he top auditorium
all the concerns of the group, incorporating
i- \ Lsible on ihc
the romantic machinelike esthetic with
facade, di\ ided into three solid forms
a sedate, rectilinear, almost abstract
forcefully thrusting out, cantilevered
flat elevation.
between the circulation areas, which rise
Modernism
the West
to
notions of
and
harmony
tonality in music.
1910-1920 A Many-Sided
Going Dutch Affair:
For
Cubism
Cubism read Pablo
De Stijl Picasso (Spanish, 1881
-1973), Georges
Braque (French, 1882
Cubism new "way of
in art, the
-1963), Fernand Leger
seeing? meant objects and spaces (French, 1881-1955),
and Juan Gris (Spanish,
could be represented without using
1887-1927). Cubism
Renaissance perspective systems. was an art revolution;
architectural
Science that wires us knowledge its
manifestations were
Matisse invented the and analysis of the elements means only just appearing.
term "Cubism."
Convinced
we don 7 hare to see hem from one I
that there
must be a way of
viewpoint In architecture the "modern" position is representing space that
didn't relate to the
an important beginning, separating visual elements
Renaissance, Picasso
and ideas from conventional representation. decided to attempt a
portrayal of three
dimensions on a two-
dimensional plane
I Idlhuiil. in reaction to the quaint 1924 in collaboration
In (the picture surface).
sculptural and picturesque work of the with the client, the The painting that
Amsterdam School, the De Siijl movement interior designer Truus evolved was Les
naturalistic forms was rejected in favor of >h> on a |)lol of land at Modern Art, New
York). Picasso kept it a
an abstract language composed of straight the end of a suburban
lines, primary colors and black, whin-, and terract — a diminutive
secret until he plucked
up sufficient courage to
gray. The paintings of Piet Mondrian. one 3-D Mondrian show it to Braque.
Imagine the scene
of the founding members of the group, are painting, more like a
and Braque's undeleted
universally recognizable. In architecture, piece of furniture than expletives. Yes, Cubist
boundaries. I luis ter Heide in I trechl and the standards the lingo, then you can
cash in. Revolt, yes.
(1916) by Rob van t'HOFF (1887-1979 of workmanship
Hugely important, yes.
clearly shows these ideas expressed with employed are But open to dilution,
vertical glazing disappearing into irrelevant to the work. oh yes, and it changed
the face of art as well.
the oversailing root planes. Nothing is machine-
The most explicit architectural finished, nothing i>
\iu III I I
t li It I \ I
I! \-ll (
924
first quick-frozen peas are Union the dreams of 0**^* Mondrian and Theo van
available commercially, the revolutionists are 1 Doesburg are among the
tfianks to Mr. Clarence turning sour Trotsky founding members of the artists'
Ten Iction), 1915-16, andMa (Today), the surfaces arc paint; the different
1916-21. Farkas Molnar's (1897-1945) Form
colors of paint. i.-^ apparenl hut
Red ( /the House (1921) was an early
insubstantial. Each of
exploration of these new ideas. I Czech
the dr\ ations. with De Stijl
Cubist movement grew up around
a combination of
Movement
a publication. I meleky Mesicnik,y?wn Theo Van Doesburg
and plans showed projecting and
191 1 . Building types (1883-1 931) was the
no change, only the addition ofjutting, receding planes and spokesman for the De
Stijl group of artists.
angled decorative elements to the facades, lines, appears frail
Originally a painter, he
like the fractured paintings ofBraque and intangible. wanted to expand two-
or Picasso. Examples are Josef Choehol's The architecture dimensional paintings
1919-1933
Our House Is a Very Very Very Bauhaus
Gropi us and Co.
"
The Bauhaus, "I louse ofBuilding, was named by
Waller GrOPH S 1883-1969) in 1919, when he took
over the directorship of the School of irts <ui<l
Crafts a I Weimar. Gropius had succeeded one of
the Werkbund pioneers, Henri \ DE VELDE i I
into ;i nrw architecture." In line \\ ith the I hn-in a his time in England Gropius worked
iriil, E. .Maxwell Fry (1899-1987), famous
changing methods of production, teaching
for the pioneering Sun House, Hampstead,
methods were also changing. Work \\;i-
London (1934-35). Maxwell Fry was
caiiicd out in team-, collectively, and in
involved with the Modern Irchiteclure
workshops rather than the traditional
Research Croup (MARS), founded in 1933
studios or ateliers led l>\ "masters." There
alongside Other Modernists such as
was also a common foundation course for Berthokl I ubetkin. Wells Conies, nnd
-tin lent- of all disciplines, basic courses (hi- \ fu p. They were interested in
in form, color, and materials, which were introducing European rationalist theories
;i- l';nil K3ee, Wassirj Kandinsky. and project proposed reconstructing London on
a linear plan.
Johannes Itten. Later, industrial
producesl 2-tone music rallies to support the miners, who Corbusier builds hi:
par excellence, a
returned to Germany, the
It has mushroom columns supporting Berlin Interbau housing block Renaissance studio
the uses of new materials — glas- and apartment design- were best in Modernism,
with spatial and sociological aspect- of response to the need for mover and king of color
developing modernism. His project for a fresh air, daylight, open theory, Paul Klee
(1879-1940), Wassily
Total Theater (1920) was exhibited in -pace-, and so <>n. The
Kandinsky(1866-
Pari- in 1930 but was unfortunately never results at Siemenstadl 1 944), Marcel Breuer
realized. The theater was to have had an (192 ()) are five-story (1902-81), Josef
Albers (1888-1976),
interior -pace that could be modified as block- orientated
and Lionel Feininger
Cambridge, Massachusetts,
was built by Gropius and
his associates in 1 949-50
93
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"
Le Count SIER
i(( Ik tries h lam in I
In 1923 he published Vers une
Architecture, a stridenl manifesto for a
Cropius — white plane- and cubic forms. evolved through a series of practical
stated aim was "action to drag architecture from gardens or terraces. as useful space and
the academic impasse and to place it in its proper
insulation: without the constraints of
social and economic milieu." Originally intended
Big Building
Le Corbusier developed
a particular kind of
A People Person
formal composition for Le Corbusier's architectural and town planning
independent of main
larger buildings. The schemes had people in mind from an early stage.
structure. In 1904 he met Tony Gamier (1869-1948),
Pavilion Suisse at the
Cite Universitaire in famous for his ideas for a Cite Industrielle, which
Centrosoyus in Moscow Villa Savoye (1928-30) least five years. Garnier's giant scheme involved the
all show similar ideas: and Maison La Roche use of concrete and lots of glass. Le Corbusier
arranged in an orderly of a type that have commune. In 1 923 he published his views on a
what is contained with in. Movement from one carefully placed windows. Exterior spaces
space to the next allows around the building are as much a part of
the composition as
These "machines
r
for living in have
the spatial
richness and
luxury Le
Corbusier
intended for
all dwellings.
of his ideas.
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1914 Bruno Taut, who has 1916 Einstein publishes
^e 1916 In Zurich
Utopian views about modern his Theory of General Hans Arp and Tristan
architecture and is keen to use Relativity, but during Tzara form the antiort
all the latest technology, designs World War I Dadaist movement
the House of Glass for the no one takes"
Werkbund's Cologne exhibition much notice
expressionism exists in a
architects followed this line. The Expressionist ideas of of Antoni Gaudi (we meet
him some nice
later),
Bruno T\l I (1880-1938) and Hans POELHG (1869-1936) Amsterdam housing estates,
presented an alternative to the easily adopted Copenhagen's Gruntvig
Church (Klint, 1913-26),
formalism dial resulted in International Modernism, and thence to Mendelsohn's
with lis pure geometries and rational planning. concrete with attitude.
building i- conceived as a sculptural object: work increasing!) used pure geometries bul
Mendelsohn was concerned about the polar horizontals, and extensive glazing.
THE UTOPIAN
\s a young architect and a member /// the 1990s, the Expressionist approach
of the "Glass Cham (the group of 14 might seem to he the normal one Concern
for site specificity" and knowledge oj the
architects launched l>\ Bruno lam for
brief (through increased awareness of user
the exchange of ideas), Hans Si n \ROL \
Erich Mendelsohn's
1%.
Scharoun
Einstein Tower
(1920) has the sculptural
at Potsdam
J* During the Nazi period
1930s and 40s, Scharoun's
in the
97
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—
1 928 Bubblegum 1 932 Alvar Aalto invents 1 957-58 Scientists
makes its debut. Perhaps curved plywood furniture, of many nations get
it helps Bucky Fuller to which comes in handy for together to study the
dream up his geodesic his undulating Finnish earth in International
1920-1970
Down with Geometry
Organic
"Organic architecture" is o
You don't find straight
term loosely applied to lines in nature.
suggestive of flight.
forms as inspiration, particularly curves.
Ortobello airplane
TWA terminal at
hangars (1936
NATURAL HARMONY New York's Kennedy onward) are merely
indicative of the kind of
For HugoHAMNG (1882-1958), the Airport (1002).
rib vaulting the Romans
natural world legitimized the concerns looks like a bird in would have died for,
of architects like Mendelsohn about the flight, and./o/// and his sports stadia,
which man's frozen creative energies would inquisitive owl. All his buildings have
be restimulated by the I nirer.se. In 1919 he rough timber shingles resembling crocodile
spotted a forthcoming exhibition in a skins or scaly fish. The
newspaper used wrap his sausages and That's A
to forms, developed
Good Idea
was pleasantly surprised by the interest
primarily through the
The craving for
taken in his work. special edition oj the
I
generally using timber in all its different .Modernism, with its practical storage. Yeah,
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—
91 9 1928 John 939-45
^£-
1 Le Corbusier and LogieBaird 1 World War II;
j^ s
*
the artist Amedee Ozenfant (1888- 1946) invents a blitzkrieg and bombing bring 0* * ^
(1886-1966) publish the scanning device that devastation to cities all over f ^tf**^***
*9|
book Purist Manifesto will become the Europe; when the war is over "?*3£sS£#**
after Cubism. television — the eye in there will be a pressing need KA.& .*. •
»•*"*
Housing Estates
1920- i
(
ro English
Suburbs began
Garden
to
Hampsfead Garden
Li orbusier
pursued the same ideas as
- mass-housing projects
his
raised up on gianl pilotis i<» lei the enter hoih morning and evening. The
landscape continue underneath. Ii has a includes shops, hairdressers, laundry,
roof terrace that, like the deck of a ship. nurserj all the facilities normal to a
ha- vasl funnellike chimneys ami a pool small town, as well a> the apartments.
lor children. The apartments, on i\\ <» levels \ successful '
1 983) invents the geodesic dome; designs Chicago's Lake Shore mechanism devised by
50,000 are built in the next 30 years.. Drive apartment buildings, while Robert H. Abplanalp; it
r //
imp
would
iron
NAMES ON THE WALL
be impossible
igpro
about
in trillion!
in the 1950s, where
outdoor access
spaces were grouped
together to promote
Le Corbusier saw
designs for housing
as part of designs for
towns, and vice versa.
The Citrohan House
(1924) featured two
Howard, a British office worker who neighborliness. load-bearing walls and
conceived the no/ion of the planned garden Powell and Moya's a double-height living
displays huge
response to changing patten
funnellike chimneys,
in society. Sir Denys L iSDl \
and is an area
(1914- ) evolved a Muster* hi
for recreation.
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1900-1913 Cubism, 1913 Poet Guillaume 1 924 At its new
Fouvism, Futurism, and the Apollinaire(1880-1918) headquarters in Dessau,
beginnings of Expressionism presides over the Surrealist under the directorship of
ore all flourishing in the world movement, and is to be seer Gropius, the Bauhaus
of European painting, while walking his pet lobster concentrates purposefully
Impressionism and along the Paris boulevards on architecture and
Synthesism are still on the go industrial design.
Heat-proofgla&
1918-1960
A Star Is Born
Mies van dcr Rohe
*7 don l want to be interesting; I want to
saw it
ilia-*-, steel — proof thai architecture can as a hotbed of "cultural Bolshevism." Nevertheless,
Mies was happy enough to enter competitions for
have a vitality, a monumental quality
Nazi architectural commissions, and solicited votes
through materia] presence. The building i> for the party, along with the conductorPurtwangler
small in -rale, single-story, and forms a and the sculptor Barlach. When he finally did leave
Germany for America it was for a well-paid job in
simple rectangle in plan. The horizontal Chicago: he didn't see himself as a political
plane <»i the roof slab is supported on a refugee, but simply as an architect who had to
produces King Kong, a film becomes the first man to travel in John F. Kennedy is
starring a giant ape and the space. He orbits the world just shot and killed.
remember where
they were that day
AIRBORNE
Two oilier buildings from a later period.
f NAM ES ON THE WALL
The Farnsworth House, Piano, Illinois
( 1 950). and the New National Gallery, Three moments ill a career: in .
1927Mies
Berlin (1962-08). demonstrate Mies's
van der Kohc organized I he exhibition Die
Wbhnung, which showcased the best
continuing commitment to the same ideas.
Modem movement thinking on the problem
The Farnsworth House takes the idea of
of social housing provision. In 1946 Knoll
the horizontal plane to its extreme. In this
Associates began promoting furniture
single-story building, the floor slab is
designs from leading Europeans. Mies
raised on columns but just enough so that granted production rights of his classic
it appears to be floating. This effect of 1920s oeuvre to knoll. In the same period
detachment, of complete separation from skyscrapers became increasingly cost-
Structure, is enhanced by the slabs being effective and corporate clients rushed to
attached to the sides of the columns. incest. The gleaming glass towers conceived
The gallery in Berlin has clear glass of as an embodiment of a social vision were
finally built, but as monuments to capital.
walls all around, allowing an uninterrupted
view of the underside of the dominating
A Late Starter
roof slab, which seems to hover above the Mies wasn't trained as
supporting columns. In contrast to GLASS HOUSES an architect. He
learned his skills from
the light, airy, spacious, open feeling Mies eventually built
his father, who was a
of the ground level, the basement level his skyscrapers. The master mason, and
elaboration of form or
decoration. The I .ake
Shore Drive apartment -.Chicago
(1950-51), are a suca ssfulapplicati riof
the same ideas to resid mtial develop
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1953-54 In Britain
1 954 John Cage 1954 In Britain,
where ducts and all are three Seconds") silently free to indulge the
concert hall
Zoo. I lii- project was an opportunity t<> aic. daylight, and sunshine. The building
;i|t|il\ scientific, analytical methods t<> itself, a crisp and white curving form
design: the architecture could provide for with glass block walls, is thus symbolic of
actual needs rather than exisl as ;i the new imperatives toward health and
romanticized simulation of a natural habitat. fitness currenl at die time
I he resulting building i- ;i paragon of
Modernism. Thin, curving walls form an
elliptical enclosure containing the pool,
which is embellished with the sinuous
curves of two interlocking spiraling ramps.
I he concrete was the thinnesl seen al the
104 \ Id III I I
i
I I lil ~ A CRASH COl'RSl
1954-58 Pier Luigi Nervi 1956 Britain 1 957 The USSR
working on the design of the introduces a Clean launches the first earth
UNESCO building in Paris- Air Act, after smog satellites, Sputnik I and
all made of concrete. kills several thousand Sputnik II. The first USA
in one London winter. satellite, Explorer /, is
launched in 1958.
by Ellis and ( lark, and the Peter Jones One was the Royal Festival Hall, a truly modern
building. The dark, enclosed space of the concert
department -nuc in Sloane Square ( 1936). hall is raised up on columns in the center of the
by Slater. Moberly. Reillyand Crabtree. The building, quite separate from the foyer spaces that
continue all around and underneath. The RFH was
key icon of 1930s British Modernism is the
the first in a whole series of buildings to house the
De I ;i Warr Pavilion at Bexhill-on-Sea by arts on London's South Bank. Almost all are
Mendelsohn and Chermayeff (1935). with exceptionally good pieces, such as the Hayward
Gallery (1 964, by the LCC Architect's Department)
ii~ expressed horizontality and cubic shape
and the National Theatre (1967-77) by
articulated with curved glazed stairwells. Denys Lasdun, where foyer spaces mingle
Only the more progressive of British pleasantly with the banks of the Thames River.
Corbusier's principles, but mos1 housing glazed roof of the conference hall below.
[
NAMES ON THE WALL ]
Erich Mendelsohn and residents with their design
Serge Chermayeff must for the De La Warr Pavilion Marcel Breuer (1902-81, stopped in
have shocked the town's at Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex.
Englandfor two years on his inn from
Hungary to the I ,S. I lis name is still most
commonly associated with I lie chair in
tubular steel, designed while In- was m
(//nine nj /he Bauhaus Joinery and cabinet-
making workshops in the early l')20s.
Russian-born Serge Chermayeff 1900-
worked with Mendelsohn in England before
emigrating in /he I ,S. in I'J-fO. where he
worked primarily as a teacher.
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\
1920- 1
(
><>(>
ausual.
architects in the postwar period, he
I
k- are
moved
NAMES ON THE WALL
;iw ;i\ from i In' international image of I he most important Swedish architect
natural timber -.(mice- developed the mass \ewcastle (1969—75), which involved
design consultation with the inhabitants.
production of plywoods and lamina in I
A Man of
Many Talents The Vuoksenniska Church
(1947) on the at Imatra
Aalto is as well known
for his bent-plywood Charles River. (1952) has a clever plan with sliding
furniture (from 1932) Two significant partitions that allows the main nave space
as for his architecture.
buildings from to be extended or reduced along its length
Why? Because he
humanized it. No among Aalto's to accommodate varying sizes of
tubular Bauhaus steel later works give a congregations. The main roof is divided into
here, thanks: only the
real McCoy. And he
good illustration three vaults following these divisions, lifted
kept the wood coming. of his originality above the surrounding solid walls to provide
A stacking three-legged
and individual clerestory glazing. The entrance and other
stool that most of us
couldn't put a name approach. As ancillary spaces are grouped at the side.
to is in regular use part of his plan The church has a tall slender tower close
-
domestic scale is
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—
1912 1917 Marcel 1919 Walter
Cellophone is Duchamp(1887- Gropius takes over
monufoctured 1 968) "finds." the school of arts and
and marketed signs, and exhibits crafts at Weimar and
for the first time. his
It is
Fountain
a urinal
I famously renames
the Bauhaus
SPOT
it
THE
1
(
)i2(N~ 1930s STYLE
International Style "The International Style"
such as Gropius, l.c ( orbusier, Rietveld, and Mies ran arbitrary applied
decoration used to
dec Rohe and was instrumental in introducing he I
illustrate the emphasis
new I .ur<>i>c<in architecture to the .S. I on surface material.
T
works
hr book sets oul the esthetic
principles of the
in illustrate
-i\ le using
various points, and
l»nili
designed by Mies van der Rohe. continuity with the |>a-a — thai is to say. a
108 \ in III I I
i I I HI V CRASH COI If-
1925 The Beaux-Arts- 1 927 In Paris, Adolf 1938-42 J.J.P. Oud
style Vanderbilt Mansion i Loos builds a completely 1 1 llll abandons the severe tenets of
is
la
demolished.
so old-fashioned.
Francaise,
It was
cube shapes for the arch-
nickname "Beton-Rococo."
earns the
rather than mass. acclaim was his Mew < anaan home (1949).
Inspired by Mies van der Rohe, was a
The term had been used by Europeans it
major importance. In the hands of the continued development in the U.S. has been
Americans it became a formula for an mainly in the development of office
esthetic style not concerned with anything buildings, where form is a pari of corporate
other than form. Twenty years later. identity and buildings are representative of
however. I litchcock wrote that the successful capitalism: ironic for a style that
International Style had been "probably the was originally motivated bv social concerns.
Dessau (1926),
designed by Gropius,
was used to illustrate
TOP
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1925 Gramophone 1 926 Poetic. Modernist I 927 The horrible
records bring the new versions of the classics are automobile death of
jazz music into pouring from the pen of avant-garde dancer
every home Jean Cocteau Isadora Duncan shocks
^
contemporary art lovers.
;
"
I": I
«
»
;
Sisters \n-
historicist/modernist debate. of the I niondes Artistes
Doing It...
\n Deco accepted the n«\\
Some people call
Modernes \\ ho promoted
technologies, embraced the Art Deco effeminate the st) le in Europe.
because was taken
it
Bauhaus philosophy, and In the I S.. w here there was
into the women's realm
employed a rich variety of of fashion fabrics. less reluctance n> embrace
machine-inspired geometric Undeniably, the 1920s new technologies, the *jazz
was the first age of
decoration. Immenseh popular,
female emancipation.
era -aw the second \\ ave of
the -i\ le spread to fashion, In European art -k\ scrapers thai \\ ere
furniture, and graphics and schools, many women -\ mbolic of the importanl
became first-class
included influences from all are*
citizens by virtue of the
new wealth) patrons; the l>iii
kind of decoration,
but it would be hard
to identify specific
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1956 Popart 1955 The world of 1 955 Concrete hits music.
emerges on the youth is jumping and Musique concrete, with its
scene, with a blend jiving to Bill Haley's "Rock recorded mix of musical
of commercial images Around the Clock." C . and natural sounds,
and intellectual makes performances and
take-off points. performers redundant.
SPOT \
THE
1950s STYIE
Et Tu Brute? • Use of concrete as a
Brutal ism modeling material to
its voice heard. Jack most politely brutal in their design Telstar, is launched by the
Kerouac's On the Road for the Department of Engineering U.S., and has a song
is published. at Leicester University. named after it by
The Tornados.
The other use of the term Brutalism is Moreover, its surface could take on any
derived from the French beton brut. number of textures, mirroring the surface
concrete. In contrast to the prim, cool cubic metal into which the concrete was poured.
forms of 1930s Modernism that exploited Several of Le Corbusier's buildings fall
the monolithic qualities of concrete to into this category, reflecting his move away
make precise, white, machinelike planes from the rationalist formalism of early
and surfaces, by the late 1940s and 1950s Modernism. The Unite d'Habitation at
deemed both needful be poured on site make the shutters are clearly visible.
and desirable. The use
into any shape giving a surreal texture to the surface.
of a brutalist esthetic on
London's South Bank and in variable
seems ironic when it is
Festival of Britain,
concrete surfaces.
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. 1
1953 The theory of plate 1 956 The neutrino (a particli 1 958 French anthropologist
tectonics is developed Six large with no electric charge and no, Claude Levi-Strauss (1 908-90)
plates and a number of small or very little, mass) is finally writes Structural Anthropology,
ones fit neatly together to form detected in solar radiation. developing his theory of
Earth's crust Volcanoes Physicists had been trying to Structuralism, which
and earthquakes occur along pin it down since its existence suggests a universal structure
the "joints" of the plates. was surmised in 1931 common to all societies.
Dutch Treat
1950-1970 Hertzberger's Centraal
Beheer in Apeldoorn
Serious Structuralists has been identified as
one of the seminal
Order a la Carte office buildings of the
by fragmenting large
architecture is too bland, ill-defined spatially, interior spaces is
equally evident
neutral, and difficult to inhabit. Expressionism or in the
by Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh UiA-l"00 Dorothy Hodgkin moon program ends,
(1853-90), sells for 150,000 (b. 1910) works out and scientific resources
Metropolitan Architecture.
u -
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\ < \ 1 1 (
I 938 Mies von der 1 948 In Britain the first 1 950 Jackson Pollock is
Rohe becomes professor National Health Service making his mark with his
1930-2000 Building
tapers as
Glass Menageries
Skyscrapers
Tall buildings defy" stylistic classification, is a type,
they are usually glass-skinned and air-conditioned —
familiar blandforms in cities all over the world.
frequently only noticeable as they assume, if but
"
briefly, the title oj "tallest building in the world.
Si/tec the early tall buildings oj the (
'hicago
School and the 1930s in the I .S.,few hare
provoked the same excitement as the Empire
State Budding or achieved the same
tectonic quality as Mies s Seagram Building.
1<>"
New
L ;ver I louse
which organizes
glass-skinned slab
in
sel
ili«'
Yoi k
offi<
street
After
the
25 years
building skyscrapers
Chicago
of
firm
Skidmore, Owings,
and raised above ;i two-storj podium. 1 1 ;
—
and Merrill were sti
I 16 i h: - \ i h \>ii <
1 952 To coincide with the 1956 While architecture 1957 After Jack
explosion of office buildings is clean and crisp, John Kerouac's On the Road is
American cities, the U.S. tests Osborne's Look Back in published, the word
the first H bomb. The Anger characters are "beatnik" enters the
obscured by the collection of mediocre world" changes periodically, and because of the
skyscraper mentality the title seems to have mostly
Postmodern buildings that now fills the
stayed in the U.S. At 985 feet the Eiffel Tower is puny
reclaimed land at their base. (The stone compared with the Empire State Building: not the first
the environment
Yamasaki's World Trade
deteriorates, more of
Center, New York, with its
us will be joining the
smooth twin towers, perhaps tunneling ecoactivists.
marks the summit of his work.
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1 966 Floods ravage 1 967 Robert Venturi 1 968 Troubled times
northern Italy; priceless art publishes Complexity and the assassination of the
deep South.
1966
Be Reasonable
Neorationalists
O. M.Ungers's drawing
Thi^ contemporary movement is
for the Frankfurt Trade
associated primarily with Italian and Fair Hall gateway.
imagination's bad, but also the seats for the catalog of rational typologies or archetypes
your brain goes funny if
school photographs: to describe the different projects, such as
you do too much. Three
influential books a huge clock tells the "coiner house/ "row house, "gateway
published between present time but also buildings," or "urban villa/' On
1961 and 1969
refers to the time of Friedrichstrasse an "open block plan'' has
independently
challenged Onkel childhood; the books eight "urban villas,'' based on an
Walter. Two that contain eighteenth-century model. The "villas."
Americans —Jane knowledge are designed by Rossi, Grassi, and Hollein. are
Jacobs and Robert
Venturi —and an contained within the actually small apartment buildings and are
Egyptian, Hassan
cylindrical form of all the same basic size and shape. Green
Fathy, criticized the
architecture of glass,
the library, which is spaces and buildings are all treated as
steel, and concrete contained within the separate parts that make up the whole.
from their own
internal courtyard
vantage points (New
York, Princeton, and of the school, the
Cairo). They broadly playground for
disavowed impersonal
high-rises, and
the children. The
advocated forms of theatrical idea
architecture that
were truly vernacular,
— the reciprocity
in which people
between the audience
(remember them?) thai watches and that
and the function and
at the same time is
purpose of specific
buildings were watched — appears
actually taken into
consideration.
Odd, that.
Aldo Rossi's drawing of the
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1 920 Promodernist 1 923 An earthquake 1952-55 The birth control
rebel and form the Hotel standing and women in the Western world
cull for a Japanese national style had resulted in it's an old chestnut
Tokyo's
Capsule Tower,
in 1
Nogakin
972, shows
built
Hi-tech
adaptability K
vociferous
•nzo
.(1913-
TANGE
)
in lii>
was
announcement
concerning water on
the moon, you can
bet the space architects
Kurokawa's Metabolist are sharpening their
criticism of both
theories in action. pencils ... they may
nostalgic historicism
even be drawing as
and boring you read this.
international
The capsult Modernism, stating
isthe key
"onlv the beautiful can
be functional/ I [is work uses symbolic
form based on Japanese tradition.
combined with modern technology. He
was recognized as an important figure
in the Modern movemenl when In- was
in\ ited to present lii- \\ inning entry for
the Hiroshima Peace Center (1949-56)
at the 1951 CIAM. Later projects
continued to develop urban core
-\ -it-iii- and the idea of components.
)
in
of
love
a Quant brings her most
famous creation,
«3
Assembly Hall in Tokyo in the
with a Japanese architect. the miniskirt, to
platform -on -stilts style
the world of fashion.
METABOLISM
I ader Tange's direction, the Metabolisl
group had great influence on architectural
production and theory during the l
(
)60s
and early l
c
)7()s. primarily in establishing
the importance, especially in urban
Corbusier, Louis A i//\ One of the seemingly unlikely outcomes of the wallpaper. At the
root of Japanese
(1901-74), and early this venture was a version of the iconic
Metabolism was the
Modernism for Modernist tubular steel chaise-longue built concept that, like skin,
inspiration. Spaces using bamboo! During the 1970s, Japanese architecture could
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1 972 The American 1973 Chinese- iy/* ineuoatamer
president, Richard Nixon, American actor Bruce Lee C? Part II, directed by Francis Ford
^jtib
visits China and Russia In starts a martial arts craze C^jJ^^^^ Coppola, wins the Academy
^^^^J^^^^
this year, he is re-elected with his kung fu films, such jt^^^^K Award for Best Picture 4^HI
in a landslide victory as Enter the Dragon
1972- 1
(
>
(
M) Classical (-ish)
\mmetrical dream topping
Very Cool
I'osi modern ism
The specific task of the architect.
(
according to 'harles Jencks in his
The recipe: take easily recognizable elements is mixed with a jovial reference to
I
daces and eras, and reuse them at will.
style: ;t modern -k\ scraper \\ iili ;i |>i iii< i|»;il statement "less is more," he replied, "less is a bore."
From small projects, his built work has recently
facade of ( ilassical s) nunetrj and
grown to include prestigious projects such as the
composition. [Tie arched, senucircular extension to the National Gallery in London's
increased both in the U.S. and in Europe, industrial forms and a much less visibly in
Postmodern buildings,
especially following problems with social more romantic imagery
which are decorated
housing schemes. Postmodernism, with its — half-built or half- with many different
materials. (British
legible, familiar forms, was expected to ruined. With no rules,
readers, look no further
provide a workable alternative. Ricardo no expanded theory, than the poor old Tate
Bonn's (1939-) housing schemes in France, and a reliance on Gallery, with its
Postmodern Turner
such as Les Arcades du Lac St. Quentin-en- commercialism and
wing. Ugh.)
Yvelines (1972-75) and Les Espaces taste, Postmodernism 3. Glass is still used
d' Abraxas Mame-La-Vallee (1978-83), has been condemned as plentifully. See every
city in the world for its
employ monmnental forms, which Bofill mere kitsch by
misuse in Postmodern
believes promote a sense of intimacy and European architects structures.
collective identity7 . The facades are composed favoring other 4. Motifs — references
to the past, rather than
of simplified concrete versions of Classical developments styles —are often
Classical orders to a
contemporary language.
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1 969 The Amer.can Neil 1 974 The extraordinary 1 980s International film
Armstrong becomes the Pompidou Centre goes up festivals foster art movies.
first man on the moon in Paris, and is a great Foster and Rogers are able
This leads indirectly to conversation piece to watch Kurosawa's action-
aluminum foil and Teflon pocked Seven Samurai
appearing in all
our kitchens
I 980s
Hi-Tech
Rogers and Poster
Buildings that look like machinery, with hard, shun: metallic surfaces.
industrial elements like gantries and walkways, and moving parts, ace
described as I h- lech. Structures are often exposed. Overallforms <ui<l
the outside of the glass facade between exhibition. Rogers stairs and white
ceramic floor tiles
the huge steel girders <>l iln- structure. developed ilii- model.
adding to the
Inside, the ground floor is all husde and in w hich the display <>l ephemeral qualities of
Beatles, is shot dead by and well, 600 feet / become the symbol of a
design. The first is the Financial Times portable electrostatic dust collector that
exhibition of their work Print Works. London would operate independently of human
"Living City" was in
intervention throughout the house.
1 963 at London's
(1988), by Nicholas
Institute of Grimshah (1939- ),
Contemporary Arts.
where the moving
Archigram
revolutionized British print machinery is
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1 \
1968- (
)
( ).~> |
NAMES ON THE WALL )
I lie work of I lie \co-( orbusiun a variety of ways, including baking the
occupants; low-cost housing in Runcorn
Mew York Five was first exhibited
intended in make tenants feel valued
at the Museum of Modern 1/7 in attracted the derisory label of washing-
New York in 1969. Their early machine houses: and the Weue
works, the "white" houses, imitate Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart left architectural
Regular
proportions^ l naaorned,
thc\ are an works. Number VI, the Frank
flat surfaces. House (1972). hits ;i staircase thai cannol
since I
(
H1 with Robert SlEGEL, has designed
numerous private houses, including liis own
ai Amagansetl in Vw York's Long Island
SITE
The library and art The multidisciplinary group SITE (Sculpture In
gallery at NTmes, France, The Environment) was set up by the sculptor James
by Norman Foster, is Wines (1932-), with the intention to move away
ghbors with a from "functionalism" toward a unity with art. It is
Harbor Springs,
buildings such as the
Michigan.
Museum of Applied Art in
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i
movencks too R D Laing reggae music becomes chosen to plan the Prince
publishes The Dmded Self popular in Britain One of Wales's rather sinister
and soon has a big following of its leading exponent^ model villoge, Poundbury,
is Bob Marley in Dorchester. Dorset
make continuity
T Sir Michael //"/'A/\ laying technique which
s
li<' recent \\ oris <>l
1935- . who was associated with Hi possible without the expansion joints of
Tech m the 1970s and earl) 80s. is no* modern brickwork. In the interior, curved
ven different. The Mound Stand at Lords and polished \>\\ wood, the material of
( Iricket ( Ground m I .ondon 1
'
l
''<~
In ml\ so man> musical instruments. i-> used
rooted in the ground \\ iih load-bearing for seats and balustrades.
l»i i< k colonnades. |>li\ sicalh ;m<l
House 1994 usesbricks thelocal Bastille ana dI Paris, the Rue d- ( iandie
senses in larger
interrupted by two
building schemes,
with a series of interlinked volumes. The vertical slots of glass they must also now
main structures are of raw concrete, with and a window accommodate pressure
from other directions,
the sports hall wall exposed with a series of running in a deep cut
by incorporating
blind windows —recalling a familiar view all the way around it. degradables into
to impose on ourselves
so that we can get "the
balance" right? And
whose balance are
we talking about?
129
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1
L
fleet at State. takes control of the
1970-1990
Viva Espaiia
Spanish Regionalism
"(
'ritical regionalism is Kenneth
I rampton s description <>j the
development ofModernism in response to
different physical and cultural contexts.
Spain, following redemocratization,
the introduction of legal protection for
historic buildings, the staging oj Expo
in Seville in 1992 and the Olympic dames
in Barcelona, has had the opportunity
fit reassert a cultural presence in The arches of the airport buildings in Seville
GLORIOUS GAUDI
T
Osaka
he architecture
verj different from the previous one in
in 1970, with
at the Seville
its Metabolists,
Expo was
Mosl of the work of Spain
archited intoniGAl i>i
s
(1852-1926)
best-known
is in
many exhibits, a concern for lii-l<»r\ and men. the curved one to God — his own
cultural identity was expressed through a assertion — i^ probably the besl explanation
specific materiality and formal metaphor. of \\\> work. In |
> 1 1-> 1 1 1 1 of \\\> vision, his
\~ will ;i- the Expo site. >«\ ill<- has a new buildings demonstrate a unique and
airporl l>\ Jose Rafael MONEO (1
( )3<)- ) and original use of materials and forms, a
and [ntonio Ortiz. Moth buildings have form, and an inspired decorative ability.
solid masonry forms with arched The complexity and individuality of bis
Buildings in the old industrial Tor li nk ^ between the |>a>t and the future.
restored. Lapena and lorn- Workshops as a genius, the only one employing a
and Josep Lluis Mateos sports hall three-dimensional version of a style often
both occupy redundant factories. criticized for ii^ superficiality, Relying
\l(( Ml I I
( I I 1:1 I! \-ll i ol RSI
—
1 960$ Cheap 1 976 Spain gives up I 992 The Olympic
to many
becomes
people; Spain
the number
colonial area
Sahara
is
—and
the
the territory
divided between
Spain. Athletes havi
Four Peaks
Gaudi's Sagrada NAMES ON THE WALL I
Elongated,
architecture has changed in
I Kl - \ ( H \sl
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i
i960- 1997
The Essence of Filings
M i ii i in a I ism
to "clear up the chaotic world. This has five years working for UvaroSlZA (1933-
been a concern since the late nineteenth Portugal s best-known modern architect.
century. Inn has become more pressing as whose work combines a Rationalisl
a perfect complement
to its hot, dry setting. An air of
not misdescribed.
Honest to
Goodness:
earthy richness of Jacques HERZOG (1950- ) and Pierre De
Shaker Furniture
The Shakers are a natural materials MEL RON (1950- ) have developed their
religious sect, founded closely related to the purist approach during the last twenty
in England in the mid-
traditional buildings of years, through a whole variety of
1 700s. Strongest in the
U.S., especially during Portugal. The market different projects. The private collector's
the 1 840s, the Shakers building in Braga gallery in Munich (1991-92) (with Mario
became and remain
famous for the
(1980-84) and the Meier) is a simple, freestanding, two-
functional simplicity of Cultural Center in story rectangular block. Ingeniously dug
their furniture, usually
Oporto (1981-88) into the ground, all that is visible of the
of seasoned wood,
smooth, with minimal both employ empty "ground"' floor are the clerestory windows
fittings, sturdy but calm spatial simplicity and all around. Clerestory windows on the
and capacious. The
subtle natural upper level leave the solid band of
ideals behind their
Simple,
NAMES ON THE WALL
geometric
shapes
Arguably the first European architect to
ARCHITECT!
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—
1965 In the (black-and- 1 967 Jacques Derrida 1972 The Tate Gallery
white) him Alphaville (
"there is nothing outside acquires Equivalent VIII by
Jean-Luc Godard refuses the text") publishes Carl Andre (made in 1 966)
to follow cinematic no less than It is a pile of bricks He is an
convention: "a film is three books, all
artist The press and public
just a —pure
film illusion
"
disseminating the are duly outraged
critical theory of Deconsfructionism
1980-2000
Bits and Pieces
Deconstruction
Deconstruction (or Deconstructivism) is "pari <>/ <i research into the
dissolving limits oj architecture, "according to Bernard Tschumis words oi
the 198S First International Symposium on Deconstruction in London. Ii
"
is lookingfor "the between.
[ccordingto ///<• imerican
architect Peter Eisenman, of the
some symposium, architects
who "fracture" are merely
illustrative; they are not
challenging any preconceptions.
The ideas ore borrowedfrom the
work oj French philosopher
Jacques Diiuud i.
While ill'- theory, the m-w \\ a\ of wit 1 1 . All thai other stuff, the philosophy
seeing, l"i architects and andalL is just bullshit as far
composition of facades. in> pragmatic (100 x 100 meter) square grid, and
reason. For Eisenman tlii- can !>•• seen as a interrupted l>\ existing buildings and the
development from bis abstract Formalism overlaying of pure polygons and meandering
of the 1970s. In a critique <>l Eisenman's pathways, the folie, like Eisenman's houses.
r
Vronoff Center al the I niversitt of contains "ideas," not "functions.
\l<< MM I
i
I I HI V CRASH COI
—
1987 Gorbachev 1 988 In Romania 1 990 Nelson Mandela
apartment blocks.
Say What?
It's been said that
Deconstruction "...has
f NAM ES ON THE WALL
Daniel Libeskind's an austere sound to it
that has sparked controversy. clad in titanium zinc. this confusing business
is called discourse,
To be fair, the
opportunity to move
freely and make
unusual connections
can be interesting when
used safely, but
discourse? Don't
bother: call a spade
a spade instead.
verall harmony
(composition
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1982 IBM morkets the 1985 The British 1 989 The launching of the
world's first laser printers, Antarctic Survey detects Galileo space probe, which will
which put the message a hole in the ozone layer, send back the first-ever pictures
I990~to date
Building in Cyberspace
Virtual Worlds
" On
we dream and think in. the already be finished ... the oilier hand
"
"rctiuc for our consciousness. . . . the most irritating thing in my view is to
com/i/efe escape from the "real with other menus. '".Iran Nouvel. 1993.
a newly isolated carbon if she will turn out to be a oversees the opening
white-painted boxes
which are able to accommodate a wide functional aims of the
1
will be back in fashion.
variety of artists works. These galleries Modernist project by What all of this might
are connected to a pivotal atrium rising employing electronic just reintroduce is the
concept of the unique.
up majestically through the whole technology and
All those years ago
m
height of the building. breaking down the William Morris was the
prefabricated. Why
Future Systems Footbridge exist in someone
at Canary Wharf, London else's concept?
Docklands, is designed
by Jan Kaplicky.
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The Great Eight
To make a listing of the greatest buildings in history is an
impossible /ask. But it's a good after-dinner game toplayjbr
the newly architecture-literate. The eight selected here would
at least give a good basis for discussion.
,ii the top of die dome, -nil rates as one ol monumental impressiveness.
\n eleganl simphcirj of form and composition^ The Royal ( lollege <>f l'li\ sicians is ;i perfect
a basihcarj rectangular l»l<»<k with clerestory example ol modem anhilerime . I lie varion-
windows houses ili<- main nave space with a volumes of the building bousing the differenl
single, full-width tower <>n the west elevation. a< ii\ iiif- of the college are described l>\ a range
Behind the liiiL'f circular glass clockfaces. ol structures and materials. Dark blue earthy
a long, -low ramp zigzags up to the bells ;it the bricks meander over the sunken conference
top of ilif tower. I h<- simple forms are room, and part of the public space of the
embellished \\ iili stj li/f<l Classical motifs ;m<l building. \ slim white -bib raised high n|> on
the large, window If-- areas of wall leaning ;i- if to slender columns contains the library, the
yield u|> the interior are patterned with protruding permanent element of the college. Only
bricks thai distort the perspective. Plecnik studied narrow -lii window- in the extreme corners allow
under Wagner in \ ienna, and much of lii- most views oni across the park. The heart of the
notable work i- in Ljubljana, Slovenia in the building i- empty apart from the staircast — the
former \ ugoslavia. where die nationalist place for the procession to pass, the ritual of
Midler I louse in Prague offers little clue to the AND JOHN DINKELOO (1918-81)
intriguing spaces of the interior. The introverted, Both of these worked for Fero Saarinen and took
intimate spaces are interconnected —the over the office on his death in 1961. The Ford
Raumplan — and seem as if carved out of a solid Foundation has a sensual tactile presence, with
form. Loos is an important for liis extensive rusty Cor-ten steel and pink granite juxtaposed
writings as for his built works: his major essay, with delicately detailed filigree air grilles,
published in 1908. is Ornament and Crime, one balustrades, and concealed lights in brass. The
of architecture's most influential works. covered courtyard, the threshold to New York's
moving from painting to furniture and taking building created in response to a particular
over furniture before moving on to architecture. program for a particular location, shows a
He eventuallv joined Gropius as an associate refinement of the ideas in Le Corbusier's
professor at Harvard, following work earlier work. Functional planning is combined
in London for F. R. S. York and a short period in with sculptural, curving concrete work to
Berlin. The robust and strongly articulated form some of his most beautiful spaces.
forms and rich textures of raw materials at
the Whitney are tvpical of Breuer.s work.
The chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut at Ronchamps,
France, shows the features of Le Corbusier's later
THE KIMBELL ART MUSEUM,
style in the expressive sweeping curves of the
FORT WORTH, TEXAS, 1966-72
concrete roof and tower.
LOUIS KAHN (1901-74)
The Kimbell galleries in Fort Worth. Texas,
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Techno Speak
1 selection of useful terms to help you through the maze
AEDICULE COFFER
Sometimes called a tabernacle. \ Recessed squares or other geometric shapes in
niche or a « indo* framed w ttfa the soffits of arches, domes, vaults, or ceilings.
( llassical columns and entablature. COLONETTE
AMBULATORY Little column, such as around windows.
'In- passage or cloister around the
I
CONSOLE
eastendofacAurchrjehindthealtar.
The term used for the brackel thai projects to
ARCHEFORM CORTILE
From archetype, ii i- used to mean tfa ieinal Internal courtyard usually
BAROQUE ENCEINTE
I ..in- Renaissance architecture, starting in Ital) \ 1 1 1 i I i i < i tx term for the
the (
Lassical language or the order-. Flambo] anl castle enclosed by a wall or ditch; the enclosure.
.mi I dS i i.i die term comes from jewelry; ENTABLATURE
Baroco, meaning rough, unrefined stones. I he cornice, frieze, and architrave,
BAS-RELIEF making up the area above the columns
( ,n \ mi: in Ion rebel mi ;i II, h background. in the ( lassical orders.
CABINET EXPRESSIONIST
French, literall] closet or cabinet. Common!] Architecture that is nol imitative of a pasl style,
used for k cabinet de toilettes, the toilet. and thai is more than a utilitarian provision for
CLERESTORY GEODESIC
\ -pace frame of hexagonal shapes
I he upper l«\ «l of the central pari
forming a dome.
of a church with window- above
the level of the aisles' roofs. Non HAMMER BEAM
commonl] used to describe Roof timber configuration where there
window- in high level. i- no oilier supporl across the space.
LOGGIA PORTICO
A room thai is open on one side (< more). The entrance ha pot with roof
often with column-. A kind of op* balcony supported on column- on at leasl one side,
MANNERIST QUOIN
Applied to Renaissance architecture that From the French w [ corner. I sually
subvened the rule- of Classicism. dressed -tones of al ine -ize. laid at the
coi tier- of buildings.
METOPE
Space between two txiglyphs in Doric REREDOS
entablature: it ma\ In- carved or left plain. The ornamental screen he d the altar.
often in caned wood.
NYMPHAEUM
Running water, greenery, and RETROCHOIR
statuary —a temple of nymphs In an importai lurch the space
piece, but also in semicircular form or with arched opening flanked by two square openings.
broken or open cornice- on any roof end.
TRABEATED
or above a window or portico. In Gothic
Structure of posts (columns)
architecture, the gable end.
and beams, in the manner of Greek
PIANO NOBILE buildings. The PP < if a
Rectangular projection from the surface; the middle and half glyphs al the edges. Withou
as if a column i- embedded in the wall. th.' half glyph- it is called a diglyph.
PILOTI VOLUTE
Column- at ground-floor li -up The spiraling scrolle< d of the Ionic capital.
me building above. ZIGGURAT
PNEUMATIC I rom Mesopotamian tei i,.le-. used to describe
I I.N .11 stepping up and inward in p\ ramidical form.
\iii mi 1
1
i
ri'Ri \ i it \
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1
Index
Coignet, F., 66 I [ardouin-Mansart, J.. -+7
Hermogenes, 17
Aalto. A.. 98, 106-7 De Siijl movement, (
>0-1 1 lertzberger, II.. 1 14—15
\«lain. R., 56-7 Deconstructionism, 134—5 Herzog, .1.. 188
AJberti, L. B., 27, 29 Deutscher Werkbund, 86-8 Hi-tech, 12-t-.".. 120-^
\.mI«». I.. 121 Dientzenhoffer, K. I.. 49 Hiderbrandt, .1. L., 40
\ivlirr. P. 53 Dinkeloo, J., 139 Hitchcock, H.R., 108-0
\.t Deco, 105, I 10-1 I Doesburg, I. van, (
»1 Hoffmann, .1.. 81
\n Nouveau 72-3, 78-9, 130 Donatello. 35 Hopkins, Sir M. and P.. 128
tosand Crafts, 68-71 Du Cerceau, J., 39 Ilorta, Baron V.. 78
Howard. E., 101
Baroque, 44- (
>. 52-3, 58-9 Eisenman, I'.. 126, 134
Barry. C, 62 expressionism, 96-7 International Style, 108-0
Bauhaus, 92-3, 94, 102 Eyck, \. van. 1 14-15
Behrens, l».. 86-7 Jefferson, Pres. P. 60
Berlage, II. P., 83 Fischer, .1. M. 48-40 Jenks, C, 122
Bernini, C, 31-2, 36, 44-5, Fischer von Erlach. .1. B. 48 Johnson, P.. 108-0. 122
48, .".()
Foster, Si. Y. 12.".. 12" Jones. I.. 42-8
Blom, P., 114-15 Fuksas, \l.. 128
BofiU, R., 123 Futurism, <".-+-.">
Kahn, L., 139
Borromini, P.. 44—5 Kent, W.. .")4
142 \ in mil i
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Loos. A.. 133. 139 Paine. J., 56-7 Street. G. E., 03. 70
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Mead, 74-5
W.. Prat.. B.. 43 Terragni, 85 (i..
Nash. J..
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Scharoun, IL 97. 98 Wren. SirC. 50-1
N'eo-Gothic. 58-9. 62-3. 10.") Secessionism, 80-1 Wright. I. I... 82-3, 1 20
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Neo-Rationalism. 18-10 1 SerUo, 2
Neorlassicism. 56-61. 74-5 Shaw. B. N.. 69 Vamasaki. M.. I l(»
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PH T OGR A P III C CREDITS
AkC pp. L4TR, K). 17, 18TL, Architectural Association: |>|>.
Arcaid: pp. 20. 23, 36,37,39. Edifice: pp.34, .MTK. 78. 1 15,
56/57, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, Norman Foster ^ Associates:
73, 77, 80, 82BR, 83. 91,94TR, 127TL
95. 98. 102. 104TR, 104/105, Trip & Art Directors Photo
loo. no. mm.. 113, 114, Library: pp. 14/15, 19, 21,25,
Hi.. 117. 121. 12"). 126, 127C. 31. 38, 42. 47. 48. 49, 54TR,
128, 120. 130, 132/133, 134. 58,62TR, 62BL, 63, 65, 82TL,
137T 136/137 99, 131
Axiom Photographic igency:
pp. 100BR, 101
Cover illustration:
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AC Architecture, someone said, is frozen music.
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And why do
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Why
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issume* no previous architectural knowledge
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