Abstract Book

THE XXVI CONFERENCE ON: Solid State Physics and Materials Science
WORKSHOP ON: Nanostructures: Science, Fabrication, Characterization and Devices

10 -14 September 2006 Alexandria, Egypt
The Egyptian Materials Research Society

(Eg-MRS)
Arab Academy for Science, Technology
& Maritime Transport
Eg-MRS 2006
THE XXVI CONFERENCE

Solid State Physics
and Materials Science
WORKSHOP
Nanostructures:
Science, Fabrication,
Characterization and Devices
SEMINAR
Pre-University
Science Education
10 -14 September 2006
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THE CONFERENCE
IS HELD UNDER THE AUSPICES OF
H. E. Prof. Dr. Yousry El-Gamal

Minister of Education
Prof. Dr. Gamal Mokhtar

President, Arab Academy for
Science, Technology & Maritime Transport
Honorary Chairmanship
Prof. Dr. Raafat K. Wasef
Cairo University
Prof. Dr. Omar Abd El-Aziz

Arab Academy for Science, Technology &
Maritime Transport
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Sponsored by:
• Acadmy of Scientific Research & Technology, Egypt.
• Max-Planck-Institute, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Contents
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Conference Board….…………………..…….………………… 8
Mailing Adress ................................................................... 9
Objectives ………………………………………………………. 10
Opening Ceremony ……………………………………………. 11
Invited Speakers ………….………..…………………............ 13
Time Table …………………….…………………………..……. 30
Informations ……………………………………………….…… 31
Program……………………………………………………….….. 41
Plenary Lecture) Nanoscale Physics.
Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier (Hab)...................... 47
L 1) Magnetic Nanostructures in the Lateral and

Perpendicular Direction
Hartmut Zabel (Zbl) ............................................ 48
L 2) Semiconductor Nanoparticles-Based Gas Sensors For
Cost-Effective Air Quality Monitoring Micro-Stations
Marie-Isabelle Baraton (Bar) ……………………. 50
L 3) Engineering of Mltifunctional Nanoparticles for
Biomedical Applications
Mamoun Muhammed (Muh)………………......... 52
L 4) Effect of the Shell on the Blinking Statistics of Single
Core-Shell Quantum Dots
Colin D. Heyes (Hey)…………………………….. 54
L 5) On the Design of Ordered Metal Oxide Nanoarrays from
Aqueous Solutions
Lionel Vayssieres (Vay)………………………… 56
L 6) Optical and Electronic Properties of Small Size Silicon and
Silicon-based Nanostructures
Aristides D. Zdetsis (Zdt)……………………….. 57
L 7) Self-Assembled Nanostructured Oxides
Abdelkrim Chemseddine (Chn)………………… 58
L 8) Synthesizing of Nanomaterials and Nanocompositrs
Powder by Mechanically-Induced-Solid-State Reaction
and Subsequent Consolidation
M. Sherif El-Eskandarany (Esk) ………………. 59
L 9) Oxide Interfaces – Is There Novel Materials Physics
Emerging ?
Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier (Hab)........................ 61
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L10) Ultrafast Optical Response of Semicondcutor

Nanocrystals
Mona Bakr Mohamed (Mon)…………………. 62
L11) Magnetic Properties of Spintronic Materials
Hartmut Zabel (Zbl)…………………………… 63
L12) Protein Folding Studied by Single Molecule Fluorescence
Resonance Energy Transfer
Colin D. Heyes (Hey) ………………………… 65
L13) On the Aqueous Thermodynamic Stability of Metal
Oxide Nanoparticles
Lionel Vayssieres (Vay)………………………. 67
Oral Presentations
Session A................................................................................. 69
Session B................................................................................. 85
Session C................................................................................. 99
Session D................................................................................. 111
Session E................................................................................. 121
Session F................................................................................. 137
Session G................................................................................. 147
Session H................................................................................. 159
Posters Presentations 169
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BOARD
Conference Chairman:
Prof. Dr. Kamal Abd El-Hady Minia University
Conference Co-Chairman:
Prof. Dr. Fakhry Abd El-Salam Ain Shams University
Prof. Dr. Abdelrazek Y. Kandeil AASTMT
Workshop International Organize:

Prof. Dr. Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier Max-Planck-Institut,
Stuttgart
Workshop Chairman:
Prof. Dr. M. Hassan Talaat Ain Shams University
Workshop Co-Chairman:
Prof. Dr. Ahmed A. Ramadan Helwan University
Organizing Committee:
Prof. Dr. Fayez Shahin Beni-Suef University
Prof. Dr. Hassan Afify NRC, Cairo
Prof. Dr. Hesham M. Talaat Al-Azhar University
Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Okr Al-Azhar University
Prof. Dr. Sherif A. Khairy Cairo University
Local Organizing Committee:

Prof. Dr. Osama El-Shazly Alexandria University
Eng. Mahmoud Morsi AASTMT
Dr. Fathi Ibrahim AASTMT
Dr. Moataz Soliman ASMS
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MAILING ADDRESS
All correspondances should be addressed to:

The Egyptian Materials Research Society (Eg-MRS),
33 Abdel-Khalik Tharwat Street,
Cairo,
Egypt.
Telephone/Fax: +202-3925997
(Sunday & Wednesday, 6-10 pm)
E-mail: contact@egmrs.org
Web: http: //www.egmrs.org
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Objectives
CONFERENCE
The aim of the conference is to provide a forum for exchange of knowledge in
the high interdisciplinary fields of solid state physics and materials science as
well as to bring together scientists working in academic and applied research
areas for constructive interactions.
The topics to be covered are:
* Semiconductor physics and devices.
* Metal and Polymer Physics.
* Superconductivity.
* Thin films and Surface Physics..
* Optoelectronic Materials.
* Solar Energy Materials and Devices.
* Magnetism and Magneto-optics.
* Crystallography and Amorphography.
* Spectroscopy and Optical Properties.
WORKSHOP
Nanoscale science and technology, where length scale comparable to atoms
and molecules, modify and control macroscopic properties of material through
quantum effect. As the size approaches the nanoscale level, dimensions play a
critical role and many distinctive and potentially useful phenomena and
properties emerge. The lectures include physics at nanoscale, fabrication of
nanostructured materials and nanotechnology of devices as well as modification
of optical, electric, magnetic and chemical properties. Also, fundamental size-
dependent phenomena and developed applications to semiconductor, optical
devices and phononic crystals will be presented.
SEMINAR
School-University-Research is a correlated series, the first strongly affects the
next two. So, the subject of teaching physics in pre-university education will be
discussed by university professors and leaders of education in Alexandria
Governorate.
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Opening Ceremony
Prof. Dr. Omar Abd El-Aziz,
Vice-President for Education, Arab Academy for
Science, Technology & Maritime Transport.
Prof. Dr. Kamal Abd El-Hady,

Chairman of Eg-MRS & Conference.
Prof. Dr. Hassan Talaat,

Chairman of Workshop.
Prof. Dr. Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier,

Workshop International Organizer.
Prof. Dr. Gamal Mokhtar,

President, Arab Academy for Science,
Technology & Maritime Transport.
H. E. Prof. Dr. Yousry El-Gamal,

Minister of Education.
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Prof. Dr. Marie-Isabelle Baraton (Bar)

Ph.D; D.Sc.; Habil.
Department of Ceramics,
Faculty of Sciences,
SPCTS - UMR CNRS 6638,
University of Limoges,
123 Avenue Albert Thomas,
F-87060 Limoges,
France.
Tel: +33 680 63 2031
Fax: +33 555 77 8100
E-mail: baraton@unilim.fr
ceramec@wanadoo.fr
Biography
• Senior scientist in the Department of Ceramics (SPCTS, UMR
CNRS), leading research on nanostructured materials at the
University of Limoges, France where she received her Ph.D. in
physics and her Doctorate in Science.
• Obtained a NATO grant to conduct fundamental research on
infrared surface characterization of nanosized powders and on
Langmuir-Blodget films at the University of Ottawa, and at the
Lash Miller Laboratories in Toronto, Canada.
• Current research interests include the physical-chemistry of
nanomaterial surfaces as well as theoretical and experimental
studies of chemical reactions at gas-nanomaterials interfaces.
• Authored over 200 refereed papers, communications and book
chapters. She has given invited lectures and seminars in Europe,
the USA, Russia and NIS, Japan, India, China, Australia among
other countries. She is the editor of several books on
nanomaterials including a recently published book on
functionalization of nanoparticles.
• Initiator and the coordinator of two European projects (FP4 and
FP5). She led the two European Consortia comprising industries,
research centers and universities working on novel gas sensors
based on semiconductor nanomaterials for air quality monitoring.
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• Founder and the President of a private research center

CERAMEC dedicated to the applications of nanomaterials.
• Organized international conferences on nanomaterials and she
was one of the three Meeting Chairs of the Fall 2002 Materials
Research Society (MRS) meeting in Boston (MA, USA). In 2000,
she was the director for NATO countries of an Advanced Study
Institute on functional gradient materials, sponsored by NATO.
Again as director for NATO countries, she is organizing another
Advanced Study Institute on sensors for environment, health and
security (to be held in 2007).
• Vice-chair of the COST Action D19. She is expert-evaluator for
the European Commission under FP5 and FP6. She is a member
of the Expert Advisory Group (Thematic Priority 3
“Nanotechnology, Materials and Products”) for FP6 (2002-2006)
and FP7 (2007-2013) of the European Commission. In the USA,
she chaired the MRS International Relations Committee in 2003
and she has been elected member of the MRS Board of
Directors.
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• Dr. Abdelkrim Chemseddine (Chm)

Solarenergieforschung,
Hahn-Meitner-Institut,
Glienicker Str. 100 . 14109 Berlin,
Germany.
Phone:
FAX:
E-mail: chemseddine@hmi.de
Biography
• Current Position: Staff Scientist.
• Received his education at the University of Pierre et Marie
Curie, ParisVI, France.
• M.Sc degree in Spectrochemistry and structure (1981).
• “doctorat de 3ème cycle in chemistry of isopolytungstates”
(1983) and doctorat d´etat on the sol-gel chemistry of tungsten
oxide (1986).
• Worked as a research associate at the Material Science and
Enginnering Department, University of California Los Angeles
with Professor J.D. Mackentie (1986-1987).
• As an Alexander von Humboldt Foundation guest scientist he
worked at the University Ludwig Maximilian in Munich on
surface chemistry and photocatalysis with professor H.P.
Boehm(1987-89).
• Spent one year teaching as a professor of chemistry at the
university Hassa II, Faculty of Science, Morocco.
• As a guest scientist he worked at the Hahn_Meitner-Institut on
the sol-gel processing of highly porous semiconductor oxide
films.
• Since 1991 he became a permanent scientist working in the
field of nanocrystals.
• In1997, he spent 4 months as a visiting professor teaching the
chemistry of nanocrystals and nanostructrured materials at
Georgia Institute of Technology.
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• Present Research
One of the challenging objectives in research on next-generation
materials is the structural control at all hierarchies of organization
ranging from material texture to the level of atomic structure. Dr.
Chemseddine research toward this objectiv is concerned with the
developement of new wet chemical approaches to generate
nanoclusters and nanocrystallites as intermediate building block
for extended solid. Effort is devoted to an understanding of
fundamental details which relate chemical reactivity to nucleation,
growth and surface restructuration processes of condensed
phases. This will enable create the physico-chemical conditions
for the synthesis and processing of nanocrystals with desired
size, shape, core structure and well defined surface.Furthermore,
this research is taking advantage of different interactions, which
may exist in the nanosize regime, between inorganic cores,
capping ligands and solvents to generate well defined
architectures, by self-assembly from suitably designed and
functionalized nanocrystals.
• Selected Publications:
1. “Electrochemical and Photochemical Reduction of
Decatungstate a Reinvestigation”, A. Chemseddine, C.
Sanchez, J. Livage, J.P. Launay, M. Fournier, Inorg. Chem., 23
(1984) 2609.
2. “A Study of the Primary Step in the Photochemical Degradation
of Acetic and Chloroacetic Acid on a TiO2 Photocatalyst”, A.
Chemseddine, H.P. Boehm, J. Molec. Catalysis., 60 (1990)
295-311.
3. “Fibrous, Oriented and Pure Quantum Dots: Synthesis and
Characterization”, A. Chemseddine Chemical Physics Letters,
216 (1993) 265.
4. “Investigation of the Nanocluster Self-Assembly Process by
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Optical Spectroscopy”, A.
Chemseddine, H. Jungblut, S. Boulmaaz J. Phys. Chem. 100
(1996) 12546.
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5. “Nanostructured Crystalline TIO2 Through Groth Control and

Stabilization of Intermediate Structural Bulding Units” T. Moritz,
J. Reiss, K. Diesner, D. Su., A. Chemseddine J. Phys. Chem
101(1997) 8053.
6. “Nanostructuring Titania: Control over Nanocrystal Structure,
Size, Shape and Organization” A. Chemseddine, T. Moritz Eur.
J. Inorg. Chem. (1999) 235-245.
7. “Meal-Oxide and –Sulfide Nanocrystals and Nanostructure” in
(CHARACTERIAZTION OF NANOPHASES MATERIALS), A.
Chemseddine, Chap.11, pp315-352 Edited by Z.L. Wang,
Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2000.
8. “Enhanced CH-217EMICAL Reactivity of Tris-(2,2´-
Bipyridyl)Ruthenium (II) Complex Due to Eectrostatic Binding to
Colloidal Particles as Evidence on the Basis of the Reaction
with Azidyl Radicals”, A. Eckhart, A. Chemseddine, T. Moritz,
D.B. Naik, W. Schnabel. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2001, 3,
213.
9. Revised Superconducting Phase Diagramm of Hole-Doped
Nax(H3O)zCo2.2H2O”, C.J. Milne, D. N. Argyriou, A.
Chemseddine, N. Aliouane, J. Veira, S. Landesgesell, D. Alber .
Phys. Rev. Latt. 93 (2004) 247007
10. “Crystal Structure of the Superconducting Layered Cobaltate
NaxCoO2.yD2O”, D.N. Argyriou, P.G. Radaelli, C.J. Milne, N.
Aliouane, L.C. Chapon, A. Chemseddine, J. Veira, S. Cox, N.D.
Mathue, P.A. Midgley. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 17 (2005)
3293-3304
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• Prof. Dr. Eng. M. Sherif El-Eskandarany (Esk)

Technology Development &
Scientific Services Sector,
Academy of Scientific Research &
Technology,
101 Kasr Al-Aini Street, Cairo 11516,
Egypt.
Tel/Fax : +(202) 7953 785
E-mail: msherif@asrt.sci.eg
msherif@eleskandarany.com
Web: http:/www.eleskandarany.com
Biography
Date of Birth: September 12th, 1956 Cairo, Egypt
EDUCATION:
June 1981 University Degree of Mining and Metallurgical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar
University, Cairo, Egypt.
March 1988 Master Degree of Engineering (Metallurgy), Institute of
Mineral Dressing and Metallurgy, Tohoku University,
Japan.
March 1992 Doctor Degree of Engineering (Materials Science),
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University,
Japan.
PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT:
December 1981 - Asst. Prof., Mining and Petroleum Engineering Dept.,
September 1985 Fac. of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo,
Egypt.
April 1992 - Asst. Prof., working with Professor Kenji Suzuki,
September 1992 Inst. for Materials Research, Tohoku University,
Japan.
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January 1993 - Lecturer of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Mining

September 1997 and Petroleum Engineering Dept., Fac. of
Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
July 1995 - Visiting Professor, working with Prof. Kenji Suzuki,
June 1997 Inst. for Materials Research, Tohoku University,
Japan.
March 1998 Asst. Prof. of Materials Science and Metallurgy,
Mining and Petroleum Engineering Dept, Fac. of
Visiting Professor at Inoue SuperLiquid Glass
September Project, Japan Science and Technology Corporation,
2000 Exploratory Research for Advanced Materials, Japan.
Associate Professor of Materials Science and
August 2002 Metallurgy, working at Mining and Petroleum
Engineering Dept., Fac. of Engineering, Al-Azhar
University, Cairo, Egypt.
Professor of Materials Science and Metallurgy,
April 2003 Mining and Petroleum Engineering Dept., Fac. of
Vice-President of Academy of Scientific Research &
December Technology, for Technology Development &
2005 to Scientific Services Sector, Ministry of Higher
Present Education and Scientific Research
ORGANIZATIONS:
1988 Japan Society of Metals, JIM.
1989 Materials Research Society, MRS (USA).
1990 Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy,
JSPM.
1994 The New York Academy of Science (USA).
1995 The Planetary Society (USA).
1996 American Association for the Advancement of
Science, AAAS (USA).
1996 The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS
(USA).
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PRIZES AND AWARDS:

June 1993 National Prize of Engineering Science, Egyptian
Academy of Scientific Researches and Technology.
May 1995 Golden Medal of Excellence, Egyptian President.
May 1997 Research Prize of Applied Science Engineering and
Technology, Japan Society of Powder and Powder
Metallurgy.
June 2002 National Prize of Engineering Science, Egyptian
Academy of Scientific Researches and Technology.
April 2006 Research Prize of Engineering, Al-Azhar University
PUBLICATIONS:
• Research Articles Published in International Journals
111 papers
• Published books and book chapters at international presses
3 books and 3 book chapters
MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS AND RESEARCH INTEREST:
Has been dealing with the fabrication and characterizations of

new families of advanced materials, which find interesting and
important engineering applications.
Within the last two decades he could introduced more than
twenty types of these materials that have pioneering advanced
properties, using the mechanical alloying way of fabrication.
New metallic glasses, new ceramics, nanocrystalline and
nanocomposite materials, equilibrium and nonequilibrium, metallic
nitrides, hydrides and carbides have been fabricated at the Fac. of
Engineering of Al Azhar University in Egypt.
Amorphous AlTa capacitors and condensers, nonequilibrium
superconducting NbN and ZrN, materials nanocrystalline TiC, WC,
composite WC/MgO and WC/Co cutting tools hard materials,
nanocomposite materials of Al, Mg-based, nanocrystalline TiN
coating materials, metallic glassy Zr-based, Cu-based, V-based,
Nb-base, Ta-based fully dense alloys, are some of those materials
that have been fabricated by the nominee. These advanced
materials, which cannot be produced by the traditional way of
- 22 -
melting and casting techniques, are finding now very important and
useful engineering applications.
Has established his school for fabrication of the advanced
materials in Egypt. He is the leading authority on mechanical
alloying.
He shared the developing program of new materials at Inoue
Super Liquid Glass Project, Institute for Materials Research,
Tohoku University of Japan.
He was invited to work as a Group Leader for R&D of selected
advanced materials (nanocrystalline and nanocomposite materials)
at The Institute for Advanced Technology and Advanced Materials,
Mubarak City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications,
Alexandria, Egypt.
He is the referee for many International Research Journals, such
as, Journal of Materials Research (MRS, U.S.A.), Metallurgical
Transactions (TMS, U.S.A.), Journal of Alloys and Compounds
(Elsevier, Holland/Oxford) and also for many national engineering
scientific journals.
He is a scientific reviewer and advisor of the course for special
theoretical training of the structural materials, EGYPTSAT-1
SATELLITE PROJEC, Egypt Sat Space Program, Cairo-Egypt. In
addition, he is a national reviewer of some projects submitted to
the Academy of Scientific & Technology, Cairo, Egypt.
- 23 -
• Prof. Dr. Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier (Hab)

Max-Planck-Institut für Festkِrperforschung,
Heisenbergstr. 1, D 70569 Stuttgart,
Germany.
Phone: +49-711-689-1372
FAX: +49-711-689-1389
E-mail: huh@fkf.mpg.de
•
Biography
• Received his Ph. D. from University Stuttgart, Germany, 1974.
• Worked as a staff member at the University Stuttgart/Max-
Planck-Institut for Metal Research, Stuttgart from 1974 through
1977 in the field of flux pinning in super-conductors.
• Joined the IBM Thomas Watson Research Laboratory, Yorktown
Heights, N.Y.,U.S.A. 1978-79 focusing his interest on quantum
localization and A–15 super-conducting thin films.
• Appointed to be the Head of the Technology Group at the Max-
Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
1980.
• His interests covered the area of process-induced defects in
semiconductors, semiconductor process technology. Starting
with the discovery of cuprate superconductors his interest shifted
towards thin film physics and thin film technology of functional
ceramics.
• Since 1997 he is Honorary Professor and Member of Faculty of
Yunnan Polytechnic University, Kunming, P.R. Of China and
since 2000 Honorary Professor and Member of Faculty of
Kunming University of Science and Technology [ KUST ] P.R. of
China. Furthermore,
• Member of the Executive Committee of EMRS since 1995 and
served as E-MRS Vice President / President 1996-99 and as
Treasurer of IUMRS 2000-2002. Additionally, he is the Secretary
of the European Society for Applied Superconductivity [ ESAS ]
since 2000.
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• Dr. Colin Heyes (Hey)

Department of Biophysics,
University of Ulm,
Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89069 Ulm,
Germany.
E-mail: Colin.heyes@uni-ulm.de
Biography
• Received the Balchelor of Science degree in chemistry in 1997
from Loughborough University in the U.K.
• Joined the group of Mostafa El-Sayed at the Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, USA, in 1997 to undertake a Ph. D. in
physical chemistry.
• The Ph. D. thesis was concerned with spectroscopic
investigations of membrane protein structure, function and
stability. The Ph. D. was awarded in 2002.
• Went to Ulm to work in the group of Professor Uli Nienhaus after
being awarded postdoctoral fellowships from the Alexander von
Humboldt (AvH) foundation and the Human Frontiers Science
Program (HFSP).
• In Ulm, the research has focused on measuring the structure and
folding pathways of single protein molecules using fluorescence
microscopy as well as developing novel fluorescent probes, such
as fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles, for biophysics and life
science research. This latter project involves studying the
photophysics of quantum confined systems, especially the single
molecule fluorescence blinking phenomenon of core-shell
quantum dots, as well as methods to render them water-soluble
and biocomatible.
• The co-principal investigator of a project in the
Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 569 interdiciplinary research
grant which aims to conjugate these nanomaterials to
biomolecules to form biological-templated nanostructures at the
exciting interface of nanotechnology and biotechnology.
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• Dr. Mona Bakr Mohamed (Mon)

National Institute of Laser
Enhanced Science,
Cairo University,
Geza,
Egypt.
Email:
Biography
• B. SC. 1991 & M.SC, 1994 in Chemistry from Assiut University,

Egypt. Ph.D from Georgia Tech, Atlanta, USA 2002 under
supervision of Prof. Mostafa El-Sayed.
• Research Scientist in EPFL Switzerland (2002-2005).
• Currently, Lecture at National Institute of Laser Enhanced
Science, Cairo University.
• Her research interest is focused in synthesis and characterization
of metallic and semiconductor nanocrystals of different shape
and size, as well as studying their optical properties and ultrafast
dynamics using different laser techniques.
• She has 28 publications published in international journals such
as J. Phys. Chem, Physical Rev., Nanoletters, Chemical phys.
Letters,….
- 26 -
• Prof. Dr. Mamoun Muhammed (Muh)

Royal Institute of Technology,
SE-100 44 Stockholm,
Sweden.
Phone: +468-790 8158
Fax: +468-7909072
Mobile: +467 0558 8158
Email: Mamoun@matchem.kth.se
Biography
- Personal Data
• Date and Place of Birth: 24 Sep 1944, Cairo, Egypt
• Martial Status: Married, Two daughters
• Nationality: Egyptian, Swedish
• Home address: Eketorpsvägen 25, SE-182 61
Djursholm (Stockholm) Sweden.
- Current Position:
• Professor and Director of Materials Chemistry Division.
• Director International Master’s Programme on Nanomaterials and
Nanotechnology.
- Professional Preparation, Academic Degrees:
1984: D. Sc., (Docent), Royal Institute of Technology,
Stockholm, Sweden.
1975: Ph. D., Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm,
Sweden.
1967: B.Sc. Chemistry, Ain-Shams University, Cairo University,
Egypt.
1965: B.Sc. Soil Sciences, Ain-Shams University, Cairo
University, Egypt.
- Appointments:
• Professor and Head of Materials Chemistry Division at Royal
Institute of Technology.
• Chairman, International Committee on Nanostructured
Materials.
• Chairman of the steering Committee for Nordic Nanotechnology
Programme, Nordic Industrial foundation.
• Director of the International Master’s Program on Nanomaterials
& Nanotechnology, KTH
- 27 -
• Director of the Graduate Studies, Department of Materials

Science & Engineering, KTH
• Member of the Board (elected), Dept of Materials Science and
Engineering, KTH since 1998
• Member of the Appointment Committee, Faculty of Materials &
Mechanical Engineering, KTH, since 2001
• He has been with the Royal Institute of Technology since 1969
at different positions, and has been serving on several
committees (commissions of trust) at this university.
• Dr. Muhammed has been a visiting professor in Spain, Italy,
Korea, and Egypt, and he is active in several national and
international organisations.
- Scientific Contributions:
• Dr. Muhammed has published over 200 papers, Co-edited one
book and has been a guest editor to two special volumes in the
Nanostructured Materials Journal.
• He has more than 200 conference and seminars presentations
of which more than 50 are invited lectures,
• Has more than 20 patents and patent applications where
several of them have been filed at different European countries
and USA.
• Dr. Muhammed’s group is about 15-20 persons and has been
funded via external grants from National, European, and
International agencies as well as industrial companies. (EU,
DARPA-USA, Degussa-Germany, KICET-Korea, …)
• Has supervised more than 35 Theses (Master, Licentiate, and
Ph.D)
- Other Appointments and Commissions of trust:
• Vice Chairman, International Committee on Nanostructured
Materials (2003-2005)
• Member of the Board for Centre for Nano- and Micro
technology KTH-KI. 2002-
• Member of the Board for Powder Technology Centre, and
Consortium for Clusters and Ultra-fine particles (1990-2000).
• Coordinator of EU- project Nanothermel programme with 10
partners from six different countries.
• Invited to lecturer by several Academies; Swedish Royal
Academy of Engineering Science, Royal Spanish Academy,
Academica Sinica (Chinese Academy), Egyptian Academy of
Science and Technology.
• Expert for evaluating research programs for Finish Academy,
Estonia Accreditation Board and the European Commission,
Science and Technology Directorate, Ireland Science and
Technology Foundation, Singapore Science and Technology
Foundation.
- 28 -
• Expert for evaluation and Accreditation of Estonian

programmes on Materials and Chemistry at Tallinn University
and Tartu University.
• Chairman, organizer of several international Conference and
symposia (4th International conference of Nanophase
Materials, Nano 98, Stockholm, American Chemical Society
Symposium on Modelling of Speciation, San Francisco, March
2000), Nanoparticles, MRS Annual Meeting, Nov 2001, 98,
Clusters and Ultarfine particles Stockholm, 1993)
• Expert for the Evaluation for Chair in Materials Science, Luleå
University of Technology, 2004.
• Acts as referee for numerous scientific journals.
• Associated editor on several scientific journals, e.g., Nano-
Structured Materials journal and on the Editorial Board for
Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, J. European Mineral
Processing and Environmental Protection., J. Korean Ceramic
Society.
• Has been teaching materials science, chemistry and metallurgy
students and has given several courses at universities in Spain,
Italy, Albania and Egypt.
• Has been a team member in several EU funded projects
• Examiner, Chairman, and member of the examination
committees, for several Ph.D. and Licentiate, and Master
Theses, in Sweden, Norway, Spain, Egypt, India, etc.
- Entrepreneurial
• Has more than 20 patents and patent applications; several of
them have been filed at European countries and USA.
• Has developed three processes which have been evaluated in
a scaled up pilot testing.
• Established SME NanoChem Technologies, and a co-founder
of Nano Biomedical Technology AB, for the industrial
exploitation of the research results on Nanomaterials in medical
applications.
• Acted as a consultant for several European and USA
companies.
- Publications
A. Books
• Singh, R.K., Hofmann, H., Senna, M., Partch, R., Muhammed,
M. (Eds.), “Nanoparticulate Materials”, Eds. Mat. Res. Soc.
V704, 2001, Nov. 26-29.
• Muhammed, M. and K. V. Rao, (Guest Editors),
“Nanostructured Materials”, Special Volume, 4th International
Conference on Nanostructured Materials, (NANO 98), Part A.
Vol 12, No. 1-4 (1-600) 1999.
- 29 -
• Muhammed, M. and K. V. Rao, (Guest Editors), “Nanostructured

Materials, Special Volume, 4th International Conference on
Nanostructured Materials, (NANO 98), Part B. Vol 12, No. 5-8
(601-1188) 1999.
B. Reviews
• Muhammed, M., “Nanostructures: Synthesis, Functional
Properties and Applications”; T. Tsakalakos et al. (Eds) Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2003, 37-79
• Muhammed, M., Tsakalakos, T., “Nanostructured Materials
and Nanotechnology: Overview”, J. Korean Ceram. Soc. 40
(11), 2003, 1027-1046 (*)
• Muhammed, M. and Toprak, M., “Thermoelectrics Handbook:
Macro to Nano-Structured Materials”; Chapter_41,
Nansotructured Skutterudites, In Press.
- Patents
1. Method of preparing powders for hard materials from cobalt
salts and soluble tungstate salts. Grenthe. I; Muhammed, M.
and Wahlberg, S. Swedish Patent 504 730 (1997), US Patent
5,632,824 (1997).
2. Method of preparing powders for hard materials Muhammed.
M.; Wahlberg, S. and Grenthe, I., US Patent 5,594,929 (1997),
European Patent EP 0 686 704 B1(1998).
3. Method and apparatus for the production of nanoparticles.
Muhammed, M. and Wang, L. Swedish Patent application
9803572-8 (1998).
4. Manufacture of nano-engineered precursors for
superconductors. Muhammed, Mamoun; Zhang, Yu; Wang,
Lingna, PCT Int. Appl. (2000), WO 2000051948, A1 20000908.
5. Enhancement of boiling heat transfer by Nanofluid.
Mohammad, Zhang, Toprak, Witharana, Palm, Swedish Patent
Application 0301262-2 (2003).
6. Oxygen storage material, process for its preparation and its
application in a catalyst.
Bog, Tassilo; Mussmann, Lothar; Lindner, Dieter; Votsmeier,
Martin; Feger, Matthias; Lox, Egbert; Kreuzer, Thomas;
Muhammed, Mamoun; Adamopoulos, Othon. (OMG AG & Co.
KG, Germany), U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. (2004), US 2004186016,
A1 20040923
- 30 -
7. Engineering of Porous Surfaces for Enhanced Boiling. M.

Toprak, S. Li, Y. Zhang, M. Muhammed, R. Furberg, B. Palm
(Submitted to the Swedish Patent Office).
- 31 -
• Dr. Lionel Vayssieres (Vay)

National Institute for Materials Science,
International Center for Young Scientists,
Japan.
E-mail: Vayssieres.Lionel@nims.go.jp
Web: http://www.inderscience.com/ijnt
Biography
o Born in 1968.
o Obtained a M. Sc. in Physical Chemistry in 1991 and a Ph.D. in
Inorganic Chemistry in November 1995 from the Université Pierre
et Marie Curie in Paris, France for his research work on the
Interfacial and thermodynamic growth control of metal oxide
nanoparticles in aqueous solutions. Thereafter, he joined
Uppsala University, Sweden as a postdoctoral researcher for the
Swedish Materials Consortium on Clusters and Ultrafine Particles
to extend his concepts and develop purpose-built metal oxide
nanomaterials for photoelectrochemical applications as well as to
characterize their electronic structure by X-ray spectroscopies at
synchrotron radiation facilities. :
o Invited as a visiting scientist: at the department of Chemical
Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, USA on
nanocomposite metallic oxides for biosensors, at the UNESCO
Centre for Macromolecules & Materials and at the department of
Biochemistry, at Stellenbosch University, South Africa on bio-
nanocomposite materials, at the Glenn T. Seaborg Center,
Chemical Sciences Division, at Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, USA on actinide nanomaterials, at the Texas
Materials Institute on metal oxide-based nanomaterials for
optical, magnetic, and energy storage and conversion devices,
and at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL),
Switzerland on metal oxide oriented arrays for photocatalytic
devices.
- 32 -
• Co-authored 50 refereed publications, 3 ISI highly cited papers

for the last 10 years, #1 in the Top 10 hot papers published in the
last 2 years in Chemistry (Jul-Aug 05), #2 in the Top 3 hot papers
published in the last 2 years in Materials Science (Sep-Dec 05)
and #3 (May-June 05) in major international journals, refereed
proceedings and book series, which have generated about 1000
citations (1 paper over 200 citations, 2 over 100, 3 over 50). He
has presented over 100 lectures at universities, research
institutes and international conferences as well as acting as
session chairman, program committee and advisory member at
major conferences and projects worldwide.
• Currentlya senior research scientist at the International Center

for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science
(NIMS) in Tsukuba, Japan; a R&D consultant for Hydrogen Solar
Ltd., UK; a guest scientist at the Chemical Sciences Division and
the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, USA as well as at the Materials Chemistry
Department at Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University,
Sweden. He is the conference chairman of the first symposium
dedicated to Solar Hydrogen & Nanotechnology organized by
the International Society for Optical Engineering to be held at the
convention center in San Diego, CA USA August 13-17, 2006
during the SPIE 2006 Optics & Photonics meeting. He is also the
founder and editor-in-chief of a new journal dedicated to reviews
in nanotechnology and related fields, the International Journal
of Nanotechnology published by Inderscience Entreprises Ltd.
- 33 -
• Prof. Dr. Hartmut Zabel (Zbl)

Department of Physics,
Faculty of Physics and Astronomie,
Ruhr-Universität Bochum,
D-44780 Bochum,
Germany.
Phone: xx49-234-322.3649/50
E-mail: hartmut.zabel@rub.de
hartmut.zabel@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
Web: www.ep4.rub.de
Biography
• Date of birth:
21.03.1946
• Academic title:
Professor Dr. rer. rat. Dr. h.c.
Chair of Experimental Physics/Condensed Matter Physics.
• Education/Degrees:
1969 Vordiplom in Physics, University of Bonn.
1973 Hauptdiplom in Physics, Technical University of Munich.
1978 Ph.D. in Physics (summa cum laude), University of Munich.
• Academic Positions:
1978 - 1979 Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Physics,
University of Houston, Texas.
1979 - 1983 Assistant Professor of Physics, University of Illinois
at Urbana – Champaign.
1983 - 1986 Associate Professor of Physics, University of Illinois
at U-C.
1986 - 1989 Professor of Physics, University of Illinois at U-C.
since 1.4.1989 Chair, Prof. of Experimental Physics/cond. Matter
Physics, Ruhr-Universit.t Bochum.
since 1.4.1989 Adjunct Professor of Physics, University of Illinois
at U-C.
- 34 -
• Scientific honors:
1971 - 1973 Fellow of the Cusanus Studienstiftung.
1982 Fellow of the Institute for Advanced Studies, Univ. of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign.
1989 Fellow of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of
Sciences.
1993 + 1997 Fellow of the Volkswagenstiftung.
Since 1996 Election to Fellow of the American Physical Society.
2001 Honor Doctor of the Kings Technical University (KTH)
Stockholm.
• Professional activities:
1986 - 1989 Department of Energy (DOE) Program Director in
the Materials Research Laboratory for the Condensed Matter
Science Program
1992 - 2002 Chair, German – Russian Collaboration "Advanced
Materials with Collective Electronic Properties", funded through
the DFG the Russian Academy of Science.
1991 – 1998 Vice-Chair of the SFB 166 “Struktur, „Transport and
Phasenüberg.nge an komplexen Oberfl.chen und Grenzfl.chen
Oxide, Carbide, Nitride“
1993-1995 Chairman of the Department of Physics and
Astronomy, Ruhr-Universit.t Bochum
1997 - 1999 Member and Chair, Subcommittee: Materials
Science, Surfaces & Spectroscopy committee at the Institute
Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
1997 – pres. Scientific Advisor for the German-Israeli Foundation
(GIF) for Sc. R and D.
1999 – pres. Member of the Arbeitskreis “Magnetism” of the
German Physical Society.
2000 – pres. Chairman of the SFB491 “Magnetic
Heterostructures”
6/2003 – Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Swiss Intense
Neutron Source (SINQ)
Since 2003 Editor of the Journal: Superlattices and
Microstructures, Elsevier .
2005 – 2008 Chairperson of the committee “Exploration of
Condensed Matter with Large Scale Facilities“.
- 35 -
• Organization of International Conferences:

1991 Intern. Conf. "Surface X-Ray and Neutron Scattering", Bad
Honnef, Germany.
1999 Intern. workshop: “Nanomagnetic Materials”, Bad Honnef,
Germany, January 1999.
2001 International Conference: “Metallic Multilayers”, Aachen,
Germany, June 2001.
• Memberships of Professional Societies:
German Physical Society (DPG); American Physical Society,
fellow; European Physical Society, Materials Research Society.
• Publications:
More than 360 refereed papers in technical journals, ca 20
review papers, ed. three books.
• Active Research interests:
Magnetism of thin films and heterostructures, proximity effects
between superconductors and ferromagnets, hydrogen in thin
metal films, X-ray and neutron scattering, magneto-optical Kerr
effect.
- 36 -
• Prof. Dr. Aristides D. Zdetsis (Zdt)

Professor, Department of Physics
Division of Theoretical and Mathematical
Physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Head of the Molecular Engineering Group
University of Patras,
Greece
E-mail: zdetsis@upatras.gr ,
zdetsis@physics.upatras.gr
• Current Research Interests:

Theoretical and Computational Solid States Physics and Material
Sciences: Electronic, Optical and structural properties of
amorphous semiconductors, clusters and nanostructures. There
are more than 90 publications on these subjects in international
journals and (refereed) international conference-proceedings and
more than 50 presentations in Greek and international
conferences (many of which are invited).
• Education:
High school
1964 High School of Nikaia, GR.
diploma
Bachelor’s Department of Physics University of Athens,
1969
Degree GR
1972 Master’s Thomas Jepherson University, Swarthmore
Degree College
Campus -Bartol Research Foundation,
Swarthmore, Pa. USA.
Dissertation: A review of the shell model with
reference to the O18 nucleus.
1976 Ph.D Degree Thomas Jepherson University, Swarthmore
College
Campus -Bartol Research Foundation,
Swarthmore, Pa. USA.
Dissertation: Lattice Dynamics of crystals with
diamond structure.
- 37 -
• Books:
1. “Quantum Physics I” (pages 550) in Greek, Hellenic Open
University (2004)
2. “Vibrations and Waves, Volumes 2, part I ” (pages 380) in
Greek, Hellenic Open University (2004)
3. “From Classical to Modern Physics” (480 pages) in Greek
(2001)
4. “Vibrations and Waves Volume2, part II. Applications:
Acoustics and Optics” (340 pages) in Greek
5. “Introduction to Modern Physics” (600 pages) in Greek ,
University of Patras (2003).
• Teaching:
Solid State Physics, Quantum Mechanics, Computational
Physics, Modern Physics, Mathematical methods, Statistical
Physics, Classical Mechanics and Electromagnetism.
Supervision in more than 20 undergraduate diploma thesis, more
than 5 Master’s thesis and 5 Ph.D dissertations.
• Membership in scientific societies:
American Physical Society, Sigma - Xi Society for the progress of
Science (Local Chapter of Swarthmore PA and also member at
large), American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Greek society of Science and technology of condensed matter,
Greek Society of Nano-cience and Nanotechnology.
- 38 -
Time Table
09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
Departure: Plenary
Sunday 7:00 Naser City Registration +
Sept. 10 Accommodation
Opening
Ceremony Lecture Seminar B Seminar
7:30 Tahrir Sq. ( Hab)
r
e D
Monday L1 L2 B L3 L4 Paper Session Paper Session
Sept. 11
i
(Zbl) (Bar) r ( Muh) ( Hey) A+B C+D n
L n
Tuesday L5 L6 u e
Sept. 12 Visits & Excursions Visits & Excursions
(Vay) (Zdt) n r
c
Wednesday L7 L8 L9 L10 h Paper Session a Paper Session
Sept. 13 (Chm) ( Esk) e ( Hab) ( Mon) E+F k G+H
a
Thursday L11 L12 k L13 Closing
Sept. 14 (Zbl) (Hey) (Vay) Ceremony Departure to Cairo
Informations
Breakfast:
will be served from 7:30 to 8:30.
Posters:
will be presented from 13:30 on Monday, September 11
to 17:30 on Wednesday, September 13.
Social Activities:
# Excursion on Tuesday, September12:
1) National Museum.
2) Qaitbay Fort.
3) Lunch in Alexandria Downtown.
Visit (Optional):
On Sunday (Sept. 10), Monday (Sept. 11) or Wednesday
(Sept. 13):
# The planetarium at Bibliotheca Alexandrina:
* Time Table and price: To be announced.
Tour (Optional):
On Saturday (September 09) for Historical Cairo Sites:
# Program:
1- Visits with Entrance fees: Egyptian Museum, Panorama
of Salah El-Dien Citadel (by-pass) and Giza Pyramids.
2- Lunch.
3- English Speaker Tour Guide.
4- All Transfers inside Cairo.
# Price:
Group less than 4 persons : 65 USD.
Group of 4 - 5 persons : 55 USD.
Group more than 5 persons: 45 USD.
- 40 -
- 41 -
Sunday, September 10
12:00 - 12:30: Opening Ceremony
12:30 - 13:30: Plenary Lecture) Education and Economy

- An Analysis of Statistical Data.
Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier (Hab)
15:00 - 19:30: SEMINAR) Pre-University

Science Education
Monday, September 11
09:00 -10:00: L01) Magnetic Nanostructures in the
Lateral and Perpendicular Direction
Hartmut Zabel (Zbl)
10:00 -11:00: L02) Semiconductor Nanoparticles-Based

Gas Sensors For Cost-Effective Air
Quality Monitoring Micro-Stations
Marie-Isabelle Baraton (Bar)
11:30 - 12:30: L03) Engineering of Mltifunctional

Nanoparticles for Biomedical
Applications
Mamoun Muhammed (Muh)
12:30 - 13:30: L04) Effect of the Shell on the Blinking

Statistics of Single Core-Shell
Quantum Dots
Colin D. Heyes (Hey)
- 42 -
15:00 - 17:00: Paper Session A + B

17:30 - 19:30: Paper Session C + D
Tuesday, September 12
09:00 -10:00: L05) On the Design of Ordered Metal
Oxide Nanoarrays from Aqueous
Solutions
Lionel Vayssieres (Vay)
10:00 -11:00: L06) Optical and Electronic Properties of

Small Size Silicon and Silicon-based
Nanostructures
Aristides D. Zdetsis (Zdt)
Wednesday, September 13
09:00 -10:00: L07) Self-Assembled Nanostructured

Oxides
Abdelkrim Chemseddine (Chn)
10:00 -11:00: L08) Synthesizing of Nanomaterials and

Nanocompositrs Powder by
Mechanically-Induced-Solid-State
Reaction and Subsequent
Consolidation
M. Sherif El-Eskandarany (Esk)
- 43 -
11:30 -12:30: L09) Oxide Interfaces – Is There Novel

Materials Physics Emerging ?
Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier (Hab)
12:30 - 13:30: L10) Ultrafast Optical Response of

Semicondcutor Nanocrystals
Mona Bakr Mohamed (Mon)
15:00 - 17:00: Paper Session E + F

17:30 - 19:30: Paper Session G + H
Thursday, September 14
09:00 -10:00: L11) Magnetic Properties of Spintronic
Materials
Hartmut Zabel (Zbl)
10:00 -11:00: L12) Protein Folding Studied by Single

Molecule Fluorescence Resonance
Energy Transfer
Colin D. Heyes (Hey)
11:30 -12:30: L13) On the Aqueous Thermodynamic

Stability of Metal Oxide
Nanoparticles
Lionel Vayssieres (Vay)
12:30 - 13:30: Closing Ceremony
- 44 -
- 45 -
- 46 -
Plenary Lecture
Education and Economy -
An Analysis of Statistical Data
Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier
Max-Planck-Institut, Stuttgart, Germany
The correlation between education, basic research and

economical strength at a national level has been frequently
claimed and suggestive arguments for its existence have been
given previously [1,2]. In this contribution an independent, more
quantitative approach is attempted. The statistical data published
by the OECD as well as the UNDP Human Development Reports
are taken as source material and correlations between economical
strength, the technology achievement and education indicators are
developed. In the course of this analysis the concept of complex
indicators is used rather than that of simple criteria. The analysis is
given for the categories leading countries, potential leaders,
dynamical adopters and developing countries. Based on the
analysis caveats and recommendations for education issues will be
developed with a focus on materials science.
[1] in “Condensed Matter and Materials Physics” National

Research Council USA, National Academy Press,
Washington D.C. USA 1999
[2] H.-U. Habermeier, J. of Education 24 ( 2002 ) 87
- 47 -
L01
Magnetic Nanostructures in
the Lateral and Perpendicular Direction
Hartmut Zabel
Department of Physics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum,
D-44780 Bochum, Germany
www.ep4.rub.de; e-mail: Hartmut.zabel@rub.de
Artificial magnetic nanostructures in the lateral and in the

perpendicular direction are being intensively studied because of
their intriguing magnetic properties and their prospected use in
spintronic devices. Perpendicular stacked magnetic heterostructures
allow the investigation of collinear and non-collinear exchange
coupling between ferromagnetic layers [1], exchange bias between
ferro- and antiferromagnetic layers [2], confinement and scaling
effects of spin density wave magnetism [3], and proximity effects
between ferromagnetic and superconducting layers [4]. In the lateral
direction a plethora of different shapes for ferromagnetic
nanostructures can be realized such as stripes, dots, anitdots, rings,
squares, rectangles, triangles, and different ellipsoids. These
shapes usually require top-down lithographic processes [5]. Adding
bottom up processes, additional degrees of freedom for lateral
arrangements and self assembly of magnetic nanostructures are
conceivable. The main interest in these nanostructures is the
understanding of the domain structure in the ground state, the
reversal mechanism in the space and time domain, and the dipole
interaction between the elements. In this talk an overview will be
presented on investigations of magnetic superlattices and lateral
magnetic nanostructures using three main experimental techniques:
vector and Bragg-MOKE [6], polarized neutron reflectivity [7], and
resonant soft x-ray magnetic scattering [8].
This work is supported by SFB 491 and by BMBF 03ZA6BC2 and

05KS4PCA
- 48 -
References are to work from the Bochum group:

[1] A. Schreyer, J.F.Ankner, Th. Zeidler, H. Zabel, M. Schäfer,
J.A. Wolf, P. Grünberg, and C.F. Majkrzak, Phys. Rev. B 52,
16 066 (1995)
[2] F. Radu, M. Etzkorn, R. Siebrecht, T. Schmitte, K. Westerholt,
and H. Zabel Phys. Rev. B 67, 134409 (2003); F. Radu, A.
Westphalen, K. Theis-Bröhl and H. Zabel, J. of Physics:
Condens. Matter 18, L29 (2006)
[3] E. Kravtsov, A. Nefedov, F. Radu, A. Remhof, H. Zabel, R.
Brucas, B. Hjörvarsson, A. Hoser, G.J. McIntyre, J. of
Phyiscs: Condensed Matter 17, 3143 (2005).
[4] L. Lazar, K. Westerholt, H. Zabel, L.R. Tagirov, Yu.. V.
Goryunov, N.N. Garif'yanov, and I.A. Garifullin, Phys. Rev. B
61, 3711 (2000);
[5] A. Remhof, C. Bircan, A. Westphalen, J. Grabis, A. Nefedov,
H. Zabel, Superlattice and Microstructures 37, 353 (2005).
[6] A. Westphalen, T. Schmitte, K. Westerholt, and H. Zabel, J.
Appl. Phys. 97, 073909 (2005); A. Westphalen, K. Theis-
Bröhl, H. Zabel, K. Rott, H. Brückl, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 302
, 181–189 (2006)
[7] H. Zabel and K. Theis-Bröhl, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 15,
S505 (2003); K. Theis-Bröhl et. Al. Phys. Rev. B 71 020403
(2005).
A. Nefedov, J. Grabis and H. Zabel, Physica B 357, 22 (2005)
- 49 -
L02
Semiconductor Nanoparticles-Based
Gas Sensors For Cost-Effective
Air Quality Monitoring Micro-Stations
Marie-Isabelle Baraton
SPCTS – UMR CNRS 6638, Faculty of Sciences,
87060 Limoges, France
E-mail: baraton@unilim.fr
Air pollution has been one of Europe’s main political

concerns since the late 1970s. European Union policy on air
quality aims to develop and implement appropriate instruments to
improve air quality. As a result, the Member States have been
instructed to establish a network of air quality monitoring (AQM)
stations in their main cities and to inform citizens about the air
quality on a daily basis. In the current AQM stations, the analyzers
allow precise concentration measurements of different kinds of
gaseous pollutants in air. But, they are expensive, complex and
bulky equipment which do not allow “real time” dissemination of the
information to the public because of the lengthy air sampling and
data processing.
The objective of our two European projects was to provide
an alternative approach consisting in the development of cost-
effective mobile micro-stations based on semiconductor sensors.
Indeed, by strongly reducing the cost of the stations, it will become
possible to implement dense networks in every large city in every
country. Improvement of the sensor sensitivity to detect very low
levels of pollutants (CO, NO, NO2, O3) in air was the major
challenge to take up. This was achieved by using metal oxide
nanosized particles with both controlled size and surface
chemistry, and by adapting the screen-printing process to the
nanometer size specificity. The resulting sensors can be operated
at lower temperature, thus reducing of the device power
consumption. The detection thresholds for NO2, NO and O3 of our
- 50 -
nanoparticles-based sensors have been decreased by a factor of 3

to 5 compared to currently commercialized chemical sensors.
Moreover, due to the tiny size of semiconductor sensors, it
can then be envisaged to integrate different sensors in small
sensing units, thus transforming the bulky expensive AQM stations
into cost-effective portable devices. In a second step, these
portable gas sensing units will communicate with a central
computer via a wireless network based on the GSM protocol.
Additionally, these sensing units can be associated to a global
positioning system (GPS). The resulting communicating
microstations, installed on mobile carriers such as city buses, will
constitute a network of mobile AQM micro-stations, allowing rapid
and versatile air quality monitoring in every city in every country at
low cost.
- 51 -
L03
Engineering of Mltifunctional
Nanoparticles for Biomedical
Applications
Mamoun Muhammed
Material Chemistry Division Royal Institute of Technology,
100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

Mamoun@matchem.kth.se
Nanotechnology has placed a great emphasis on the

development of “bottom-up” strategies for the self-assembly of
(macro) molecular and nanoparticles as building blocks to
construct larger functional devices. Novel and innovative
approaches have been developed for the fabrication of advanced
nanoparticles; e.g. core-shell structures, suited for a wide range of
industrial and technological applications.
Recently, there has been great interest in developing

advanced uses of functional nanoparticles for biological and
medical applications. Smart and multifunctional nanoparticles are
envisaged to be of great importance in several biotechnology and
medical applications including controlled drug delivery, tissue
engineering, bio-diagnostics and MRI, etc.
Bio-compatible and bio-active superparamagnetic iron oxide

nanoparticles (SPION) are prime candidates as magnetic carriers
and for labeling cells or organs which can be monitored by
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Novel materials such as PtFe
are being developed.
- 52 -
A novel way for controlled drug-supply can be achieved

through the use of environment sensitive nanoparticles. In this
way, biocompatible particles-containing therapeutics can be used
to target specific tissues or organs. The particles can be driven to
and/or maintained at the required location using suitable targeting
mechanisms (chemical, magnetic, etc.). The release of the drug
can be triggered by chemical (concentration) or physical
(temperature) conditions where the delivery rate determined by a
combination of chemical dissolution and diffusion processes can
be controlled. The surfaces of the nanoparticles can be engineered
(e.g. through additional surface layer) to exert a higher degree of
control on the rate of therapeutic release.
In this talk, a presentation of some recent research on the

design and fabrication of multifunctional nanoparticles together
with example of biomedical applications for drug delivery, bio-
diagnostics and MRI.
- 53 -
L04
Effect of the Shell on the Blinking
Statistics of Single Core-Shell Quantum
Dots
Colin D. Heyes1, Andrei Yu. Kobitski1, Vladimir
V. Breus1 and G. Ulrich Nienhaus1,2
1
Department of Biophysics, University of Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11,
89069 Ulm, Germany
2
Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana,
IL 61801,USA
Fluorescence blinking of single quantum dots (QDs) under

constant illumination has attracted a great deal of attention from
both experimentalists and theoreticians. To explain the power-law
behavior in the distribution of both “on” and “off” times, several
models have been proposed, in which the charge carrier is either
ejected from the QD to an external trap or is localized at a trapping
site within the QD. To gain insight into the blinking mechanism, we
have studied the role of the shell of CdSe-ZnS core-shell QDs. For
two sets of samples varying in the fluorescence quantum yield of
the core, we systematically varied the thickness of the shell and
analyzed the blinking behavior of a statistically significant number
of single QDs. In both cases, the distributions of “on” and “off”
times were independent of the ZnS shell thickness. These data can
be explained with a recently introduced model [Frantsuzov and
Marcus, Phys. Rev. B 72, 1553211 (2005)]. After photo-induced
creation of an electron-hole pair, the hole is trapped in a deep
surface state of the CdSe core, and the excess energy is
transferred to the electron in an Auger process, raising it from the
1Se to the 1Pe state. The energy gap between these electronic
states is assumed to perform stochastic diffusion so that it can be
either in resonance or out of resonance with the energy gap
between the hole states. The dynamics results in the power law
- 54 -
behavior of the “on” and “off” times distribution, the exponential

cutoff of the power law dependence at long “on” times and the
lacking dependence of the blinking kinetics on the shell thickness.
This model also explains our observation that the overall quantum
yield of an ensemble is mainly governed by the fraction of non-
emitting particles in the sample.
- 55 -
L05
On the Design of Ordered Metal Oxide
Nanoarrays from Aqueous Solutions
Lionel Vayssieres
International Center for Young Scientists, Japan
The ability to design one-dimensional building blocks with

tailored aspect ratio and to order them into large 3-D arrays is an
important challenge scientists have to face to create smart and
functionalized nanodevices. Our approach to control the size and
shape of nanoparticles as well as the overall texture of particulate
thin films is to tune their direct aqueous hydrolysis-condensation
growth onto substrates by monitoring the interfacial
thermodynamics of nanocrystals as well as their kinetics of
heteronucleation. This is achieved by minimizing the surface
energy at the water/oxide interface according to a general
quantitative model based on Gibbs adsorption equation. Indeed,
growing materials at very low interfacial tension, i.e. at
thermodynamically stable conditions, allows the experimental
control of the extension and rate of the nucleation and growth
stages. Thus, different sizes, shapes, and orientations can be
generated onto various substrates. Consequently, the design and
fabrication of novel devices with tailored and engineered three-
dimensional architecture can be obtained from aqueous solution
without template, surfactant, applied field, or undercoating. Such
ideas will be demonstrated on transition metal oxides materials at
nano-, meso-, and micro-scale, and illustrated on their growth as 3-
D arrays with controlled orientations onto various substrates as
well as the characterization of their electronic structure,
photoelectrochemical, and magnetic properties.
- 56 -
L06
Optical and Electronic Properties of
Small Size Silicon and
Silicon-based Nanostructures
Aristides D. Zdetsis
Department of Physics, university of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece,
zdetsis@upatras.gr
URL: http://moleng.physics.upatras.gr/personnel/ADZdetsis.html
The Optical and electronic properties of small size Si, Ge and

SiGe nanocrystals (up to 25 Å in diameter) and nanowires (up to
75 Å in length) are examined and critically reviewed within the
framework of high level and high accuracy ab initio calculations
based on “static” and time-dependent density functional theory.
These calculations [1-4] are supported by sophisticated quadratic
configuration interaction and other multi-reference methods, such
as multi-reference second order perturbation theory (for the smaller
systems). We examine, among others, the origin of the gap, the
role of surface oxygen or hydrogen, the role of germanium
substitution and the critical dimensions for visible
photoluminescence. The agreement of our theoretical predictions
for the silicon nanocrystals with accurate experimental results is
excellent, despite other conflicting experimental and theoretical
results. The main sources of conflict in the experimental results are
oxygen contamination, preparation conditions and difficulties in
size determination. The theoretical controversies are due to either
poor treatment of correlation and exchange, or incorrect fitting of
empirical parameters.
- 57 -
L07
Self-Assembled Nanostructured Oxides
Abdelkrim Chemseddine
Hahn-Meitner-Institut, Berlin, Germany
In current research on nanocrystals and nanostructured

materials, structural control at all hierarchies of organization
ranging from material texture to the level of atomic structure is a
major challenging goal. One promising strategy for the processing
of such materials involves clusters or nanocrystals which have the
propensity to self-assemble into desired structures. The generation
of such precursors with well defined size, shape and surface
structure requires the investigation of chemical reactivity,
nucleation, growth, growth termination and surface
functionalization.
This lecture will discusse the issues in this strategy toward
Self-assembled nanostructured oxides and will be illustrated in the
case of titanium dioxide which has been particularly successful. A
variety of techniques such as optical absorption, fluorescence,
Raman and infra-red spectroscopies, X-rays diffraction, HRTEM,,
STM and SEM were used in these investigations and in the
structural characterization of different self-assembled nanocrystals.
The size-dependent physical properties which offer a great
advantage in finding the right physico-chemical conditions to
generate these clusters, nanocrystals and assemblies will be
adressed.
The processing of highly nanostructured titania as self-
cleanning coating for windows will demonstrate the importance of
this strategy in making pores and cracks free films with a controlled
thickness, high transpareny and high photocatalytic activity. Some
progress im making other oxides will be presented.
- 58 -
L08
Synthesizing of Nanomaterials and
Nanocompositrs Powder by
Mechanically-Induced-Solid-State
Reaction and Subsequent Consolidation
M. Sherif El-Eskandarany
Technology Development & Scientific Services Sector
Academy of Scientific Research & Technology
101 Kasr Al-Aini Street, Cairo 11516, Egypt
Most crystalline solids are composed of a collection of many

small crystals or grains; termed polycrystalline. The term
nanomaterials (also known as nanocrystalline materials)is used to
describe those materials that have a majority of grain diameters
with sizes less than 100 nm. Whether it can be called a revolution
or simply evolution, the nanomaterials have received much
attention as advanced engineering materials with unique physical
and mechanical properties. A wide variety of techniques are being
used to synthesize these materials including inert gas
condensation, rapid solidification, electrodeposition, sputtering and
chemical processing. The mechanically-induced-solid-state
reaction (MISSR), which induces heavy cyclic deformation in
powders, has been considered as an attractive and promising
technique for preparing large amount of nanomaterials. Unlike
many of the traditional way of fabrication, MISSR using ball milling
technique produces its nanostructures not by clustering assembly
but by grain refining as the result of sever plastic deformation.
This review article will present the most recent results of my

team work (in both Egypt and Japan) in this hot area, taking the
synthesizing of refractory materials (e.g. TiC, ZrC, WC, TiN, ZrN)
- 59 -
and nanocomposites (e.g. Al-SiC, Al-Si4N3, WC-MgO, WC-Al2O3)

as typical examples. The consolidation techniques that are used to
obtain bulk nanomaterials and some physical and mechanical
properties of these materials will be presented.
- 60 -
L09
Oxide Interfaces – Is There Novel
Materials Physics Emerging ?
Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier
Max-Planck-Institut, Stuttgart, Germany
Reducing the dimensions of a solid state material below

100nm causes a size dependent change of its properties including
size-dependent quantum effects. This well known aspect of
physics at the nanoscale is at the core of current nanoscience
research. In contrast to the mainstream research in nanoscience
this review covers novel apsects of interface physics using the
interface of oxides with different functionality. Physics phenomena
at the interface have gained tremendous attention in the field of
semiconductor science where properties of the 2- dimensional and
1- dimensional electron gas yielded a new deep insight into
fundamental properties of matter such as the Quantum Hall Effect
and Fractional Quantum Hall Effect. As an emerging topic oxide
electronics gains increasing attention, the current understanding of
oxide interfaces, however, is rather rudimentary.
Starting from empirical findings in ferromagnet –

superconductor oxide thin film heterostructures and superlattices
such as the systematic change of the ordering temperatures with
the superlattice composition, spin polarized qusiparticle self-
injection and magnetic interactions, an analysis of recent
experiments is given taking into account charging effects of
interfaces as well as orbital interactions across interfaces. In the
talk some technological requirements are highlighted, the
emphasis, however, is laid on the novel physics approach to treat
these interfaces.
- 61 -
L10
Ultrafast Optical Response of
Semicondcutor Nanocrystals
Mona Bakr Mohamed
National Institute of laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES),

Cairo University, Egypt
The ultrafast carrier dynamics of semiconductor

nanocrystals can be monitored using femtosecond laser
spectroscopic techniques such as time resolved femtosecond
pump-probe and femtosecond up-conversion fluorescence
spectroscopy. The use of these techniques in determining the fine
electronic structure and the lifetime of the electron and hole will be
explained in details. This talk will cover the effect of size and shape
of the semiconductor nanocrystals on their relaxation dynamics. In
addition, the multiexcitons formation and their decay kinetics will be
discussed, since more than one exciton can be generated per
particle under high excitation power. Understanding the effect of
laser power on the spectroscopy and relaxation dynamics of
semiconductor nanoparticles is essential especially for the use of
these materials in optoelectronic devices, which perform under
high excitation power such as laser or light emitting diode.
- 62 -
L11
Magnetic Properties of Spintronic
Materials
Hartmut Zabel*
Department of Physics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum,
D-44780 Bochum, Germany
www.ep4.rub.de; e-mail: Hartmut.zabel@rub.de
Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS), in which a small

fraction of non-magnetic host semiconductor atoms is replaced by
magnetic ions, are key spintronic materials intended to manipulate
both, the spin and the charge degrees of freedom of carriers in
semiconductor devices [1]. Doping of III-V compound
semiconductors with magnetic ions leads to a ferromagnetic state
at low temperatures. Although highly interesting from a
fundamental point of view, more important from an applied
viewpoint are materials which either have a high Curie temperature
above room temperature and/or a high spin polarization at the
Fermi level. Recently several oxide-based DMS have been
reported to be promising candidates for room temperature
ferromagnets. In particular, Co-doped TiO2 has been reported to
be a robust ferromagnet with a Curie temperature as high as 650 K
[2]. Nevertheless, the present experimental situation is rather
unclear. Several investigations explained that cobalt ions in TiO2
exist in a +2 oxidation state, consistent with ferromagnetism that
originates from Co substitution on Ti sites [3], while other
publications suggest the precipitation of cobalt metal atoms into
clusters [4]. Recently, we have reported room temperature
ferromagnetism and in-plane magnetic anisotropy of single-
crystalline rutile structures after Co ion-beam implantation [5, 6].
From the observation of in-plane magnetic anisotropy we
concluded that ferromagnetism in this system results from
incorporation of Co ions in the TiO2 lattice. Furthermore, with x-ray
- 63 -
circular magnetic dichroism and resonant magnetic x-ray scattering

we could confirm not only the magnetic state of Co2+ but also the
polarization of oxygen in close proximity with the Co ion. In this
presentation, a brief overview will be provided on the present state
of oxide based dilute magnetic semiconductors.
[1] S. A. Wolf, D.D. Awschalom, R.A. Buhrman, J.M. Daughton,
S. von Molnar, M.L. Roukes, A.Y. Chtchelkanova and D.M.
Treger, Science 294, 1488 (2001)
[2] Y. Matsumoto, M. Murakami, T. Shono, T. Hasegawa, T.
Fukumura, M. Kawasaki, P. Ahmet, T. Chikyow, S.-Y.
Koshihara, and H. Koinuma, Science 291, 854 (2001).
[3] D. H. Kim, J. S. Yang, K. W. Lee, S. D. Bu, T. W. Noha, S-J.
Oh, Y-W. Kim, J-S. Chung, H. Tanaka, H. Y. Lee and T.
Kawai, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2421 (2002).
[4] S. A. Chambers, C. M. Wang, S. Thevuthasan, T. Droubay, D.
E. McCready, A. S. Lea, V. Shutthanandan, and C. F.Windisch
Jr., Thin Solid Films 418(2), 197 (2002).
[5] N. Akdogan, B. Z. Rameev, L. Dorosinsky, H. Sozeri, R. I.
Khaibullin, B. Aktaş, L. R. Tagirov, A. Westphalen and H.
Zabel, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 17, L359 (2005).
[6] N. Akdogan, A. Nefedov, A. Westphalen, H. Zabel, R.I.
Khaibullin and L.R. Tagirov, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 300, e4-e7
(2006).
* Work performed together with: N. Akdogan, B. Aktas, R.I.

Khaibullin, A. Nefedov, B.Z. Rameev, L.R. Tagirov, A.
Westphalen. This work was partially supported by DFG through
SFB 491.
- 64 -
L12
Protein Folding Studied by Single
Molecule Fluorescence Resonance
Energy Transfer
Colin D. Heyes1, Elza Kuzmenkina1 and G. Ulrich
Nienhaus1,2
1
Department of Biophysics, University of Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11,
89081 Ulm, Germany
2
Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Proteins are highly complex nanosystems consisting of

multiple conformations and heterogeneous dynamics. The question
of how an unfolded protein folds to a specific structure from the
astronomical number of possibilities on relatively short timescales
has intrigued scientists since Anfinsen showed that all the
information necessary to find this structure is encoded in the 1-
dimensional amino acid sequence. The protein-folding problem has
seen a resurgence in recent years due to the connection of several
diseases with incorrect protein folding. We use the technique of
single molecule Förster (or fluorescence) resonance energy
transfer (FRET) on immobilized RNase H protein molecules to
follow the structure and dynamics of proteins under destabilizing
conditions. We observe transitions between discrete unfolded
conformations occurring on the second timescale even under
harsh destabilizing conditions. From these kinetics we are able to
calculate the energy barriers between the different conformations.
We also find that the average size of the unfolded protein
increases with denaturant concentration, which we have
quantitatively analyzed using a model of a continuum of unfolded
substates along a reaction coordinate described by the
- 65 -
cooperativity of the substates. From this data we extract various

thermodynamic parameters, which are used to present a
quantitative folding landscape of RNase H.
References
1. Elza V. Kuzmenkina, Colin D. Heyes and G. Ulrich Nienhaus.
Single Molecule FRET Study of Denaturant Induced Unfolding
of RNase H. (2006). J. Mol. Biol., 357, 313-324.
2. Elza V. Kuzmenkina, Colin D. Heyes and G. Ulrich Nienhaus.
Single Molecule FRET study of Protein Dynamics under
Denaturing Conditions. (2005). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102,
15471-15476.
3. Elza Amirgoulova, Jürgen Groll, Colin D. Heyes, Thomas
Ameringer, Carlheinz Röcker, Martin Möller and G. Ulrich
Nienhaus. Biofunctionalized Polymer Surfaces Exhibiting
Minimal Interaction Towards Immobilized Proteins. (2004).
ChemPhysChem., 5, 552-555.
4. Jürgen Groll, Elza Amirgoulova, Thomas Ameringer, Colin D.
Heyes, Carlheinz Röcker, Martin Möller and G. Ulrich Nienhaus.
Biocompatible Ultrathin Coatings of Cross-linked Star-shaped
Poly(ethylene oxide) allow reversible folding of single
immobilized RNase H molecules. (2004). J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
126, 4234-4239
5. Colin D. Heyes, Andrei Yu. Kobitski, Elza V. Amirogoulova and
G. Ulrich Nienhaus. Biocompatible Surfaces for Specific
Tethering of Single Protein Molecules. (2004). J. Phys. Chem.
B., 108, 13387-13394.
- 66 -
L13
On the Aqueous Thermodynamic
Stability of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Lionel Vayssieres
International Center for Young Scientists, Japan
Divided and ultra-divided systems such as colloidal and

nanoparticle dispersions are generally unstable with regard to the
size and number of their constituents because the solid-solution
interfacial tension, acting as a driving force, leads to a reduction of
the surface area to minimize the dispersion free enthalpy. Such
phenomenon known as surface energy minimization induces an
increase in average particle size as a result of the decrease of the
surface area at constant volume. For such a reason such
dispersions are usually considered thermodynamically unstable.
However, they can be thermodynamically stabilized if, by
adsorption, the interfacial tension of the system becomes very low.
This phenomenon, well known for microemulsions, is for the first
time quantitatively modelled and demonstrated for transition metal
oxide nanoparticles. When the pH of precipitation is sufficiently far
from the point of zero charge and the ionic strength sufficiently
high, the ripening of nanoparticles is avoided and their size can be
monitored over one order of magnitude by tailoring solution pH and
ionic strength. A model based on Gibbs adsorption equation leads
to an analytical expression of the water-oxide interfacial tension as
a function of the pH and the ionic strength of the
dispersion/precipitation medium. The stability condition, defined by
a “zero” interfacial tension, corresponds to the chemical and
electrostatic saturation of the water-oxide interface. In such a
condition, the density of charged surface groups reaches its
maximum, the interfacial tension its minimum and further
adsorption forces the surface area to expand and consequently,
- 67 -
the size of nanoparticles to decrease. An excellent agreement was

found between the model prediction and the experimental results
obtained from the aqueous precipitation of magnetite (Fe3O4)
nanoparticles in basic medium. A general control of the metal oxide
nanoparticle size when precipitated far from their point-of-zero-
charge is thus expected.
- 68 -
Session A
Monday, Sept., 11, 2006

15:00 – 17:00
Chairman
Prof. M. S. El-Eskandarany
Prof. M. El-Zawawy
- 69 -
- 70 -
A1
A Few Structural Regularities of Carbon Nanotubes
A. A. Mansurov, T. A. Shabanova, Maroof Higazi, R. M. Mansurova
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Combustion Problem Institute,

172 Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050012. Kazakhstan
e-mail: icp@nursat.kz, Fax: +8-(3272)-925-811
Graphite nanotubes and fullerene structures are usual objects of

research. However, some tubefibrous structures are occurred more often in
synthesized and natural samples. We have shown that graphite crystallite-
regardless of particle size-has electronogram reflexes typical for graphite
structure. Films roll up and split corresponding reflexes of crystal plane. Some
particles having structure similar to graphite show the characteristic pictures of
microdiffraction electrons too. Mostly the electronograms of usual nanotubes do
not show such features. We detected and described an especial tubular structure
among native carbon samples of nanotubes. Its analog was not observed as yet in
our artificially made carbon substances. It seems it was a huge tubulens. It is
thought that roentgen amorphous substance have absence of structural
regularities or big dispersity of crystals. There is probably one more reason. That
is molecular crystals with fullerence similar groups in lattice points such as in
revealed tubulens and fullerenes particles.
- 71 -
A2
Optical Transitions in Semiconductor Cylindrical
Nanolayer in the Presence of Radial Electric Field
V.A.Harutyunyan*, S.L. Harutyunyan, G.H.Demirjian
State Engineering University of Armenia, Gyumri Branch,
Gyumri State Pedagogical Institute
Along with many low-dimensional systems different axial-symmetrical

semiconductor nanocrystalline layers have been studied intensively both
experimentally and theoretically during the last decade. These heterophase
systems combine a number of physical characteristics of both quantized films
and quantum wires and therefore they are very perspective in terms of creation
of up-to-date optoelectronic devices. Thereupon, it is interesting to investigate
the modulating influence of different external static fields on the physical
characteristics of such semiconductor layers. In this report the influence of
lateral (radial) electrostatic field on the electronic and optical properties of
semiconductor cylindrical heterolayer is investigated theoretically. The
following problems are considered:
a) Modification of energy spectrum of charge carriers in the layer under radial
electric field, and
b) The influence of this field on the layer’s optical absorption spectrum.
The structure under consideration is presented as a heterocomposition
core/layer/medium (specifically the real CdS/HgS/CdS composition is
discussed). In this composition the charged core plays the role of the “source” of
radial electric field. The energy spectrum and envelope wave functions of charge
carriers in the layer under radial field are obtained. In dipole approximation, the
optical absorption coefficient for direct optical transitions in the layer is
calculated in the presence of radial electric field.
*
E-mail: volhar@mail.ru
- 72 -
The comparative analysis shows that the radial field effectively widens
the band gap of the layer. This widening is defined by the intensity of external
field and by the geometrical sizes of the sample. At the same time the external
field “cancels” any selection rules by radial quantum number. As a result new
“satellite” lines appear in the optical absorption spectrum of the layer. The
threshold frequencies and corresponding intensities of these new lines are
defined by Stark shifts’ values of charge carriers’ energies. The radial field also
leads to an explicit dependence of absorption from the effective masses of
charge carriers.
- 73 -
A3
Magnetic Structure of Manganese Ferrite
Nano-Particles
Talaat. M. Meaz.*, M. A. Amer1and M. K. El-Nimr.
1
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University,
31527 Tanta, Egypt.
E-mail:tmeaz@yahoo.com
Mnx Fe2-x O3 Ferrite particles with x = 0.067- 0.467 and with particle
diameters in the range 7.5 – 17 nm have been synthesis (by co-precipitation
technique) and studied by x-ray and Mössbauer spectroscopy. At room
temperature the spectra are affected by superparamagnetic relaxation and the
relaxation time decreases with decreasing the particle sizes and increasing
manganese content. At low temperature all the spectra are magnetically split and
show asymmetry of the line intensities similar to that of pure γ-Fe2O3.
Measurements at 5 K in large applied magnetic fields parallel to the gamma ray
direction showed that lines 2 and 5 did not vanish completely. This indicates the
presence of spin-canting effects. The results are in accordance with the presence
of a ferromagnetic core with a 0.3- 0.7 nm thick canted surface layer. There is no
indication of any influence of the amount of manganese on the spin canting.
- 74 -
A4
Magnetic Properties of CoFe2-xSmxO4 Nanoparticles
Synthesized by Citrate Precursor Method
M. M. Rashad1*, R. M. Mohamed1 and H. El-Shall2
1
Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute,
P.O. Box: 87 Helwan, Cairo, Egypt, Fax:202-5010639
2
Particle Engineering Research Center, Materials Science and
Engineering Department, University of Florida, FL, USA
E-mail: rashad133@yahoo.com
CoFe2-XSmXO4 (where X = 0 to 0.4) nano-crystalline powders have been

prepared by a citrate precursor method. The effect of substitution Fe3+ ions by
Sm3+ ions and thermally treated temperature (400-1000 oC) on the structure,
crystallite size and magnetic properties of the produced cobalt ferrites
nanocrystals were investigated. The produced materials were characterized by
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and the results reveal that a single phase of
cobalt ferrite was formed without Sm addition at different thermal treated
temperature. Addition of Sm was shifted the main strongest peaks of cobalt
ferrite at low temperature and it led to the formation of new phases at high
temperature. The average crystallite sizes of the materials were varied by
altering the synthetic conditions and were within the average range of 9 nm and
a maximum 86 nm. The magnetic properties of the produced powders have been
studied by using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Saturation
magnetization and coercive field are strongly dependent on the calcination
temperature and Sm content. The saturation magnetization is decreased by
increased the Sm content and increased by increased the calcination temperature
from 400-800 oC
- 75 -
A5
Application of Statistical Design to Optimize the
Synthesis of Barium Titanate Nanopowders by
Hydrothermal method
M.M. Rashad1, R.S. Mohmmed1, A.El. Midany1and A.K. Kandil 2,

I.A. Ibrahim1
1
Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, P.O.Box:87
Helwan, Cairo, Egypt 11421
2
Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science,
Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
Barium titanate BaTiO3 (BT) nanopowders from aqueous solution have

been prepared based on hydrothermal method. Statistical design was used to
investigate the effect of main parameters, i.e. pH (12-14), hydrothermal time (12-
24 hrs) and hydrothermal temperature (150-2000C) on the formation of barium
titanate phase. BaTiO3 particles were investigated using XRD, SEM and laser
diffraction analyzer analysis. From XRD data, the results showed that pure single
phase barium titanate was significant with pH, hydrothermal time and
hydrothermal temperature and the formation increased by increased the pH up to
13. The average crystallite sizes of the produced BT nanopowders were in the
range from 60 nm to 80 nm. SEM micrographs showed that the morphology of
the produced single phase barium titanate particles was tetragonal phase at low
temperature and hydrothermal time and it transformed to cubic phase by
increased the hydrothermal temperature and time. Laser diffraction analyzer data
of the produced barium titanate powders showed that the mean particle sizes
were from3 to 5 µm.
- 76 -
A6
Micro and Nano Characterization of Thin Film
with N ions implanted in surface
B. Škorića*, G. Favarob, D. Kakaša, and A. Miletić a

a
University of Novi Sad, Faculty for Technical Sciences
21000 Novi Sad, Trg D.Obradovića 6., Serbia and Montenegro
b
CSM Instruments SA, Peseux, Switzerland
skoricb@uns.ns.ac.yu
In the present investigation the duplex coated and surface modified with
ion implantation was studied Thin films are playing important role for industrial
applications. A duplex surface treatment involves the sequential application of
two surface technologies to produce a surface composition with combined
properties. A typical duplex process involves plasma nitriding and the coating
treatment of steels. In this paper subsequent ion implantation was provided with
N5+ ions. The plasma ion implantation was applied to enhace the mechanical
properties of surface. The three basic points that are considered fundamental to
studies of friction are the surface area and nature of the intimate asperity
contacts, the surface adhesion and shear strength, and the nature of deformation
and energy dissipation occurring at the asperity junctions The most successful
and widespread model for nanoindentation data analysis is one in which the
unloading data are assumed to arise from a purely elastic contact. The form most
often used is known as the Oliver and Pharr method. In this paper Indentation
was performed with CSM Nanohardness Tester. The results are analyzed in
terms of load-displacement curves, hardness, Young's modulus, unloading
stiffness and elastic recovery. The nanohardness of coating measured by
Berkovich indenter is about 42.4 GPa. The film deposition process exerts a
number of effects such as crystallographic orientation, morphology, topography,
densification of the films.The evolution of the microstructure from porous and
columnar grains to densel packed grains is accompanied by changes in
mechanical and physical properties. A variety of analytic techniques were used
for characterization, such as scratch test, calo test, SEM, AFM, XRD, GIXRD
and EDAX. Therefore, by properly selecting the processing parameters, well-
adherent TiN films with high hardness can be obtained on engineering steel
substrates.
- 77 -
A7
Structural Study of the Mechanically Alloyed
Fe-Mo Nanopowders
H. Moumeni (1,2,*), A.R. Nemamcha (1), S. Alleg (2), and J. M. Grenèche (3)
(1) Faculté des Sciences et de l’Ingénierie, Université 08 Mai 1945,

Guelma, B.P.401, Guelma 24000, Algérie
(2) Laboratoire de Magnétisme et de Spectroscopie des Solides LM2S,
Université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, B.P.12, Annaba 23000, Algérie.
(3) Laboratoire de Physique de l’Etat Condensé, UMR CNRS 6087,
Université du Maine, F-72085, Le Mans Cedex 9, France.
*) hmoumeni@yahoo.fr
Fe-Mo nanostructured compound is prepared by high energy ball milling

in a P7 planetary ball mill under argon atmosphere with a ball to powder weight
ratio of about 20:1. The structural evolution during mechanical alloying was
examined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Mössbauer spectrometry was used to
determine the local iron environment changes as a function of milling time. The
X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the total amount of molybdenum is not
completely dissolved into the Fe matrix. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the
powder milled for 24 h shows the formation of a bcc FeMo solid solution and
molybdenum nanocrystals. The Mössbauer spectrum of the 1 h milled sample
showed the typical sextet corresponding to α-Fe. With increasing milling time,
the presence of Mo in the vicinity of Fe is clearly evidenced by the appearance
of more and less resolved satellites on the Mössbauer spectra. The fitting results
of the Mössbauer spectra obtained at 300K in standard transmission geometry,
using a discrete hyperfine magnetic field distribution, revealed the coexistence
of three environments types. Both average hyperfine magnetic field and isomer
shift variations as a function of milling time will be reported.
E-mail: asaad_abdelkahlk@yahoo.com
- 78 -
A8
Electric properties of Nickel-nanoparticle-
Containing Inhomogeneous Materials in the
Vicinity of Percolation Threshold
U. Abdurakhmanov, Sh. Sharipov, F. Boymurotov., Y. Rakhimova
Physics Faculty, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent,

100174, Uzbekistan
In resent years, the interest in nanoparticle-containing materials is growing

explosively owing to their unique physical properties, which are substantially
different from properties of corresponding compact materials. Among these
materials there are various composites containing of metal nanoparticles
randomly distributed in a dielectric matrix. The application of the classical
percolation theory for description of the electric properties of these composites
faces problems (Balberg et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 18, 2091-121 (2004). In this
report we present results of study of the behavior of the conductivity σ and static
permittivity ε of composites containing the nickel nanoparticles (≤ 30 nm)
embedded in a polymeric matrix and also in a ceramic one by comparing with
the behavior of the same electric parameters of composites containing the high-
dispersed (1-3 µm) nickel particles embedded in the same matrices. It is
demonstrated that the form of dependences of σ and ε on the fractional Ni (V)
content is depended on the sizes of the Ni particles for both polymer and
ceramics-based composites. For these composites with the Ni nanoparticles, in
the range below classical percolation threshold Vc, the dependences of σ and ε on
V are different from that predicted by the classical percolation theory with the
fact that the curve of this dependence for ε is similar to that for σ. Following
Balberg et al, this peculiarity of the V-dependence of σ was assigned to the low
percolation threshold Vcd. It is concluded that, in the nickel-nanoparticle-
containing material under study, the percolation-tunnelling process, which is
considered by Balberg et al. as the cause of the low percolation threshold Vcd
also determines the behaviour of ε in the range below classical percolation
threshold Vc.
- 79 -
A9
Preparation and characterization of ZnSe
nanoparticles by mechanochemical process
M. Abdel Rafea
Mubarak City for Scientific Research & Technological Applications

Institute of Advanced Technilogy and New Materials
Electronic materials Dep.
E-mail: maibraheem@excite.com
Nanocrystalline ZnSe powder was prepared by mechano chemical

process from Zn and Se pure granules. Zn and Se granules transformed to
powder during mechano chemical reaction and ZnSe phase was observed after
milling time of 16 min by XRD measurements. The crystallite size was
measured to be 9-10 nm while the powder particle size was found to be in the
range 90-500 nm in the milling time range 20-60 min as measured by size
analyzer and SEM. The homogeneity of the powder was confirmed by EDX
analysis. The optical band gap was estimated from optical absorbance curve and
has the value in the range 2.58-2.95 eV. The absorbance peak was observed to
be wider according the wide distribution of the crystallite size which affect on
the energy gap according to energy gap confinement and the broadening of the
absorption peak was due to several energy gaps according to several sizes of the
crystallites
- 80 -
A10
The Effects of Induction and Convention Aging on
Growth Kinetics and Distribution of Nano-Metric γ'
Precipitates in a Ni-Based Superalloy
S. Soleimani, A. Abdollah-zadeh∗, A. Samadi, H. Assadi
Department of Materials Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University,

P. O. Box: 14115-143, Tehran, Iran
Ni-based superalloys are the most complex and the most widely used
materials for manufacturing of critical gas turbine components. It is well known
that these materials own their high temperature strength from the fine particles
of LI2 type ordered γ' phase precipitated coherently with the matrix. The
mechanical properties of these alloys are dependent upon such factors as volume
fraction, particle size, nucleation, growth and coarsening rates and composition
of γ' phase. All of these factors are determined by the solution and aging
treatments. In this work, the effect of induction aging on the microstructure and
the hardness of a cast superalloy, Udimet500, is investigated. The solution
samples were aged in two different furnaces namely induction furnace and
resistance tube furnace at 850oC up to 2 hours. The age-hardening behavior and
microstructural characteristics were studied by hardness testing, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), electron image analyzing, X-ray diffractometery,
electrolytic extraction and light laser scattering (LLS). The results show that the
rate of growth of γ' precipitates compared to resistance samples is considerably
accelerated. This observation can be attributed to the increasing effect of
induction aging on the growth of γ' precipitates due to an increase in the rate of
diffusion of γ' constitutional elements.
E-mail: zadeh@modares.ac.ir
- 81 -
A11
Development of a New and Novel Molecular
Building Block Methodology for Synthesis of
Naonostructured Mesoporous Catalysts
N. N. Ghosh*, and C. E. Barnes
*Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-

Pilani, Goa campus, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726 India
Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee- Knoxville, USA
The preparation of homogeneous dispersions of metal species on the

surfaces of porous, high surface area supports such as SiO2 or Al2O3 has been a
goal of heterogeneous catalyst scientists for many years. Commonly used
procedures involve the impregnation of the support with an aqueous solution of
a catalyst precursor, hydrothermal, sol–gel technologies. Working in aqueous
media, however, limits the number of synthetically accessible species and
distributions of aggregated species often result. To overcome these limitations,
we are developing a novel and versatile chemical route involving the controlled
coupling of silicate based molecular building blocks to construct the support
while simultaneously incorporating various metal ions onto the support surface
to prepare nanostructured silica supported catalysts. Here we describe results
from our investigations into the linking of the cubic Si8O20 spherosilicate unit
with vanadyl chloride (VOCl3). We have been able to alter the connectivity of
vanadium to the silicate support while maintaining monodispersed vanadium
centers throughout the matrix. This molecular Building Block methodology has
the potential to create materials containing tailored distributions of catalytically
active metal centers in a robust, nonreactive cross-linked matrix of structural
building blocks. The utilization of building blocks in this motif pushes structural
properties such as the separation of catalytic sites and the pore diameter into the
mesoporous regime.
- 82 -
A12
Application of Statistical Design to Optimize the
Synthesis of Barium Titanate Nanopowders by
Hydrothermal Method
M.M. Rashad1, R.S. Mohmmed1, A.El. Midany1 A.K. Kandil 2, and I.A.
Ibrahim1
1
Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, P.O.Box:87
Helwan, Cairo, Egypt 11421
2
Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science,
Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
Barium titanate BaTiO3 (BT) nanopowders from aqueous solution have

been prepared based on hydrothermal method. Statistical design was used to
investigate the effect of main parameters, i.e. pH (12-14), hydrothermal time
(12-24 hrs) and hydrothermal temperature (150-2000C) on the formation of
barium titanate phase. BaTiO3 particles were investigated using XRD, SEM and
laser diffraction analyzer analysis. From XRD data, the results showed that pure
single phase barium titanate was significant with pH, hydrothermal time and
hydrothermal temperature and the formation increased by increased the pH up to
13. The average crystallite sizes of the produced BT nanopowders were in the
range from 60 nm to 80 nm. SEM micrographs showed that the morphology of
the produced single phase barium titanate particles was tetragonal phase at low
temperature and hydrothermal time and it transformed to cubic phase by
increased the hydrothermal temperature and time. Laser diffraction analyzer
data of the produced barium titanate powders showed that the mean particle
sizes were from3 to 5 µm.
- 83 -
A13
Carbon Structures Formed in Different Chemical
Processes
Z.A.MANSUROV, T.A.SHABANOVA, MAROOF HIGAZI, N.N.MOFA,
M.A.BIISENBAEV, R.M.MANSUROVA.
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Combustion Problem Institute,

172 Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
e-mail: icp@nursat.kz, Fax: + 8-(3272)-925-811
We have analysed some nano dimensional carbon particles obtained in

chemical processes on various initial matrixes. There are seven frequently
occurring types of nano dimensional particles and structures: (1) spherical, (2)
tubular, (3) fibrous, (4) filmy, (5) crystalline, (6) - “active", and (7) cloudy. We
detail each kind of these objects. Process of carbonization forms practically all
familiar structures of carbon nanoparticles with a prevalence of some of them.
Round particles and various kinds of tubular particles are formed more often by
pyrolysis of hydrocarbons on metals. Large graphite nanotubes and fullerenes
are formed mostly in an electric arc. Mechano-chemical processes with
modifiers containing carbon yield usually some film structures. The basic part of
substance in our research has not had any structural orderliness of graphite. We
assume that any types of above nanoparticles, their complexes and composites
will be necessary for new technologies along with graphite nanotubes and
fullerenes. Our methods of synthesis and selection of matrixes do not allow us as
yet to synthesize only one morphological kind of above nanoparticles.
- 84 -
Session B

15:00 – 17:00
Chairman
Prof. A. Shamaa
Prof. Z. Haiba
- 85 -
- 86 -
B1
Preparation of Nd:YAG Powder by
sol-gel Method in Comparing with Solid State
Reaction.
*
Jahangir Hasani Barbaran, Fereshteh Hajiesmaeilbeigi
Solid State Lasers Div., Laser Research Center,Telefax:88008592

Tehran, P.O.Box:11365-8486 Iran.
Nd:YAG (Nd doped Y3Al5O12) single crystals are widely used in solid
state lasers. The method of growing these single crystals requires long process
time and high level of experience and has limitation of crystal size. Therefore
recently preparation of transparent Nd:YAG ceramic has been propounded. In
this work sol-gel method was used for synthesizing Nd:YAG powder which can
be sintered to transparent ceramic Nd:YAG. The XRD analysis of prepared
powder by sol-gel method showed that the YAG single phase is resulted by heat
treatment at 900 ْC for 2 hr and crystallization is completed by increasing time or
temperature. By SEM, micrographs of the synthesized samples and also
homogeneity of Nd distribution in the YAG lattice was observed. Also in this
work XRD analysis showed by solid state reaction method, temperature of 1350
ْC for 40 hr was not sufficient for obtaining YAG single phase.
*
jhasani2000@yahoo.com
- 87 -
B2
A New Materials Testing Technique
Based on Laser Produced Plasma Emission
Mazin M. Elias *
Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad,

P.0. Box 47314 Jadiriah, Baghdad, IRAQ
* e-mail: mazinmanuel@yahoo.com
Various modern techniques to test and analyze materials content are now
available, such as the flame atomic absorption, x-rays and neutron diffraction,
transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electron spectroscopy in chemical
analysis (ESCA). Each of these techniques has certain applications and
limitations. In this work, an accurate and quick material testing technique is
introduced. It includes the measurement of the intensity of electromagnetic
emission from the plasma produced as a result of interaction of laser with the
material under test. It is based on the following observation; When the material
composition is slightly changed, a considerable change in its thermal
conductivity occurs and the emission intensity of produced plasma is
significantly altered. The latter parameter was measured with high precision
using an ultra-high sensitive photon detection and counting system. The
measurements were performed with a few joules Nd: glass laser system with a
suitable stainless steel vacuum chamber specially designed for the present
project. Sets of metals and alloys (with variable concentration of constituents)
were used. The results demonstrate the capability of the present technique as a
new nearly non-destructive tool for material testing with performance better than
other testing techniques.
- 88 -
B6
Porous Silicon: Properties and Applications
Farid A. Harraz*
Central Metallurgical R&D Institute (CMRDI)

P.O. Box: 87 Helwan, Cairo 11421, Egypt
* fharraz68@yahoo.com
Porous silicon (PS) is a versatile electronic material usually prepared by

the galvanostatic anodization of single crystalline silicon wafers in fluoride-
based solutions. The porous structure is similar to a network with a pore
diameter ranging from few nanometer up to several micrometer, depending on
the preparation conditions and the characteristics of the starting silicon
substrates. The PS surface, on the other hand, is terminated by hydrogen and has
an extremely large surface to volume ratio. Further, the material can emit a
visible light at room temperature, a property that not found in bulk silicon. These
properties and others can be used in various technological applications. In the
present work, we show that various arrays of pores with different morphologies
can be obtained in silicon by controlling the anodizing conditions and
appropriate selecting the dopant type and level of the silicon. The surface
modification of as-formed PS with different materials will also be addressed.
The fabrication, characterization and possible applications of the PS layers will
be demonstrated and thoroughly discussed during presentation.
- 89 -
B4
Study on Photocatalytic Oxidation of Indigo
Carmine Dye on Mn-Supported TiO2
Reda M. Mohameda , Ibrahim Othman Alib*, Ibrahim A. Ibrahima
a
Central Metallurgical R&D Institute, Department of Nanostructured
Material, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.
b
Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Nasser
City, Cairo, Egypt.
*
iothmana@yahoo.com
10 wt. % of manganese, ions in nitrate form was supported on titania

prepared by sol–gel and impregnation methods. Specifically, the obtained
catalysts were treated thermally at 500ºC and then characterized using XRD,
FTIR and N2 adsorption measurements. The electrical conductivity has also been
measured by applying Zeta potential technique to attain the effect of Mn
supported on TiO2. Analysis of anatase-rutile phase transformation in TiO2
showed increased upon the addition of Mn. These materials were tested for
discoloration (adsorption) and mineralization (in the presence of UV irradiation)
of indigo carmine (IC) dye. The experimental results show that Mn/TiO2-imp is
the highest photocatalytic activity. The influence of pH, catalyst amount and
time on the decolorization rate of IC on Mn/TiO2-imp was thoroughly investigated
and correlated with ZPC of MnOx species, various exposed species of MnOx and
surface properties.
- 90 -
B5
X-ray and Infrared studies For NiSiX Fe2-XO4
Ferrites
D.M. Hemeda, and M.Z. Said
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
A spinel ferrite of the system NiSixFe2-XO4, with (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,
0.5) where studied via IR, X-ray spectra and cation distribution. The x-ray
pattern confirmed the spinel cubic structure of all Si contents. The lattice
parameters estimated as a function of Si contents a slight decrease of lattice
parameter up 0.2. The grain size increases with increasing Si content up to 0.3
and then decreases for higher content. The jump length of electrons decreased
with Si concentration up to 0.2. Four absorption bands were observed in infrared
spectra in the range between 1000 and 200 cm-1. These bands are assigned to
Fe3+ and Si4+ at the A and B sites The two high frequency bands in the range
580-555 and 450-400 cm-1 is assigned to υ1 tetrahedral (A site) and υ2 (B site).
- 91 -
B6
IR irradiation Effects on Metals
*Anwar Latif, M.Khaleeq-ur-Rahman, S.M.Rafique, K.Bhatti,

Aisha Ahsan “Department of Physics”
University of Engineering & Technology Lahore Pakistan 54890

anwar1latif@yahoo.com
The work presented in this paper is a comprehensive study for the

exploration and investigation of topographical, structural and surface
morphological changes when the most significant conducting metals Gold,
Silver and Copper are exposed to IR radiations. For this purpose an Nd: YAG
laser (1064nm, 1.1MW, 12ns) has been used to irradiate fine polished and
annealed samples of these materials for an optimized number of laser shots. The
surface analysis has been made on the basis of images and patterns obtained
using SEM, XRD and Metallurgical microscope. Laser ablation caused boiling,
splashing and exfoliation along with other relevant phenomena, all were
observed through SEM micrographs and have been discussed in detail. The
XRD patterns of the exposed metal samples clearly indicate a change in intensity
and disturbance in atomic planes caused by the defects produced as a result of
energy transmission by IR radiation to metal surfaces. The information collected
provides a significant addition in the knowledge to investigate the complexities
found in IR radiations- metal interactions.
- 92 -
B7
RDF Analysis, Positron Annihilation and Raman
Spectroscopy to Study the Structure of Nonlinear
Optical xTiO2 – (60 – x) SiO2 – 40Na2O Glasses
A.Abou Shama*, F.El-Diasty and M.S.Abd El-Kareem
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University 11566

Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
*E-mail: alishama@gawab.com
xTiO2 – (60 – x) SiO2 – 40Na2O glasses have proven an interesting

nonlinear optical properties [1,2]. The investigated glasses show one order of
magnitude enhancement over some TiO2 silicate glasses. In this work, we
continue studying these glasses using different techniques to analyze the glass
structures seeking to provide a deep insight for the relation between structure,
compositions and the optical characteristics of these glasses. The Radial
Distribution Function (RDF) analysis combined with positron annihilation and
Raman spectroscopy are used to study these glasses. The origin of the non-
bridging oxygen (NBO) bonds has been traced correlating their existence with
the measured nonlinear optical properties of the investigated glasses.
- 93 -
B8
Vibronic Reduction Factors in Cubic and
Icosahedral Systems
Dr. Faten E. Al-Hazmi
Physics Department/ King Abdualaziz University
Second-order reduction factors (SORFs) are important as they can

generate contributions to the effective Hamiltonian which may be significantly
larger than and different from those of first order. It can be act as a bridge
between experimental data and basic theory. This work is divided into two
parts: In part I a new general method is developed to determine the vibronic
second-order Jahn-Teller (JT) reduction factors (RFs) in terms of the strength of
the vibronic coupling for systems in which electron orbital degeneracy or
pseudo-degeneracy exists. These include in particular the fullerene
molecule C 60 , pseudo-Jahn-Teller molecules and impurity centres in crystals.
Hence studies of the JT effect are important in understanding the properties of
C 60 and related molecules. In part II an analytical values for the second-order
RFs are calculated by using non-Condon corrections to the standard FC
calculations for cubic and icosahedral systems. The validity of this non-Condon
correction approximation is first tested in the cubic T ⊗ t 2 JT system due to its
relative simplicity. It is found that the results are closer to those obtained earlier
by numerical methods than the analytical FC values alone. Moreover, the results
of this work have proved that the non-Condon correction is valid from very
strong vibronic to intermediate strength coupling limit for T1u ⊗ h g JT system,
G ⊗ ( g ⊕ h) JT system and H ⊗ ( g ⊕ h) JT system. The previous work has
demonstrated that such an approach can give values for the RFs close to those
deduced form experiments.
- 94 -
B9
TEM Investigation of Amorphization Kinetics due to Argon
Implantation in GaAs
K. Akmoum1*, A. Claverie2, M. Mimi1 and G. BenAssayag2

1
Département de physique, Université de Mostaganem 27000, Algerie.
2
CEMES-CNRS, 29 Rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse cedex, France.
* E-mail: akmoum_k@yahoo.fr
The design of semiconductor devices is based upon the ionic

implantation, which is widely used for integrated circuit. Ion implantation allows
to selectively create either doped or high resistive regions in materials. We
investigated the crystalline to amorphous transition induced by ion implantation
in GaAs using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Samples of GaAs were
implanted at both 100 K and room temperature with 40 keV Ar+ and with doses
between 2×1013 and 5×1014 ions/cm². Experimental results are discussed in term
of the deposited energy density, which has been determined using Monté Carlo
simulation developed from IPROS. Values of 15 eV/mol [3.3×1023 eV/cm3] and
10 eV/mol [2.2×1023 eV/cm3] have been obtained for the threshold energy
damage density at room temperature and low temperature implantation. The
amorphization mechanisms of GaAs under ion implantation are discussed in
light of these results.
- 95 -
B10
Ion Irradiation of Silicon
M. Khaleeq-ur-Rahman*, M. S.Rafique, Khurshid Aslam, Javed
Safdar, S.Rizwan,
Department of Physics, University of Engineering and technology,

Lahore,54890, Pakistan
Presenting Author: M. Khaleeq-ur-Rahman
Email: kabhatti@uet.edu.pk
The aim of this research work is to study the changes produced in silicon
after laser produced ion irradiation. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser (having energy
10mJ, pulse duration 9-12 ns and power 1.1MW) is used to produce Gold ions
which were irradiated on silicon. XRD pattern of silicon are taken after ion
irradiation in air and vacuum for 300 and 200 shots, respectively with the help of
X-Ray Diffractometer. A comparison of these patterns with the standard pattern
of un-irradiated silicon reveals that the intensity of diffraction lines in XRD
pattern increased after ion irradiation. This clearly indicates that during the ion
target interaction, atoms are displaced from their normal positions. SEM
micrographs of gold ions irradiated Silicon not only provides evidence of heat
conduction in the localized focused region but also the production of thermal
spikes in the silicon sample. The results of the research work may be utilized in
industry, electronics, surface modification, surface hardening, material
processing, medical, defense and sensor development.
- 96 -
B11
Laser Irradiation of Silicon
Khurshid Aslam*, M. Khaleeq-ur-Rahman
M. S.Rafique, Javed Safdar,
Department of Physics, University of Engineering and technology,

Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
Presenting Author: Khurshid Aslam Email: kabhatti@uet.edu.pk
The aim of this research work is to study the changes produced in silicon
after pulsed Nd:YAG laser (energy 10mJ, pulse duration 9-12 ns and power
1.1MW) irradiation in air and vacuum for 25, 50 and 75 shots. The surface
modification was stuied with the help of SEM micrographs. Gradual build up of
periodic damages and differaction patterns are observed. Also cracks formation,
redeposition of material, droplets, globules, cones, shock affected zone, ripples.
This conforms the laser ablation and sputtering of silicon. The results may be
used in industry, electronics, surface modification, material processing, medical,
defense and sensor development.
- 97 -
B12
SEM and XRD Analysis of the Laser Irradiated
Cadmium
M. S. Rafique, M. Khaleeq-ur-Rahman, Khurshid Aslam,
Tayyaba Firdos,
Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology,

Lahore, Pakistan, 54890
Presenting Author: Dr. M. Shahid Rafique Email: kabhatti@uet.edu.pk
A pulsed Nd: YAG laser (10mJ, 12ns, 1064nm) was employed to study
the IR irradiation effects on the metallic samples of Cadmium. The laser was
irradiated for 100, 200, and 300 shots under vacuum ~10-3 torr. The results were
investigated using Hi Tech S3000H Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and
X’pert Pro PANalytical X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). The micrographs obtained
from SEM revealed that the surface morphological changes have occurred in the
form of crater. The forward expansion of plasma into an ambient gas coupled
with the recondensation of the target surface results in the formation of debris.
Large temperature gradients produce variations in the thermal resistance that
leads to the distributed shape of the heat affected zone. The hydrodynamic
effects are apparent with liquid flow to form the recast material around the
periphery of the laser focal area. The turbulent resolidified material is formed
when surface asperities are accelerated away from the liquid surface during each
laser pulse due to melting followed by thermal expansion of the liquid. The
positive feed back of the repeated pulses resulted in the form of ripples. Grains
appear on the surface as an evidence of heterogeneous nucleation. The
confirmation of the formation of these structures has been done by X-ray
Diffractometer (XRD). The results of the study will be employed in the industry,
defense and material processing.
- 98 -
Session C

17:30 – 19:30
Chairman
Prof. S. Mazen
Prof. M. Zaidia
- 99 -
- 100 -
C1
Electrical and Magnetic Properties of
RxY1-xBa2Cu3O7-δ (R = Nd and Er) Spin Glasses
N.A. El-Shishtawi, A. Tawansi, H. Makram1, and S.I. Badr,
Dept. of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt

1
LMOS, CNRS ER178, 1 place A. Briand, F-92195 Meudon Principal
Cedex, France,
The effects of partial replacement of R (= Nd and Er) by Y of the

physical properties of the systems RxY1-xBa2Cu3O7-δ were investigated. The
concerned properties were X-ray diffraction, ac and dc magnetic susceptibilities
and electrical resistivity. For Nd doping levels of 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3 an orthorhombic
crystalline structure was identified while a tetragonal structure was found for 0.4
≤ x ≤ 1.0. A spin glass character was obtained for Nd doping ≥ 0.3. The
destruction of superconductivity was ascribed to the low value of the crystal
parameter c and the lattice strains due to the difference in the radii of Nd and Y.
A tetragonal structure was obtained for Er doping of 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3, while an
orthorhombic type was identified for 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1.0. The ac susceptibility
temperature dependence revealed a spin glass character, while a Curie — Weiss
behaviour (with a low effective magnetic moment) was found. The observed
Arrhenius temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity exhibited a
serniconducting order in the temperature range of 100-191 K.
- 101 -
C2
Local Moments in Mn-Pd Compounds
R. Pacurariu*1, M. Coldea1, M. Neumann2, V. Pop1, L.G. Pascut1
1
Babes-Bolyai University, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2
University of Osnabruck, Fachbereich Physik, D-49069 Osnabruck, Germany
The problem of local moments confined to the transition metals sites, i.e.,
localized behaviour in some aspects of itinerant electrons, is one of the most
important issues in the physics of the magnetic alloys and intermetallic compounds.
In the phase diagram of the Mn-Pd system there are three regions of solid solubility
which comprise also four intermetallic compounds: MnPd3, Mn11Pd21, Mn3Pd5 and
MnPd. We study the electronic structure of Mn-Pd compounds using X–ray
photoelectron spectroscopy and discuss the results in relation with their
crystallographic and magnetic properties. Earlier neutron diffraction measurements
pointed out that Mn-Pd compounds order antiferromagnetically with Néel
temperatures and magnetic moments on Mn sites ranging from approximately 200
to 825 K and 4 to 4.4 µB, respectively. By correlating our susceptibility
measurements with the neutron diffraction studies we prove the existence of local
magnetic moments also on the Pd sites and the participation of these atoms in the
magnetic exchange interactions. The electronic structure of Mn-Pd compounds are
studied by analyzing the valence band and core level spectra. The most important
feature of the observed spectra is the well-defined magnetic exchange splitting of
about 1.15 eV of the Mn 2p3/2 lines, arising from the exchange interactions between
the core hole and open 3d shell. This gives a clear evidence of the existence of local
moments in the Anderson’s sense confined on Mn sites in Mn-Pd compounds. After
background removal the spectra were fitted using four components and a satellite
line. The relative intensities of the components vary depending on the Mn
environment, reflecting the changes in the properties of the Mn 3d states. Our
previous band structure calculations revealed that there is always Pd 4d character in
the valence bands above EF. The valence band spectra for Mn-Pd compounds are
dominated by the Pd 4d states, since the cross section for Pd 4d is about eleven times
larger than for Mn 3d. The valence - band centroids are shifted towards higher
binding energies, the density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level decreases and a
shoulder at EF becomes visible as the Mn concentration increases, suggesting a
gradually filling of the Pd 4d band. This behaviour is attributed to the hybridization
of the Mn and Pd states.
- 102 -
C3
Structural and Magnetic Properties of (Ni (1-X) MgX)
Fe2O4 Ferrites
A. Al-Sharif* and M. Abo-AlSondos
Dept. of Physics, Mu’tah University - JORDAN
We have studied the structural and magnetic properties of (Mg Ni)-

Fe2O4 Ferrite. X-ray diffraction and magnetization measurements were
performed for all samples. X-ray results that a single phase ferrite was obtained
for all samples. The lattice parameters were estimated from the x-ray results.
The X-ray results showed that the lattice parameter increases at high Mg2+
contents (x ≥ 0.4) in comparison with the lattice parameter of the base sample
(Ni Fe2O4). Magnetic hysteresis measured for all samples showed that the
coercivity decreases at higher Mg2+ contents (x ≥ 0.4) in comparison with the
coercivity of the base sample (Ni Fe2O4) coercivity. It was found that the
saturation magnetization (Ms) and the remanence (Mr) decreases for all the
studied samples (with increasing Mg).
- 103 -
C4
Investigation of the Preparation Process and
Composition of the Superconductor
Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2+xCa2+YCu3O10+ä
Mahdi H.Suhail, Matti N. Maqadsi and Samir Adnahn Rahma Al-Taie
Dept. of physics, college of science, univ. of Baghdad

E-mail mhsuhail@yahoo.com
The aim of the research is to prepare pellets from

Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2+xCa2+yCu3O10+ä (x=0, 0.1, 0.2; y=0, 0.1, 0.2) superconductor
compound by direct synthesizing method (DSM) which retern to solid state
reaction. Pellets of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2+xCa2+yCu3O10+ä were prepared from Oxides,
Carboniets, and Nitrates of starting materials in proportion to their molecular
weights. The prepartion conditions were constant (pressing pellets at 5Ton,
diameter 13mm, thickness 1.5mm, sintering temperature 860oC, with twice
sintering time at 120h and regrinding.
The results of x-ray diffraction (XRD) tests for all samples showed that
the compound contains two main phases; High-Tc Phase (HTP) and Lwo-Tc
Phase (LTP) or more as for the samples that have high ratios of Sr, especially the
ratio x=0.2 ; y=0.2. From the electrical properies of all samples, we noticed that
the compound have the maximum critical temperature Tc=100K for the ratio
x=0.1 and y=0.1, [and it has orthorhmbic structure with domination in crystalline
direction for high phase at H(1013)] while Tc=85K for the ratio x=0 and y=0.
The increase in the Ca content has positive effect on superconductive properties
while the Sr content destroied the superconductivity at x=0.2 and y=0.2, 0.1, 0.
We did not obtain the single HTP, thus we used the multi-grinding method for
the sample Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+ä with sintering temperature 860oC, and
sintering times (100h, 150h, 200h, and 240h) and regrinding for each stage.The
results of XRD analyses showed that the compound prepared by multi-grinding
has also two phases: HTP and LTP. The oxygen content of this sample was
ä=0.44 and critical temp. Tc=100K while for the single grinding [x=0, y=0 which
is prepared previously (sintered at 240h with single regrinding in the mid of the
operation)] was ä=0.37 and Tc=85K. We did not obtain the single HTP, thus we
used different preparation methods for the sample Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+ä.
These methods related to solid state reaction. The first method is Two-Step
- 104 -
Method (TSM), where the compound Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+ä sintered at 860oC

for 200h (with twice sintering time at 100h and regrinding). The results of XRD
analyses showed that the domination of HTP and also the crystalline direction at
H(0016) with low ratios of LTP at L(105) and L(0012). The sample had
orthorhmbic structure with c=37.8A. From iodemetric titration tested that ä=0.4
and from electrical properties, we found that Tc=105K. The second method is
Multi-Step Method (MSM) where the compound Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+ä
prepered at sintering temperature of 860oC for 100h with twice sintering time at
50h and regrinding. The results of XRD analyses showed that the compound is
single HTP, its lattice constant is c=38A with orthrohmbic structure and growth
towards the phase H(002) and H(0014), it has ä=0.55. The results of electrical
tests show that the critical temp. is Tc=113K and the transition region width is
ÄTc=27K, the matter that indicates the growth of the single high-Tc phase. We
used the X-Ray Floursent (XRF) analyses to test the proportions of the elements
constituting compound. We compared between the preparation methods and the
effect of sintering time (more than 150h) on the loss of the elements constituting
the compound. We noticed that in the cause when we had no growing in HTP is
due to the loss in the main elements (Bi, Cu) during the longer sintering process.
MSM was considered the ideal method to the complete growth high-Tc phase.
- 105 -
C5
Thermal Properties of High Temperature
Superconductors Within Ginzburg Landau Theory
L.N. Shehata*, A.Y. Afram and H.M. Taha
Department of Mathematics and Theoretical Physics Atomic Energy

Authority, Cairo, Egyp.
e-mail: louis_shehata@yahoo.co.uk
A mathermatical treatment of the thermodynamics of high temperature

superconductors was considered in the frame of the conventional and the
modified Ginzburg-Landau theories. The Ginzburg-Landau free energy was
rewritten in a form that expresses the physical quantities of the thermodynamic
critical field Hc(T), the coherence length ξ(T) and the penetration length λ(T) of
the superconductor. For the sake of possible modifications in Ginzburg-Landau
energy, selected temperature-dependent formulae for the coefficient parameter
α(T) were considered. Our calculations show that the derivatives of the free
energy with respect to the temperature T, the entropy S, the specific heat C and
its temperature derivative ∂ C are continuous functions through the phase
∂T
transition. Comparisons with available data are presented.
- 106 -
C6
Metal Induced Effects in the Optical Chracteristics
of Se8Te2 Amorphous Alloys
G.A.M. Amin*, E. Borham*, A.F. Maged* and Y. Badr**
National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT),

P.O.Box 29, 29 – Nasr City, Cairo, Cairo Uinversity.
National Constitute for Laser Enhanced Science (NIIES).
Optical measurements were performed on thin amorphous chalcogenide

films from from the systemof pure (Se8Te2) and metal doped (Se8Te2)0.9M0.1 (M=
Cu, Sn and Ag). Bulk Se8Te2 alloy was prepared by the standard melt quenching
technique and the different metals were added to the binary using the same
technique. Thin films of the prepared compositions was grown using thermal
evaporation method. The effect of different metallic additions on the optical
characteristics was explored. The effect of annealing at a temperature below the
glass transition temperature Tg on The optical behaviour was also explored. The
optical energy gap E0 was found to decrease with the addition of metal, the
amount of decrease depends on the chemical character of added metal.
Annealing leads to a decrease of the optical energy gap with annealing time.
- 107 -
C7
The Effect of the Metal Additives on the Physical
Properties of Amorphous Ge(SxSe1-x)2
S.A. Fayek, M.A. Soliman*, M.R. Balboul and M.M. Ibrahim
National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Cairo, Egypt.

*Faculty of Science Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
UV-VIS transmission, X-ray diffraction and DC electrical conduction

were used for characterization of film properties of amorphous Ge(Sx Se1-x)2
with x = (0.0, 0.12, 0.44, 1). Thin films of Ge(SxSe1-x)2 modified by the addition
of metallic Ag(Cu) were prepared by thermal diffusion (TD) of the metal inside
the host films. The metal concentration of the prepared films ranged between 5
and 35 at. %. The kinetic studies of TD revealed that the value of the TD rate for
Cu is greater than that for Ag. The addition of metal increases the absorption
coefficient in the power-law regime and consequently the optical gap decreases
and the refractive index increases. The band-tail width (Ee) slightly increases at
low metal concentrations, then it decreases with increasing concentration of
metal. The X-ray diffraction patterns of Ge(SxSe1-x)2 show a decrease in the
intensity of the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) upon adding Ag and become
negligible upon adding nearly the same concentration of Cu. No crystalline
peaks appear (the amorphous nature is still present) at high concentration of
metal, which is consider as an advantage of the (TD) process. The FSDP
disappear by adding Ag metal at concentration of about 25 at. %.
- 108 -
C8
Differential Scanning Calorimetric Study of
Ge0.15As0.20Te0.65 Chalcogenide Glasses
E. R. Shaaban*, A. M. Abousehly, and Yasser. B. Saddeek
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University,

Assiut - Egypt.
Results of differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) under non-isothermal

condition of bulk amorphous semiconducting alloys of Ge0.15As0.20Te0.65 glasses
with different heating rates are reported and discussed. The glass transition
temperature, crystallization temperature at different heating rates and structural
change during glass transition have been determined from an empirical relation.
The dependence of the glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization
temperature (Tp), the activation energy for structural relaxation (∆Et), the
activation energy of crystallization (∆E) and the Avrami index (n) are calculated
at different heating rates the Avrami index is calculated from the relationship
between crystallization rate versus temperature. On the basis of the obtained
experimental data, the thermal stability (∆T) and the resistance to devitrfication
after the glass formation are also determined.
- 109 -
C9
Modification of Selenium-Tellurium Amorphous
Composition With Iron using the Mechanical
Alloying Method
G.A.M. Amin
National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, P.O.Box 29-

Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
e-mail:gamalamin@yahoo.com
The mechanical alloying method was used to add Fe to the amorphous

Se8Te2 alloy. The effect of mechanically alloying Fe with Se8Te2 on the optical
properties of thin films of the resulting alloys was studied in the UV-VIS
spectral region. Different models for the determination of the optical energy gap
were reviewed and used to analyze the obtained data. The optical energy gap
was found to increase with the Fe content. Values of the optical energy gap of
the alloys under investigation were determined using three different methods and
the relation between different measures of the optical gap is explored. The effect
of annealing at temperatures below the glass transition temperatures was also
investigated. The optical energy gap found the decreases with the annealing time
revealing the increase of randomness as a result of thermal annealing.
- 110 -
Session D

17:30 – 19:30
Chairman
Prof. M. Amin
Prof. M. Ali
- 111 -
- 112 -
D1
Pysical Properties of Methylecellulose Polymer at
different doses of γ- irradiation.
Ismail M. Hamada

Tanta, Egypt
IR speectral analysis were carried out for irradiated and unirradiated of

methylecellulose sample using 60Co γ-rays between 1-4 mega rad. The refractive
index was estimated from IR analysis. It was observed that the refractive index
decreases to minimum value for 1 mega rad irradiation and then increases for
higher doses. The dielectric constant increases for 1 mega rad radiation and then
decreases. This was attributed to the more dipole orientation in one direction for
one mega rad. The electrical resistiveity decreases with increases tempreature.
The change of the Physical parameters of the sample of irradition helps the
human being to use these polymers as a sensor for detecting nuclear pollution.
- 113 -
D2
Correlation of Swelling Properties of Some
ã- irradiated Hydrogels
With Variations in Nano Free-Volumes Using
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy
M. Mohsen1, E. Gomaa1, E. Hassan Aly1, El- Sayed .A. Hegazy2 ,
Gh. A. Mahmmoud2
1 Physics department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, P.O.

Box 1156, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
2 National Center for Radiation research and Technology, P.O. Box 29,
Nasr City, Egypt.
e-mail: m1mohsen@yahoo.com
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS) has been used to investigate

the effect of gamma irradiation on the free-volume holes at the atomic scale of
hydrogels derived from acrylamide (AAM) and acrylic acide (AAC). Free-
volume parameters have been measured from ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetime
and the S-parameter of Doppler broadening spectra from annihilation radiation
as a function of ã-irradiation dose. The samples have been irradiated at
room temperature with doses ranging from 5 - 40 KGy. At low radiation dose a
significant decrease in free-volume size (Vh) is observed followed by an
increase at high dose. On the other hand, the fraction of free-volume (f %)
increases with dose up to 20 KGy followed by a steep decrease up to 30 KGy
then a smooth increase up to 40 KGy. These results are supported by a
significant variations in the free-volume hole size distributions. In addition a
correlation between the free-volume parameters (Vh & f %) and water up take is
established.
- 114 -
D3
Some Sulfated Water Soluble Natural Polymer
(Carrageenans) Compounds as Corrosion
Inhibitors for Dissolution of Iron in Hydrochloride
Solution
K.S. Khairo and I. Zaafarany
Chem. Dept. Faculty of Appl. Sci, Umm Al –Qura University.

Makkah Al Mukaramha. Saudi Arabia
Email : ishaq-zaafarany@yahoo.com
The effect of some sulfated water soluble polymer (Carrageenans)

compounds on the corrosion behavior of iron electrode in 1M hydrochloric acid
solution as corrosive medium has been investigated using galvanostatic
polarization technique. Some corrosion parameters such as anodic and catholic
Tafel slope, corrosion potential, corrosion current density, surface coverage and
inhibition efficiency was calculated. The polarization measurements indicated
that the inhibitors are mixed type. The inhibition efficiency was found to
increase with increasing concentration and number of sulfer atom per molecules.
Inhibition was explained on basis of parallel adsorption of these compounds on
the iron electrode. The adsorption process follows Langmuir adsorption
isotherm.
- 115 -
D4
Thermodegradation Kinetics Studied of
Arylhydroxy, Carboxy and Antipyrine Acrylate
Polymers
F.M.Al-Nowaiser, E.H.El-Mossalamy and K.S.Al-Thabaiti
Chemistry Department,Faculty of Science King Abdul Aziz University

P.O.Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
Monomers of, o-Aminophenol, Anthranilic acide and 4-

Aminoantipyrine with Acrylic, methyl acrylic and methylmethacrylate have
been synthesized. Metal complexes of the polymers were prepared from chloride
salts in ethanol. Characterization of the polymer and its complexes was made by
microanalyses, Ft-IR, 1H-NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy and thermogravimetric
analysis. The activation energy of the decomposition of these systems were
evaluated by the integral method developed by Flynn- Wall- Ozawa and by
Coats and Redfern method. The kinetic parameters have been used to estimate
the lifetime of systems. The obtained results confermed the modification of the
thermal stabilities of polymer complexes.
- 116 -
D5
Preparation of Acrylat Oligomers Microstructure
by Electron Beam Curing to Approach the Degree
of Water Wetting
Nabil A. El-Kelesh and Nabila A. Maziad
National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic

Authority, Nasr City P.O.Box 29, Cairo, Egypt, 113701.
Measurement techniques that quantify the degree of water wetting are

important for the communication of research findings. The water drop
penetration time (WDPT) is a commonly used measurement. If a water drop was
fixed on the surface of the modified polyethylene terphethalate (PET) polymer,
the water contact angle would be lower than 90o and the surface is considered to
be water wetting. The adhesion force was determined by the degree of
scratching, aberration and toughness force. The resistance of the surface toward
to polar and non-polar organic solvents was studied. Acid and alkaline
resistances of the acrylate cured surfaces were investigated. Characterization of
the prepared cured surfaces depends on the hydrophilicity of both monomer and
oligomer used, the curing process was applied using electron beam irradiation at
different doses ranged from 10-100 kGy. The crosslinking of monomer with
both oligomer and polymer substrate through the acrylate bond was studied by
Ramman and FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that, the degree of crosslinking
depends on the concentration of hydrophilic monomer and oligomer selected for
our purpose. The permeability, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) were studied to show the quality of the surface morphology
of the cured polymer. Thermal stability and its resistance to the heat effect of the
modified polymer was investigated using Thermogravemetric Analysis (TGA)
and Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) techniques.
- 117 -
D6
Electrical conductivity of 4-tricyanovinyl-N,N-
diethylaniline
M.M. El-Nahass, K.F. Abd-El-Rahman*, A.A.A. Darwish
Physics Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy

Square 11757, Cairo, Egypt
The characterization of 4-tricyanovinyl-N,N-diethylaniline, TCVA, have

been reported. TCVA was characterized by using DSC, FTIR and two-probe
conductivity measurements. The DSC measurements of TCVA showed that the
compound is stable up to 150oC. The temperature dependence of electrical
conductivity, in the temperature range from 298 to 403 K, was studied on pellet
samples of TCVA with evaporated ohmic Au electrodes. The electrical
conductivity was found to be 8.30×10-12 Ω-1.cm-1 at room temperature. The
temperature dependency of the electrical conductivity is typical for
semiconducting compounds and suggested that there were two types of
conduction channels contributing to conductivity. This compound exhibited
conformational change upon electronic excitation (S0→S1) depending on the
elevated temperatures.
- 118 -
D7
Synthetic Rout, Thermal Kinetic and, Electrical
Conductivities Studies of Some Organotin Polymers
Shaeel A.Al – Thabaiti and Rihab F. Angawi
Chemistry Department Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University.

P.O.Box 80203 Jeddah 21583 SAUDI ARABIA
New synththetic route to prepare some organotin polymers based on

N- substituted acrylamide and methylacrylamide acid esters via a new synthetic
route tri-butyltin - α - bromoarylate monomer (TBTBA) was prepared and
polymerization carried out. Organotin polymers were prepared via the new
synthetic route by exchange reactions.Tri – n- butyltin - α - bromoacrylate
monomer (TBTBA) was prepared by reaction of tri – n- butyltin oxide with α -
bromoacrylic acid. Polymerization of (TBTBA) was carried out in solution at 70
o
C using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator and dimethylformamide
(DMF) as a solvent. Organotin polymers based on N- substituted acrylamide and
methacrylamide were prepared via new synthetic route by exchange reaction of
poly- N-acryloyloxy-and poly- N-methacryloyloxypthalimides with o-, m- and
p- aminotrin-butyltin benzoates. The thermal decomposion and kinetics reactions
of organotim polymers were studied, and the activation paramelers for each
decomposition step were calculated and discussed.The Electrical properties are
studied under which the variation of electrical conductivity with respect to
temperature is obtained and type of chargecarriers is determine electrical
resistivity of the sample can be measured. Prepared organotin polymers have
good film properties, and are suitable for film formation.
- 119 -
- 120 -
Session E
Wednesday, Sept., 13, 2006

15:00 – 17:00
Chairman
Prof. S. Abd El-Moteleb
Prof. N. Shaalan
- 121 -
- 122 -
E1
Optical Behaviour and Related Properties of the
Binary Mixture 5cb/8cb Liquid Crystals
M. Roushdy*
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Cairo.
The index of refraction in the isotropic phase, n, and in the mesophase,

no, for pure 5CB and 8CB liquid crystals as well as their binary mixtures, were
measured as a function of temperature. The related parameters; namely,
orientational order parameter (S), relative polarizability anisotropy (ζ) and
molecular length-to-breadth ratio (k), were calculated and compared for the
mesophase of the considered samples. The order parameter and the relative
polarizability anisotropy had maximum values for the binary mixture having
eutectic composition. The low values observed for the k-parameter, either for
pure or mixed states, suggest the arrangement of parallel molecules within the
nematic phase persists in groups “swarms”.
- 123 -
E2
Optically Illuminated 4H-SiC THz IMPATT Device
M. Mukherjee and N. Mazumder
Department of Applied Physics International Institute of Information

Technology Visva Bharati University
X-1, 8/3, Block EP, Sector V
Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Kolkata 700091, INDIA
e-mail: mou_mita_m@yahoo.com
The terahertz (THz) regime (0.1-10 THz) is rich with emerging

possibilities in remote sensing, imaging and communications, with unique
applications for detecting hidden biological weapons and explosives. There is
an emergent need for developing solid state high power THz sources. IMPATT
devices are found to be the most efficient solid state sources that can deliver
highest RF power even at 300 GHz. Due to excellent material properties, 4H-
SiC IMPATTs are likely to produce 400 times RF power (PRF ) than Si & GaAs
counterparts. The small signal characteristics of a flat 4H-SiC DDR (p+pnn+)
IMPATT operating at 0.5 THz are studied for the first time and the results are
reported here. The diode design parameters are as follows: epilayer doping (p &
n) = 9x1023 m-3, epilayer widths = 0.15 µm, current density = 6x109 Am-2,
operating temperature = 300 K. The output data of the simulated diodes are:
Maximum field = 2x108 Vm-1, Breakdown voltage (VB) = 96 volts, Efficiency
(η) = 25%, Avalanche resonance frequency (fa) = 0.42 THz, Optimum frequency
(fP) = 0.51 THz, Peak negative conductance (-GP) = 29x107 Sm-2, Quality factor
(QP) = 2.0, RF power (PRF) = 2.5 W, assuming a diode chip of diameter 10 µm.
Si and GaAs IMPATTs can not approach THz region due to the limitations
imposed by their material parameters. Hence, no comparison is made with Si
and GaAs IMPATTs. Optical control of microwave properties of the device is
also studied. When an optical photon of appropriate energy is absorbed at the
edges of the active layer of an IMPATT diode, additional electron-hole pairs are
generated within the active region of the diode, which, in turn, enhance the
existing thermal leakage current in the device. The enhancement of leakage
current is manifested as the lowering of electron and hole current multiplication
factors, Mn and Mp, respectively. It is found that -GP decreases (~30 %), while, fP
shifts upwards (a maximum up to 50 GHz) and QP increases gradually with
- 124 -
increasing leakage current. It is further observed that the upward shift in

operating frequency is more when the diode performance is controlled by hole
saturation current. The predominance of Mp over Mn in producing higher
frequency shift in 4H-SiC IMPATTs may be due to inequality of ionization
coefficients. These studies thus suggest that 4H-SiC DDR IMPATT is highly
radiation sensitive THz power generator. The results may be utilized for
developing optoelectronic THz sources.
- 125 -
E3
Measurements of Mass Absorption Coefficients of
Multi Elements by XANES
M. H. Eisa a *, c, A. El -T. Sharaf el Din b, c, A. H. Sirelkhatim c

a
Department of Physics, College of Science , Sudan University of Science
and Technology, Khartoum 11115 , Sudan
b
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum,
Khartoum 11115 , Sudan
c
Sudan Institute for Natural Sciences, Research Unit,
Khartoum 11115 , Sudan
Measurements of nine elements between atomic numbers 22 to 30 have

been made to determine the mass absorption coefficients (MACs). The MACs of
the elements were measured in the energy range 4.93~9.69 KeV by the X-ray
absorption near edge structure (XANES) technique. It is well known that, on the
near edge absorption (NEA) of element, when incident X-ray a few eV change
can make the absorption coefficient an order magnitude alteration. So that, there
are only a few points of mass absorption coefficients at the NEA, and that
always average value in published table. Our results showed a wide range of
data. The investigation confirmed that XANES is a powerful technique for
multi-element absorption coefficient measurement. Details of experimental
methods and results are given and discussed. Our experimental results are
compared with published data. Our results and the published data are in good
agreement. This experimental work has been performed at Beijing Synchrotron
Radiation (SR) Facility.
- 126 -
E4
Simple method for ellipsometric measurements
M.M. El.Okr*, M. Akl **
* Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University

** Faculty of Engineering (shobra) Banha University
There are deferent types of ellipsometers some of them needs exact

quarter –wave plate (λ/4) and others (λ/4) plate is not a must. Generally are (λ/4)
plate can cover a narrow wave length range. In the present study the
ellipsometric function ρ2 =R|| /R⊥ is used to estimate the optical constants.
Starting with ρ2 = R|| /R⊥=[(a - sinθ tanθ) 2 +b2 ] / [(a + sinθ tanθ) 2 +b2 Where
(a – i b) = (ε - sin2 θ) 1/2 and ε =(n –i k) 2 ,it is easy to show that k= z and n =
ab
. her Z = ½[ a2 – b2 + sin 2θ) + (a 2 + b 2 ) 2 + sin2 θ (2a 2 − 2b 2 + sin2 θ ) a
k
sin 2 θ tan 2 θ − cos 2θ
b2= a 2 + cos 2 θ − 2a cos θ ( R⊥ −1) set of
( R⊥ +1)
= ( Rll + R⊥ )
2[cosθ . ( R⊥ −1) − sin θ tan θ . ( Rll − R⊥ )
( R⊥ +1)
curves shows the dependence of z, a, b on the angle of incidence have been

constructed at constant ρ. this was used to estimate the accuracy of the method.
- 127 -
E5
Fabrication and Characterization of GaAs-Based
Transceiver Chips for Bidirectional Optical Data
Transmission
Abdel-Sattar Gadallah*, Martin Stach, Fernando Rinaldi,
Steffen Lorch, Ihab Kardosh, Philipp Gerlach, and Rainer Michalzik
Ulm University, Optoelectronics Department, D-89069 Ulm, Germany

http://www-opto.e-technik.uni-ulm.de/
Design, fabrication, and characterization of monolithically integrated

transceiver chips operating in the Gbit/s range of data rates at 850 nm
wavelength are reported. The transceiver chip consists of a vertical-cavity
surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and a directly adjacent metal–semiconductor–
metal photodiode (MSM PD). The layers of the VCSEL as well as those of the
MSM PD are grown by means of solid-source molecular beam epitaxy on an n-
type GaAs substrate. Different processes such as dry etching, wet oxidation,
bondpad metallization, and anti-reflection coating required for the manufacture
of the chips are described. In static operation, the standard oxide-confined
VCSELs with 9 µm active diameter have threshold currents and voltages of
1.7 mA and 1.65 V, respectively, and differential quantum efficiencies of 37 %.
The photodiodes with 1 µm wide interdigitated electrodes separated by 2 µm
wide spacings show 0.4 A/W responsivity and have a 3-dB bandwidth of
1.4 GHz at 250 µm diameter and 4 V bias voltage. The chip components thus
enable even error-free 2.5 Gbit/s back-to-back data transmission since the
VCSEL small-signal cut-off frequency exceeds 5 GHz. For bidirectional data
transmission, one butt-coupled transceiver chip at each fiber end is utilized, i.e.,
there are no optics between the chip and the fiber. High coupling efficiencies of
almost 90 % are obtained using a proper chip design. The data transmission
experiments are performed in half-duplex mode, i.e., one VCSEL is modulated
while the second VCSEL and both MSM PDs have a constant bias. Wide open
eye diagrams for transmission of a non-return-to-zero pseudorandom bit
sequence at 1 Gbit/s data rate over 10 m step-index multimode fiber with 200
µm core diameter have been recorded.
- 128 -
E6
Identification of Inorganic Constituents of
Salvadora Persica Using Spectroscopic Techniques
Z. A. El Sayed
Spectroscopy Department, National Research Centre,

Cairo, Egypt.
SALVADORA persica chewing sticks, Misswak used for oral hygiene

in the Moslem Countries, are believed to contain chemical substances which
inhibit plaque formation(1). In recent years the toothpaste made from salvadora
persica chewing sticks has become available to the general public. The
antiplaque effect of the toothpaste containing salvadora persica compared with
chiorhexidine glyconate has been studied by several workers (2,3). The organic
and inorganic compositions of the sticks have also been investigated. Massaati et
a!.(2) reported that, scanning electron microscopy of the surface of the chewing
sticks showed that, in the unused state the vegetal bristles of the arrak roots
(salvadora persica) are distributed very irregularly, and the extremities of the
fibers are not rounded but very torn out.(4,5) This irregular aspect becomes worse
after the use of the sticks. Rhombhedric crystals, contained in small vegetable
lodgments, were identified as anhydrous CaSO4 by X-ray diffraction. No
antibacterial activity towards some oral streptococci was noted in various
misswak extracts. The present study was carried out to determine the inorganic
constituents of salvadora sticks by using the spectroscopic techniques.
1. JR absorption
2. X-ray diffraction
3. Atomic emission
- 129 -
E7
FTIR, UV-vis Absorption spectra and the Optical
Parameters of 4-tricyanovinyl-N, N-diethylaniline
thin Films
M.M. El-Nahassa,*, H.M. Zeyadab, K.F. Abd-El-Rahmana, A.A.M.
Faraga, A.A.A. Darwisha
a
Physics Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Rorxy
Square 11757, Cairo, Egypt.
b
Physics Department, Faculty of Science at New Damietta, New
Damietta 34517, Egypt.
Thin films of 4-tricyanovinyl-N,N-diethylaniline (TCVA) were prepared

for the first time using thermal evaporation technique. The molecular structure
and electronic transitions of TCVA films were investigated by FTIR and UV-vis
spectra. FTIR spectra were recorded in the spectral range
400-40000 cm-1. The observed vibrational wavenumbers in FTIR spectra were
analysed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. UV-vis
electronic absorption spectral measurements of TCVA films were made in the
200–1200 nm region and the spectra obtained were analysed to obtain the
electronic transitions and optical band gap (Eg). Other important optical
parameters such as molar extinction coefficient (εmolar), the oscillator strength (f),
and the electric dipole strength (q) were also reported.
- 130 -
E8
Simulation and Modeling of
Single-Electron Transistors (SETs): A Review
M. Y. Ismail, Student Member, IEEE and R. A. AbdelRassoul,
Senior Member, IEEE
Arab Academy for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Egypt
roshdy@gmail.com
An extensive review of the simulation and modeling of single-electron

transistors (SETs) is presented, starting with the basic physics of single-electron
devices, explaining the orthodox theory, Coulomb blockade of tunneling
phenomenon in SET devices, and the Hadley derivation for electrostatic energy
of single-electron circuit for calculating the electrostatic energy in a single-
electron circuit. The Master Equation (ME) algorithm, where single-electron
systems involve tunneling of many electrons, and employing a master equation
approach in the charge transport analysis across a uniform multiple-tunnel
junction (MTJ) memory trap. The Monte Carlo (MC) modeling, based on
analyzing the stochastic process of tunneling for single tunnel junction, used by
Wasshuber to calculate the current as a function of all calculated tunnel events.
The SIMON algorithm introduced by Wasshuber and Kosina for the simulation
of devices and circuits consisting of tunnel junctions, capacitors, constant
voltage sources, piecewise linear voltage sources and voltage controlled voltage
sources, and incorporating the co-tunneling, is then presented. SPICE
MODELING, where two assumptions are implicitly used: that once the
parameter of the isolated transistor is determined from the device simulator or
other modeling tools, it can be used in the whole circuit, and that the
characteristics of the device are affected by neighboring transistors only through
the changes of the terminal voltages of those transistors. However, in the case of
the circuits with SET’s, the terminal currents of the SET are determined from the
average charge state of the Coulomb island of the SET. When several SET’s are
connected, the charge state of the Coulomb island of one SET is strongly
affected by the charge states of neighboring islands of other SET’s. All of the
existing single -electron circuit simulators MOSES, SIMON and KOSEC (Korea
Single Electron Circuit simulator have procedures to take into account the
interaction between neighboring Coulomb islands, usually based on the Monte
Carlo technique and require a huge amount of computation time.
- 131 -
E9
Optical Characterization of Amorphous
Gex Sb40-xSe60 Thin Films
I. K. El Zawawi and A. M. Farid*
Solid State Physics Dep., Physics Division, National Research Center,

12622, Dokki, Cairo Egypt.
* Physics Dep., Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University,
Roxy, Cairo, Egypt.
Email: enaselza@yahoo.com
Thin Films of GexSb40-xSe60, where x = (0 – 30) were prepared by

thermal evaporation technique at 300K. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed
that all investigated samples exhibit amorphous structure. The optical
transmission and reflection spectra were measured in the range UV-VIS-NIR up
to 2.5 µm. The optical absorption coefficient spectra were studied for deposited
samples. It`1 was observed that the optical absorption edge shifts to higher
energy range as the germanium content x increases in the film. The optical band
gap Eg increases as the Ge content increases. The energy gap E04 and the average
gap Eav were discussed in relation to optical band gap and the chemical
composition. The refractive index as function of wavelength was studied and the
real refractive index of deposited thin films shows a variation with the
germanium content x.
- 132 -
E10
Characteristics of a Global Solar Radiation Monitor
Utilizing Solar Cells
*A.Ibrahim and T.I.Elsobkey
Physics departmnet, Faculty of science, Tanta University, Egypt

e.mail: ali_02us@yahoo.com
This paper examined the characteristics of solar cells from the

standpoint of developing a global solar radiatin monitor. this study was
performed using a simplified test monitor(STM) manufactured from a
monocrystalline P-type Czochralski (Cz) silicon solar cell of the construction
n+pp++Passivated Emitted Solar Cells (PESC) coupled to a Fluke -73 digital
multimeter. The induced short-ciruit current density Jsc (photogenerated current
density) was examined during a complete test daylight from 7 AM to 7 PM.
Subsequently, the test monitor was used for checking the accuarcy of the transfer
operations of solar radiation. The results obtained by the test monitor utilizing
solar cells were better than expected : (a) It is very simple in construction, and
(b) it exhibits a good response to all solar radiation variations, and (c) it works
without an electric power supply.
- 133 -
E11
Investigation of Scaling Methods and Fitting of
Dyre’s Macroscopic Model with Some Experimental
Data of Polypyrrole Samples
A. S. Seoud, S. A. Saafan*, and R.E. El Shater.

Tanta, Egypt.
Master curves of some experimental data of A.C. conductivity and

dielectric permittivity of polypyrrole samples have been produced by using
different scaling parameters. Fitting equations of those master curves have been
obtained. The validity of the super master curve of the dielectric loss has been
proved by fitting with the equations based upon the definition of the concerned
functions and the expected values of some variables in different regions of the
frequency range. Moreover, the fitting of the investigated data with Dyre’s
macroscopic model by using its two end equation approximations (PPA and
EMA) are quite satisfactory in the expected frequency regions.
- 134 -
E12
Microwave Permittivity of Solid Ceramics
Calculated by Mixture Equations
Thoria A. Baeraky
Faculty of Science, Physics Department, King Abdulaziz University,

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
E-mail: Tbaerky@kaau.edu.sa
Microwave measurements the dielectric properties of two kinds of

ceramic materials; alumina Al2O3 and zirconia stabilized with magnesia
ZrO2/MgO, in both solid and powder forms, are made using the cavity
perturbation technique, working at certain frequency values of 615 MHz, 1412
MHz, 2214 MHz, 3017 MHz, and 3820 MHz. The permittivities of the powder
ceramics of both materials are measured over a range of densities. The
permittivities of the solid ceramics are measured for two solid rods of 5mm in
diameters. The solid permittivities of the powder ceramics are calculated by the
mixture equations, complex Refractive index and Landau & Lifshitz, Looyenga,
using the measured permittivities of the powder materials. Comparison between
the calculated solid permittivities of the powder ceramics with the measured
permittivities of the solid ceramics is the project of this work.
- 135 -
- 136 -
Session F

15:00 – 17:00
Chairman
Prof. N. Ghonaim
Prof. M. El-Said
- 137 -
- 138 -
F1
Optoelectronic Applications of ZnO/ZnMgO
Quantum Well Lasers in the Blue and the UV
Spectral Regions
Seoung-Hwan Park*, Doyeol Ahn**, Tae Won Kang
and Seung Joo Lee***
*
Department of Photonics and Information Enginnering, Catholic
University of Daegu, Kyeongbuk 712-702
**
Institute of Quantum Information Processing and Systems, University of
Seoul, Seoul 130-743
***
Quantum-functional Semiconductor Research Center, Dongguk
University, Seoul 100-715
1
Corresponding and presenting author: leesj@dongguk.edu
Recently the wide band-gap wurtzite semiconductors have attracted

much attention due to their potential applications for optoelectronic devices in
the blue and the ultraviolet (UV) regions. So far, practical short wavelength
light-emitting diodes or laser diodes have been fabricated using GaN-related
materials. On the other hand, ZnO and related oxides have been proposed as
other wide band-gap semiconductors for short-avelength optoelectronic applications
because they have several advantages compared to GaN-related materials. In this
talk we investigate the electronic and the optical properties of ZnO/ZnMgO
quantum well (QW) lasers numerically by using the non-Markovian gain model
with many-body effects. These results are compared with those of GaN/AlGaN
QW lasers with spontaneous (SP) and piezoelectric (PZ) polarizations grown on
a GaN substrate. The heavy-hole effective mass of the ZnO/ZnMgO QW are
shown to be relatively smaller than that of the GaN/AlGaN QW. The heavy-hole
effective masses of ZnO/ZnMgO and GaN/AlGaN QWs are 0.89 and 1.48,
respectively. The optical gain of the ZnO/ZnMgO QW laser is much larger than
that of the GaN/AlGaN QW laser. This is attributed to the fact that the
ZnO/ZnMgO QW structure has larger optical matrix elements than the
GaN/AlGaN QW structure. These results show that ZnO-based QW lasers are
promising candidates for optoelectric applications in the visible and the
ultraviolet (UV) regions.
- 139 -
F2
Studying the Effect of Compositional Change
on the Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties
of Spray Pyrolysis Deposited CdxZn(1-x )O
thin film on glass
H. H. Afifi a, M. A. Kalef b, T.A. Abdel-monem b
a
Physics Department, National Research Center, Tahrir St., Cairo, Egypt
b
Nuclear Materials Authority, Maadi P.O.B 530, Cairo, Egypt
Ternary Znx Cd(1-x)O alloy crystalline films have been prepared on glass
substrates in the temperature range of 300°C-450°C using spray pyrolysis
technique. The structure of these films were studied using both X-ray diffraction
and Atomic Force Microscopy. Sudden change in roughness which may be as a
consequence of change in surface morphology due to phase change and fraction
of a new phase is estimated by phase images taken by Atomic Force Microscopy
(AFM). Sheet resistance measurements revealed that conductivity remains
nearly constant from x=0 to x=0.25 and then it suffered exponential drop as we
increased Zinc atomic percent from x=0.33 to x=1. Optical absorption studies
revealed that the value of the energy band gap has changed from 2.6 eV (pure
CdO) to 3.3 eV (pure ZnO). Photoluminescence measurements at room
temperature revealed that luminescence behavior were observed for films in the
range 1>x>0.25.
- 140 -
F3
Investigation of the Preparation Process and
Composition of the Superconductor
Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2+xCa2+YCu3O10+ä
Mahdi H.Suhail, Matti N. Maqadsi and Samir Adnahn Rahma Al-Taie
Dept. of physics, college of science, univ. of Baghdad

E;mail mhsuhail@yahoo.com
The aim of the research is to prepare pellets from Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2+xCa2+y

Cu3O10+ä (x=0, 0.1, 0.2; y=0, 0.1, 0.2) superconductor compound by direct
synthesizing method (DSM) which retern to solid state reaction. Pellets of
Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2+xCa2+yCu3O10+ä were prepared from Oxides, Carboniets, and
Nitrates of starting materials in proportion to their molecular weights. The
prepartion conditions were constant (pressing pellets at 5Ton, diameter 13mm,
thickness 1.5mm, sintering temperature 860oC, with twice sintering time at 120h
and regrinding. The results of x-ray diffraction (XRD) tests for all samples
showed that the compound contains two main phases; High-Tc Phase (HTP) and
Lwo-Tc Phase (LTP) or more as for the samples that have high ratios of Sr,
especially the ratio x=0.2 ; y=0.2. From the electrical properies of all samples,
we noticed that the compound have the maximum critical temperature Tc=100K
for the ratio x=0.1 and y=0.1, [and it has orthorhmbic structure with domination
in crystalline direction for high phase at H(1013)] while Tc=85K for the ratio
x=0 and y=0. The increase in the Ca content has positive effect on
superconductive properties while the Sr content destroied the superconductivity
at x=0.2 and y=0.2, 0.1, 0. We did not obtain the single HTP, thus we used the
multi-grinding method for the sample Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+ä with sintering
temperature 860oC, and sintering times (100h, 150h, 200h, and 240h) and
regrinding for each stage.The results of XRD analyses showed that the
compound prepared by multi-grinding has also two phases: HTP and LTP. The
oxygen content of this sample was ä=0.44 and critical temp. Tc=100K while for
the single grinding [x=0, y=0 which is prepared previously (sintered at 240h
with single regrinding in the mid of the operation)] was ä=0.37 and Tc=85K. We
did not obtain the single HTP, thus we used different preparation methods for
the sample Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+ä. These methods related to solid state
- 141 -
reaction. The first method is Two-Step Method (TSM), where the compound
Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+ä sintered at 860oC for 200h (with twice sintering time at
100h and regrinding). The results of XRD analyses showed that the domination
of HTP and also the crystalline direction at H(0016) with low ratios of LTP at
L(105) and L(0012). The sample had orthorhmbic structure with c=37.8A. From
iodemetric titration tested that ä=0.4 and from electrical properties, we found
that Tc=105K. The second method is Multi-Step Method (MSM) where the
compound Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+ä prepered at sintering temperature of 860oC
for 100h with twice sintering time at 50h and regrinding. The results of XRD
analyses showed that the compound is single HTP, its lattice constant is c=38A
with orthrohmbic structure and growth towards the phase H(002) and H(0014), it
has ä=0.55. The results of electrical tests show that the critical temp. is Tc=113K
and the transition region width is ÄTc=27K, the matter that indicates the growth
of the single high-Tc phase. We used the X-Ray Floursent (XRF) analyses to test
the proportions of the elements constituting compound. We compared between
the preparation methods and the effect of sintering time (more than 150h) on the
loss of the elements constituting the compound. We noticed that in the cause
when we had no growing in HTP is due to the loss in the main elements (Bi, Cu)
during the longer sintering process.MSM was considered the ideal method to the
complete growth high-Tc phase.
- 142 -
F4
The Mobility of Charge Carriers With Position
Dependent Effective Mass In Quantum Film
Aram Kh. Manaselyan*, Albert A. Kirakosyan
Department of Solid State Physics, Yerevan State University,

Alex Manoogian 1, Yerevan 375025, Armenia
In last years a subject of especially steadfast attention of theorists and

experimenters became the size quantized systems with parabolic confining
potential. In the model of rectangular quantum well a constant value of effective
mass is attached to an electron, however in case of parabolic well such approach
is equivalent to neglect the position dependence of effective mass in a well,
which, a priori, is not obvious and is not justified. In our work the scattering of
electrons on charged impurity centers in a quantum film with parabolic
confining potential is investigated taking into account the coordinate dependence
of the electron effective mass in a film. The mobility is calculated for various
distributions of impurity centers (homogeneous distribution in the film, barrier
region and the whole space cases). It is shown, that the taking into account of the
coordinate dependency brings to mobility decrease.
*
e-mail: amanasel@ysu.am
- 143 -
F5
Theoretical Investigation of Superconducting State
Parameters of Cu-Zr Metallic Glasses
P. N. Gajjar*, P. H. Suthar and A. R. Jani
*
Department of Physics, University School of Sciences, Gujarat
University, Ahmedabad 380 009, Gujarat, INDIA
Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388

120, Gujarat, INDIA
A well recognized local model potential is employed to investigate the

superconducting state parameters of CuxZr1-x metallic glasses. The electron-
phonon coupling strength (λ), Coulomb pseudopotential (µ*), transition
temperature (Tc), isotope effect exponent (α) and interaction strength (NoV) of
CuxZr1-x are computed for Cu concentrations 0.25 ≤ x ≤ 0.60. The most
advanced screening functions due to Ichimaru and Utsumi, Farid et al. and
Sarkar et al. have been employed to include exchange and correlation effects in
the screened form factor. Instead of Vegard’s law, the pseudo-alloy-atom model
is applied successfully in the investigation. The value of λ and Tc show an
appreciable dependency on dielectric screening function whereas for µ*, α and
NoV a weak dependency is observed. The value of Tc is found to increase with
increase of Cu content in CuxZr1-x metallic glasses. It is concluded from the
present investigation of λ, α and NoV that CuxZr1-x metallic glasses are weak to
intermediate superconductors.
- 144 -
F6
Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Relaxation in
Non-crystalline Films of Tungsten Trioxide
M.G. Hutchinsa, O. Abu-Alkhairb, M.M. El-Nahassc,*, K. Abdel-Hadyd
(a)
School of Engineering, Oxford Brookes University, England, UK
(b)
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdel-Aziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
(c)
Physics Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy
Square11757, Cairo, Egypt,
(d)
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia,
Egypt
Amorphous tungsten trioxide (a-WO3) thin films were prepared by

thermal evaporation technique. The electrical conductivity and dielectric
properties of the prepared films have been investigated in the frequency range
from100 Hz to 100 kHz and in the temperature range 293-393 K. In spite of the
absence of the dielectric loss peaks, application of the dielectric modulus
formulism gives a simple method for evaluating the activation energy of the
dielectric relaxation. The frequency dependence of σ (ω) follows the Jonscher’s
universal dynamic law with the relation σ (ω) = σdc + Aωs, where s is the
frequency exponent. The conductivity in the direct regime, σdc, is described by
the small polaron model. The electrical conductivity and dielectric properties
show that Hunt’s model is well adapted to a-WO3 films.
- 145 -
F7
Description of State of High-Temperature Ceramic
Yba2 Cu3 O7-x Superconductor With Account of
Polycrystalline Structure of the Sample.
G.Gamtsemlidze, K. Gamkrelidze1, M. Mirzoeva, G.Shonia.
Department of Physics, Tbilisi State University

3 Chavchavadze Ave., 0128, Tbilisi, Georgia.
It is considered as a polycrystal YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconductor (HTSC)

consisting of monocrystals (granules) oriented arbitrarily relative to the external
magnetic field. Basing on the modified Bean critical model the analytical
expressions for the along-field directed HTSC sample magnetization was
obtained within different field ranges. For the description of magnetization
hysteresis of HTSC the structure of a sample is taken into account.
- 146 -
Session G

17:30 – 19:30
Chairman
Prof. S. Abdel Hakim
Prof. I. A. Ibrahim
- 147 -
- 148 -
G1
Phenomenological Model for Creep Behavior in
Cu-8.5at.%Al Alloy
M. Abo-Elsoud
Mater. Sci. Lab., Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef

University, Egypt.
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: maboelsoud24@yahoo.com (M. Abo-Elsoud)
Creep experiments were conducted on Cu-8.5at.% Al alloy in the

intermediate temperature range from 673 to 873K, corresponding to 0.46-0.72
Tm where Tm is the absolute melting temperature. The present analysis reveals
the presence of two distinct deformation regions (climb and viscous glide) in the
ε vs. log σ . The implications of these results on the transition from
.
plot of log
power-law to exponential creep regime are examined. The results indicated that
the rate controlling mechanism for creep is the obstacle-controlled dislocation
glide. A phenomenological model is proposed which assumes that cell
boundaries with sub-grains act as sources and obstacles to gliding dislocations.
- 149 -
G2
Effect of Silver Addition on the Creep Parameters
of Sn-7wt%Bi Alloy During Transformation
F. Abd El-Salam, A. M. Abd El-Khalek, R. H. Nada, and A.Fawzy
Physics Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University,

Cairo, Egypt
E.mail: asaad_abdelkahlk@yahoo.com
The strain-time relations of Sn-7wt%Bi and Sn-7wt%Bi-1wt%Ag alloys

have been obtained under different constant stresses (34.7 - 76.2 MPa) in the
temperature range (313-373 K). The results showed that the transient and the
steady state creep parameters n, β and εst depend on both the deformation
temperature and the applied stress. The temperature dependence of these
parameters indicate a transition temperature at 343 K. The Ag free samples are
more hard than those with Ag addition. This is explained by precipitation of Bi-
atoms which segregate to form a non-coherent cubic -phase Sn-7wt%Bi
samples. While, Ag addition prevents precipitation segregate on the grain
boundaries. The analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns and optical
micrographs show that, Ag addition increase the Sn crystallite size but decreases
Bi crystallite size. The energy activating the steady state creep in the two alloys
in the low and high temperature ranges (before and after transformation
temperature) were found to be 51.2 ± 1.6 and 88.1 ± 1.4 kJ/mol for Sn-7wt.%Bi
alloy and 34.3 ± 1.9 and 57 ± 1.8 kJ/mol for Sn-7wt.%Bi-1wt.%Ag alloy,
respectively.
- 150 -
G3
Dislocation & Defect Densities using positron
annihilation Doppler broadening Technique in
wrought alloy (3003&3005)
M.A. Abdel-Rahman, N.A.Kamel, M. Abdel-Rahman , Yahia A. Lotfy
and Emad A. Badawi *
Faculty of Science, Physics Dept., El-Minia University-Egypt

P.O. 61519 El-Minia
* e-mail : emadbadawi@yahoo.com
Positron annihilation Doppler broadening spectroscopy (PADPS) is one

of the nuclear techniques used in material science. PADPS measurements are
used to study the behavior of defect concentration and dislocation density in a
set of 3003 and 3005 wrought aluminum alloy. It has been shown that positrons
can become trapped at imperfect locations in solids and the S-parameter can be
influenced by changes in the concentration of such defects. There is no
observing in the S-parameter change values after the saturation of defect
concentration. The S-parameter and trapping rates for the samples deformed up
to 10 percent. The concentration of defect range vary (from 1.1 x1016 to
2.061x1017) cm-3 and trapping rat range vary from 1 x109 to 1.2x1010
[*] M. A. Abdel-rahman et. al., progress in physics, vol. 3, pp 66-69(2006).
- 151 -
G4
Study of FeN Coatings by the Methods of
Rutherford and Nuclear Proton Backscattering
Ali Bakouie1, A.M. Borisov2 and E.A. Romanovsky2
1.Mohaghegh ardebili Uiversity, 56199-11367 Ardabil, Iran

2.D.V. Skobeltsyn Insitue of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
e-mail: ali20021966@inbox.ru
The study of a thermo diffusion nitriding of the "Armco"-iron alloy in

the ammonia atmosphere at 850 and 9500C, accordingly, was carried out.
Nondestructive methods of an element analysis using 2-8 MeV proton nuclear
backscattering spectrometry and X-ray structure analysis allowed establishing
the relaxation and cyclic effects of nitride layer formation. The reasons of the
texture modifications under nitriding are discussed. The possibilities of 2-8 MeV
energy proton nuclear backscattering spectrometry for the investigation were
studied. The elemental composition and the structure of near-surface layers of
nitride were measured.
- 152 -
G5
An Investigation to Some Physical and Mechanical
Properties of Silver–Tin Alloy Manufactured By
Rapid Quenching Method
Tarik Talib Issa*, Talib Kahlil Ibrahim**
* Baghdad University College of science, physics department, Baghdad,

Iraq. alazbrh@yahoo.com
** Ministry of science and technology, material science department,
Baghdad, Iraq. alazbrh@yahoo.com
A silver – tin alloy was prepared, by melting at 1000Co, in inert

atmosphere and rapid quenching in ice water. X–ray diffraction technique was
used to determine distinctive phases without and with mercury (Amalgam).
Discs amalgam specimens were prepared according to the international
specification (A.D.A No. 1) to study the compressive strength after one hour of
setting and after seven day at 37 Co. The hardness were tested too. The corrosion
resistance of amalgams immersed in an aqueous solution of NaCl and in an
phosphate (Na2 HPO4 and NaH2PO4) was tested. Compressive strength and
hardness value, obtained were equivalent to the international values. The
amalgam alloy showed a clear corrosion resistance. The required phases
represented in the domination of γ – Ag3 Sn phase, and the disappearing of γ 2 –
Sn7 – 8 Hg phase. Which caused corrosion. Finally Al – Mamoon dental
teaching center report superior the clinical performance of alloy and certificate
given from Iraqi dental association.
- 153 -
G6
Effect of Machining Parameters on Surface
Roughness in Cnc-Turning of 304- Austenitic
Stainless Steel
A. A. Akbar* and G. H. Senussi **
*Department of industrial engineering.Garyounis university,

Benghazi/Libya
** Department of industrial engineering.Garyounis university,
Benghazi/Libya
The present work is concerned with the effect of turning process

parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) and nose radius of the tool
as input variables on the surface roughness (Ra) as response or out put. In the
present work, three experiments have been executed; they were used to
investigate the surface roughness resulted by tool corner radii of the values:
0.4mm, 0.8mm, and 1.2mm. Response surface methodology (R.S.M) is a
technique to determine and present the cause and effect of the relationship
between true mean response and input control variables influencing the response
as a two or three dimensional hyper surface. In the present work, R.S.M has
been used for designing a three factor with five level central composite rotatable
factor designs in order to construct statistical models capable of accurate
prediction of responses. The results obtained showed that the application of
R.S.M can predict the effect of machining parameters on surface roughness. The
five level factorial techniques can be employed easily for developing statistical
models to predict surface roughness by controllable matching parameters.
Results obtained showed that the combined effect of cutting speed at its higher
level both feed rate and depth of cut at their lower values using large nose radius
can result in better surface roughness.
- 154 -
G7
Frequency dependence and effect of In on the
characteristics of Al-5 wt.% Zn
F. Abd El-Salam1, L.A.Wahab2, R.H.Nada1*, and H.Y.Zahran1
1
Physics Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University,
Cairo, Egypt.
2
National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Nasr-City,
Cairo, Egypt.
Email:radwanhnada@Yahoo.com
Samples prepared from highly pure Al, Zn and In were homogenized for
50h then swaged into wire of diameter 0.7mm. The samples were solution
treated at 773K for 2h then quenched to room temperature, and immediately
after quenching, the specimens were aged for 2h at different temperatures. Creep
testes were carried out under constant stress of 6.6 MPa, constant shear strain
amplitude of 5.16 × 10-4 and low frequency from, 0.0, to 3.9Hz superimposed on
the static stress during creep test. The structure variations were traced through
the analysis of X-rays diffraction patterns and SEM micrographs. Samples
deformed at 383 K, showed irregular behaviour that can be attributed to the
coarsening of α and β grains (Zn) associated with the dissolution of Zn and Al
which takes place to satisfy the actual equilibrium composition Above 383 K
marked increased strain is observed. Both the parameters β and n increased
with increasing temperature. Increasing frequency decreased β and increased
n due to a certain degree of fatigue hardening. The observed decrease of β and
ε&s after the peak values may be attributed to the coarsening of
Al-rich phase particles which reduces their inhibiting effect on grain boundary.
The higher values of β obtained at higher temperatures, were attributed to the
reduced crack initiation life associating the existing large grain size. The high
average value of γ (δln β / δln ε&s ), 0.77, was explained in view of the so-called,
substeady state creep.
- 155 -
G8
Transformation Characteristics of Al-10wt%Ag
and Al-10wt%Ag-0.2wt%Ti Alloys
A. M. Abd El-Khalek
Department of Physics, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University,

Holiopolis, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt
The effect of structure transformation on the stress-strain characteristics

of Al-10wt%Ag and Al-10wt%Ag-0.2wt%Ti alloys has been studied in the
temperature range from 523 to 623 K for both quenched and slowly cooled
specimens. The coefficient of work hardening, χ=∂σ2/∂ε, the fracture time tf,
yield stress, σy and fracture stress, σf, decreased with increasing deformation
temperature (T) and exhibited abrupt increase at about 583 K. On the other hand,
for each curve the fracture strain, εf, and dislocation slip distance, L, increased
with increasing deformation temperature and exhibited minima at about 583 K.
The Ti-free samples were generally harder than the ternary samples. The
activation energy of the fracture mechanism in both alloys was around 25 ± 0.4
and 53 ± 0.4 kJ/mol before and after transformation respectively. The
microstructure of the studied samples was investigated below and above the
transformation temperature by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-
ray diffraction analysis.
- 156 -
G9
Study on Photocatalytic Oxidation of Indigo
Carmine Dye on Mn-Supported TiO2
Reda M. Mohameda , Ibrahim Othman Alib*, Ibrahim A. Ibrahima
a
Central Metallurgical R&D Institute, Department of Nanostructured
Material, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.
b
Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Nasser
City, Cairo, Egypt.
*
iothmana@yahoo.com
10 wt. % of manganese, ions in nitrate form was supported on titania

prepared by sol–gel and impregnation methods. Specifically, the obtained
catalysts were treated thermally at 500ºC and then characterized using XRD,
FTIR and N2 adsorption measurements. The electrical conductivity has also been
measured by applying Zeta potential technique to attain the effect of Mn
supported on TiO2. Analysis of anatase-rutile phase transformation in TiO2
showed increased upon the addition of Mn. These materials were tested for
discoloration (adsorption) and mineralization (in the presence of UV irradiation)
of indigo carmine (IC) dye. The experimental results show that Mn/TiO2-imp is
the highest photocatalytic activity. The influence of pH, catalyst amount and
time on the decolorization rate of IC on Mn/TiO2-imp was thoroughly investigated
and correlated with ZPC of MnOx species, various exposed species of MnOx and
surface properties.
- 157 -
- 158 -
Session H

17:30 – 19:30
Chairman
Prof. M. Semary
Prof. Y. Abbas
- 159 -
- 160 -
H1
Singular Extended States in Quasiperiodic
GaAs /AlxGa1-xAs Fibonacci Superlattices
Z. Aziz , S. Bentata and R. Djelti
Faculté des sciences et Sciences de l’ingénieur, Université de

Mostaganem, BP 188, 27000 Algérie
We examine numerically the effect of quasiperiodicity in the nature of

the states in Fibonacci semiconductor superlattices by means of the transfer
matrix formalism. We are interested in the GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs layers, having
identical thickness, where the aluminium concentration x takes, two different
values. We have found that each miniband of the periodic superlattice splits in
several sub-minibands, that is small minigaps appear. We demonstrate that the
origin of these small inner minigaps is due to the loss of long-range quantum
coherent of the electrons wave. The corresponding electronic spectrum shows a
high fragment. The states having transmission coefficient close to zero in the
minibands can be viewed as consisting of singular extended states.
References
[1] F. Dominguez-Adame and A. Sanchez, Phys. Rev. Lett. A159 (1991) 153.
[2] S. Bentata, B. Ait Saadi and H. Sidiki, Superlatt. Microstruct. 30 (2001) 297.
[3] S. Bentata, Superlatt. Microstruct. 37 (2005) 295.
[4] J.W. Dong, P. Han, and H.Z. Wang. Chinese Physics Letters, 20 (2003)
1963.
- 161 -
H2
Characterization of Spray Pyrolysis SnO2 Heat
Mirror System
A. Abd Elmongy, S. H. Mostafa , H. Hashem and A. A. Ramadan
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University
Spray pyrolysis with special modifications is used for film preparation of

the required coatings. Three series of samples: SnC>2, Al (and Sb) doped SnC>2
films are formed. Different thicknesses besides dopant concentrations are
testified. Quality films (how sheet resistance combined with high
transmission) are obtained at substrate temperature of 500°c; flow rate
lOL/min and substrate to nozzle distance of 45 cm. Structural investigation
identified the formation of a single SnC>2 phase with preferred orientation along
(110) plane for investigated films. Al-doped films results in some deformation
due to the induced internal strain; while Sb-doping increased the crystallinity.
Discussion of the changes in structural characteristics is based on the difference
in charge as well as ionic radii of both Sn and dopants. Optical characterization
proved that the required spectral behaviour for heat mirror can not be
achieved by Al-doping; while films doped with Sb are better for heat mirror
preparation.
- 162 -
H3
Charachterization of Electrochromic Vanadium
Pentoxide Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolisis
M. F. Kaid
Phsics Department, Menia University, El Menia, Egypt.
Amorphous and crystalline vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) thin films were

grown onto heated glass substrates, using spray pyrolysis technique. Aqueous
solution of ammonium meta-vanadium with different oncentrations ranging from
0.1 to 0.5M was used. X-ray diffraction study of c-V2O5 revealed polycrystalline
films of orthorhombic structure with a preferred orientation along (001) plane.
Voigt analysis of single reflection was used to determine crystallite size and
microstrain. The refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k have been
computed from the corrected transmittance and reflectance over the spectral
range 300 to 2500 nm. Analysis of the absorption coefficient versus photon
energy revealed allowed direct transitions with energy gap 2.37 eV. The
electrochromic behavior has been investigated using three- electrode cell. Upon
sodium insertion, the results showed that the changes in the optical absorption
are consistent with the colour changes of the film. On applying the voltage the
optical absorption in the wavelength range 500 – 900 nm and the absorption
edge shifts towards lower energies. The film colouration showed to be stable
over several tens of hours claiming high colouration memory.
- 163 -
H4
Optical Characterization of Amorphous
Se1-xGexSby Thin Hilms
I. K. El Zawawi and A. Farid*
Solid State Physics Dep., Physics Division, National Research Center,

12622, Dokki, Cairo Egypt.
* Physics Dep., Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo,
Egypt.
Email: enaselza@yahoo.com
Thin Films of Se1-xGexSby, where x = (0 - 0.40) and y = 0.60 were

prepared by thermal evaporation technique at 300K. The X-ray diffraction
patterns showed that all investigated samples exhibit amorphous structure. The
optical transmission and refection spectra were measured in the range UV-VIS-
NIR up to 2.5 µm. The optical absorption coefficient spectra were studied for
deposited samples. It was observed that the optical absorption edge shifts to
higher energy range as the germanium content x increases in the film. The
optical band gap Eg increases as the Ge content increases. The energy gap E04
and the average gap Eav were discussed in relation to optical band gap and the
chemical composition. The refractive index as function of wavelength was
studied and the real refractive index of deposited thin films shows a variation
with the germanium content x.
- 164 -
H5
Physical Evolution of (As2Se3)3-x(As2Te3)x Systems
S.A. Fayek, M.R. Balboul, K.H. Marzouk
National Center for Radiation Research and technology, P.O.Box 29

Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
Optical properties and conductivity of glassy (As2Se3)3-x(As2Te3)x were

studied for 0 < x < 3. The films of the above mentioned compound were
prepared by thermal evaporation with thickness of the above mentioned
compound wear prepared by thermal evaporation with thickness of about 250
nm. The optical absorption is due indirect transition, and the optical band gap
(Eopt) increases with the increase of As2Se3. While, the opposite behavior was
found with the band tail width of the localized state Ee. This behavior is believed
to be associated with cohesive energy (C.E) and average coordination number.
The conductivity measurement on the thin films are reported in the temperature
range from 280 to 190 K. The conduction occurs in this low temperature range is
due to variable range hopping in the band tails of localized states, which is in
reasonable agreement with Mott’s condition of variable range hopping
conduction. Some parameters such as coordination number (Z), molar volume
(Vm) and theoretically glass transition temperature (Tgth) were calculated and
discussed in the light of the topological bonding structure, which involves a
hierarchy of correlation ranges in short.
- 165 -
H6
Optical and Electrical Properties of Transparent
Conducting ZnO Films Prepared By Spray
Pyrolysis
S. E. Demian
N.R.C. Cairo
Transparent conducting zinc oxide (unintentionally doped) films, have

been prepared by spray pyrolysis using air as the carrier gas. The optical and
electrical properties of the films are presented and discussed as a function of
substrate temperature. The optical properties were studied in the ultraviolet,
visible and near infrared regions. The transmittance data was used to determine
the optical constants, refractive index n, extinction coefficient k and absorption
coefficient. The reflectivity of the films was calculated and found to be very
small in the wavelength investigated, showing a tendency to increase in the
infrared range, in order to act as a heat reflector.
- 166 -
H7
Investigation and Structure Studies of
The Chemically Deposited Lead-Sulfide [PbS] Tthin
Films
S. M. Salim
National Research Center

Electron Microscope and thin films Department., Physics Division
sihamsalim@yahoo.com
Lead-sulfide (PbS) films have been deposited by chemical deposition

method on glass substrate. The deposition of the PbS films was done at room
temperature. The composition of the films was determined by chemical analysis.
The principle variations have involved changes in the concentrations of the lead
nitrate and thiourea solutions used, the temperature of deposition, and the use of
surface seeding nuclei as a means of improving the properties of the films.
Microstructure characterization were carried out by X-ray diffraction {Philips
PW 1390}, and scanning electron microscopy {JOEL-JSM-T20}, in order to
determine the crystallite size and study the surface morphologies of the as-
deposited and heat-treated films. The grain size of the films as observed by SEM
is found to increase with increase in thickness and clear change in the film
formation due to annealing. It was established by X-ray analysis that PbS films
prepared on glass substrates were polycrystalline and the [111] direction was the
primary direction. Structural analysis for the powder and thin films were studied
by X-ray powder diffraction with the help of very accurate instrument and a
group of software programs. The differential scanning calorimeter {DSC}
spectra shows two exothermic peaks. The thermal analysis {DSC-50}
investigations were carried out in films prepared by chemical deposition of PbS.
- 167 -
H8
Enhancement of Thin Film Quality using Spray
Pyrolysis and Chemical Vapor Deposition
Techniques.
E.K. Elmaghraby*, H. Kamal** and N. El-Kadry***

*
Experimental nuclear physics Dept. NRC, Atomic Energy Authority,
Egypt
**
Phsics Department, Menia University, Egypt
***
Physics Department, Faulty of Science, Minia University, Minia,
Egypt.
The present manuscript describes the problems facing thin film

deposition techniques by means of spray pyrolysis and chemical vapor
deposition. The operation and applications of a new device developed to
enhance film quality, prepared by these these techniques, are presented. The
method and the apparatus are registered in Egyptian Patent Office (EPO) under
the number 023360 and title "An apparatus and a technique for depositing the
chemical vapor and spray droplets using electrically enhanced aerodynamical
control of the carrier gas". The new apparatus has been successfully used to
deposit a conducting film of indum-tin xoide. Due to the inproper preparative
conditions, the electrical conductivity is limited to 100-2Ohm.°. In comparison
with films prepared with a conventional method, the morphology of the grown
film proved to be homogeneous and compsed of very fine grains.
- 168 -
Posters
- 169 -
- 170 -
P1
Self Assembly and Langmuir-Blodgett Films of
Calix[4]resorcinarene Derivatives as
Corrosion Inhibitors
Piotr Prus and Judit Telegdi
Department of Surface Modification and Nanostructures, Surface

Chemistry and Catalysis, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian
Academy of Sciences, Pusztaszeri ut. 59-67, H-1025 Budapest, Hungary.
Corrosion of metals cause significant damage and cost a lot. For

decreasing this deterioration inhibitors are used, either in dissolved form or in
layers. Our work aimed the elaboration of molecular layers against chemical and
microbiologically influences corrosion. The layer inhibits in the first case the
aggressive ion’s flux, in the other one the microbiological adhesion.
Calix[4]resorcinarenes and they derivatives are known as versatile molecules.
Core of the calix[4]resorcinarene is build from resorcinol which has antiseptic
properties. These molecules also can form stable LB and self assembly films. In
our work calix[4]resorcinarene derivatives were used in mono- and multilayer.
Different deposition method such as SA and LB can produce different layers
with different properties. We use different types of calix[4]resorcinarene which
contain two, one or no double bonds in the structure. For biological experiment
molecules with chiral substituents were applied. The monomolecular layers at
the air/water interface were characterized by isotherms and BAM. LB mono and
multi molecular films were analyzed by SFG spectroscopy. Corrosion processes
were followed by AFM technique. The results showed that with some of our
chemical both the pitting and the general corrosion were inhibited.
This work was supported by Marie Curie RTN “CHEXTAN”
- 171 -
P2
Equilibrium Adsorption Isstherm and Cortrolled
Release of Antibiotic Drug Chloroamphenical from
Poly (2-Vinyl Pyridine/ Acrylic Acid) Hydrogels
Prepared by Gamma Radiation
Nabila A. Maziad, Samia E. Abd El-Aal and Nabil A. El-Kelesh
National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT),

Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, P.O.Box 29, Cairo, Egypt, 11371.
High water sorption of 2- vinyl pyridine (2-vp) / acrylic acid (AAc)

hydrogel wear prepared by free radical polymerization in aquace solution of 2-
vp with AAc as solube drug sush as chloroamphenicol antibiotic which has
resurged on new studies showing its effectivenees against a wide variety of
pathogens 2-vp/AAc has been developed for the controlled release can be
controlled and achieved for more than ten days. The burst and controlled release
can be turned by very in the amount of the ionic monomer (AAc), the irradiation
dose of dynamic swelling tests, the effect of relative content of (AAc) on the
swelling properties of the hydrogel system was examined. The adsorption of the
drug loading. As a result of dynamic swelling tests, the effect of the ionic
monomer (AAc), the irradiation dose of prepared hydrogel, pH of relies media
and the concentration of drug loading. As a result of dynamic swelling tests, the
effect of relative content of (AAc) on the swelling properties of the hydrogel
system was examined. The adsorption of the drug onto
(2-PV/AAc) hydrogels is studied by equilibrium adsorption isotherm. Study at
various pH’s and concentrations were recognized that the absorption of drug
increases with increasing (AAc) content. From Freundlish equation of
adsorption isotherm, the empirical constant k and n can be evaluated and showed
the ability of hydrogel to be loaded by the drug and the affinity by the drug to
uptake the hydrogel. FTIR, thermal stability and scanning electron microscope
was taken into our consideration. Microbilogical releasing of the drug loaded of
discs of hydrogels was studied in nutrant agar media against Staphylococcus
auras microorganism.
- 172 -
P3
Surface Plasmons Resonance Technique for the
Detection of Nicotine in Cigarette Smoke
T. Abdallaha, S. Abdallab, S. Negmb and H. Talaata
a
Deparment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 62
Abbas Elakkad Nasr City, Cairo 1615 Egypt
b
Deparment of Physics, and Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering,
Zagazig University (Shoubra), Cairo, Egypt
We have employed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as a sensor

technique for the selective detection of nicotine in real time. The SPR was
generated via a prism coupler in a Kretschmann configuration where Ag films of
thickness 40 to 42.5 + 0.5 nm were evaporated on the base of the prism. The
active material for the interaction with nicotine is a thin film of dioctyl phthalate
(DOP) with sodium-tetraphenylborate or DOP with nicotine-tetraphenylborate or
DOP only deposited on the Ag film. The angular scan for attenuated total
refection (ATR) spectra shows a shift of the SPR maximum coupling angle and a
broadening of the Lorentzian line shape, due to the interaction of nicotine
molecules with the active layer. The observed data shows that the SPR technique
is a fast and accurate method for the detection of nicotine in air due to cigarette
smoke.
- 173 -
P4
Structural, Electrical and Magnetic Properties
of La-doped Mn-Zn Ferrite
M.A. Ahmed, E. Ateia, L.M. Salah and A.K.El-Aziz
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
The real part of dielectric constant (ε′), ac conductivity (σ) and Seebeck
coefficient was measured for the samples of the general formula Mu1-xZnxRyFe2-
o o
yO4, 0.0<x<1.0 and y=0.1, sintered at 1200 C with heating rate 4 C/min. X-ray
analysis confirmed the cubic spinel structure for the investigated samples. The
conduction mechanism was explained in view of the hopping conduction process
which occurs among the octahedral sites. A strong correlation between the
conduction mechanism and the dielectric behavior takes place, where the
polarization and the conductivity are of the same origin. Measurements of the
thermoelectric power indicated the existence of two types of conduction either n-
type or p-typt depending on Zn content. The exchange interaction constant J was
calculated It was found that, (J) decreased with increasing Zn content.
- 174 -
P5
Thermal Induced Phase Transformation in Some
Semiconductor Compounds
L.A. Wahab, M.B. El-Den*, A. Adam**, M.H. Anoar* and
R.A. Khadoor*
National Center for Radiation Research &Technology, Cairo, Egypt.

*Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
** Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Corresponding author: aly_lo2003@yahoo.com
Chalcogenide alloys of the GeSe2-xSnx(x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0)

system were prepared, and their glass transition temperature, density,
microhardness were experimentally determined. By quenching the alloys in ice-
water, some of the alloys are completely amorphous, and some are partially
crystalline. Glass stability and kinetic resistance to crystallization are shown in
terms of enthalpy (∆Hc) and crystallization energy (E). Studies of the
crystallization kinetics using non-isothermal single scan technique show that,
random nuclei are already present in as-quenched alloys and growth occurred in
two dimensions for GeSe2 and three dimensions for ternary alloys. The glass
transition temperature (Tg) and Vicker hardness of Ge-Se-Sn composition were
less than that of GeSe2 indicating a weakening of the glass structure. X-ray
diffraction investigation showed that GeSe2-xSnx system has monoclinic
structure. Both the unit cell volume and the grain size were found to increase by
the increase of Sn content.
- 175 -
P6
Preparation and characterization of
CuS Nanotubes
K. Sedeek, A. Adam, L. Foad(a), L. A. Wahab(b)
Physics Department, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University,

Cairo, Egypt
(a)
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo,
Egypt.
(b)
National Centre of Radiation Research of Radiation Research and
Technology, Cairo Egypt.
Copper sulphide nanotubes have been solvothermally synthesized

through a Cu(acac)2 precursor decomposition and reaction route.
Characterisation by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy were used for
sample characterization. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) investigated
the morphology of the product. Large quantities of nanotubes with 3-4 µm in
diameter and 9-10 mm in length were found in the TEM image.
- 176 -
P7
ZnO/Si Solar Cell Fabricated by
Spray Pyrolysis Technique
A A Ibrahim and A Ashour
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
The ZnO/Si heterojunctions have been prepared by depositing n-ZnO

films doped with aluminium on p-Si by spray pyrolysis method. Heterojunction
solar cells were fabricated using the configuration Al/ZnO/Si/In. The electrical
properties of the heterojunction are investigated by means of current-voltage
measurements in the temperature range 295 to 375 K. The cells show the
rectifying behaviour characterized by the current – voltage (I – V) measurement
under a dark condition, while photoelectric effects have been exhibited under the
illumination. As a result, the conversion efficiency of the fabricated cell of about
6.6% was obtained.
- 177 -
P8
Structural and Electrical Studies on Al1-xMgx with
Different Concentrations of Mg
A. Ashour, E. Badawi and N. Z. El-Sayed
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University,

Minia,, Egypt
Al1-xMgx with different concentrations of Mg was produced by

spectroscopically technique from melting the ingredient in graphite crucibles
sealed under vacuum in quartz ampoules. The samples have been characterized
by X-ray studies and electrical measurements. A cubic phase of polycrystalline
aluminium has been observed. There is no new phases appearing with different
concentrations of Mg contents and quenching temperatures. The results show
that the crystallinity (Intensity of (200) plane) increases with both of Mg
concentration (<4.44 wt %) and quenching temperature (<898 K). The grain size
of the obtained phase decreased with increasing the Mg contents. The resistivity
is calculated for different concentrations of Mg at room temperature and found
increasing with Mg contents. The grain size is found to be pareameter affecting
the resistivity than the preferred orientation.
- 178 -
P9
Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Some
Ferroelectric Properties of
[(Pb1-x Sr x) 1-1.5zLa z]TiO3 Ceramics
G.A.Gamal, M.K. Gergs,M.A.Massaud
Physics Department, Faculty of Science(Qena), South Valley

University, Egypt.
Experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out in this paper
to reveal the proper concentration of Sr and La - content which provide the
samples of [(Pb1-x Sr x) 1-1.5zLa z]Ti03 ceramics with optimum ferroelectric
properties and to find an interpretation for the unusual behavior of the Curie
Weiss constants. Three types of samples were considered according to the
concentration of La-content in this work. The frequency of electric field for
dielectric measurements equals to 1 KHz .. From the relation between the
dielectric constant and temperature , the samples of first type (z=3 mole % La)
exhibited two anomalies values for εmax at x= 20 and 40 mole %Sr. The
samples of second type (z= 6 mole %La )showed a similar behavior but the
anomalies values for εmax at x= 25 and 35 mole %Sr. The samples of third type
(z=9 mole %La) characterized with only one anomaly value for εmax at x= 30
mole %Sr. In this paper we concluded that at constant concentration of Sr-ion
(26mo1%)or Pb-ion (60.5mo1%),both values of Curie Weiss constants (C- ,C+)
and εmax increase with increasing of La content. This remark is considered as a
unique phenomenon for the behavior of Curie Weiss constants (C- ,C+) ,The
experimental value of Tc is in agreement with the calculated value on the basis
of the binomial distribution function .The interpretation of the behavior of Curie
Weiss constants (C- ,C+) for the samples is attributed to the types of unit cells
which dominated in structure.
- 179 -
- 180 -
P10
Structural Characteristics of Two-and
Three-Dimensional Nanoporous Silica Materials
Mohamed A. Sharaf,* A. K. Barakat, and Farid M. Hota
Department of Chemistry, Helwan University, n i-Helwan,

Cairo 11795, Egypt
e-mail: sharafma@yahoo.com
The recent discovery of ordered mesoporous materials has opened

prospects for the development of new technologies in catalysis, separation, drug
delivery, and nanoscience, owing to their tunable nanopore size, high surface
areas, versatile posibilities of surface functionalization, and diversity in
composition, structure, and morphology. Of particular interest are mesoporous
silicas consisting of interconnected large cage-type pores being organized in a
3D network. For instance, large pore cage-type mesoporous silica designated as
SBA-16 synthesised in acidic media EO-PO-EO triblock copolymer and
tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as a silica source, consists of spherical cavities of
9-10 nm in diameter arranged in a body-centered-cubic array (with Im3m
symmetry), and connected through a mesoporous opening of 2.0 - 2.5 nm. Such
types of high interconnected 3D mesostructure pores materials are expected to
be superior to hexagonal structures with 1D channels, specially for applications
involving selectivity tuned diffusion, immobilization of large molecules, or host-
guest interactions within nanostructured materials. Although numerous reports
have dealt with the preparation of large pore ordered mesoporous silica, the
ability to control synthesis conditions providing efficient tuning of the structure
and textural properties is still rather limited, with often an uncertain degree of
ordering and phase purity. In this study, we describe a straight forward route of
synthesis high ordered mesoporous silica on low HCl concentration regime in
aqueous solution allowing facile thermodynamic control of the silica mesophase
formation, using different concentrations of F127 and changing the aging
temperature during synthesis. Synthesis of mesoporous silica materials has been
studied using Pluronic triblock copolymer F127 nonionic amphiphilic triblock
copolymer (EO106 PO70 EO106) as high molecular weight structure-directing
agent and TEOS as a silica source. The mesostructure of the silica material
- 181 -
obtained, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and

nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. Changing the amount of surfactant
has affect on the porosity of the material, where increasing the amount of
surfactant has affect on the hydrophobic surface curvature of the micelle and
correspondingly the particle morphology. The particle morphology has changed
from hexagonal to cubic Fm3m symmetry, with different pore sizes. Some
samples with the same molar ratio have different unit cell size according to the
change in aging temperature. TEM shows cubic and cage structure of pores
obtained under the optimal conditions of synthesis. The structural transformation
is limited. The results demonstrate that a change in the amount of surfactant has
remarkable effect on the porosity of the material, where increasing the amount of
surfactant affects the hydrophobic surface curvature of the micelle and
correspondingly the particle morphology. The particle morphology has changed
from hexagonal to cubic Fm3m symmetry, with defferent pore sizes. Some
samples with the same structures have different unit cell size according to the
change in aging temperature. TEM shows cubic and cage structure of pores
obtained under optimal conditions of synthesis.
- 182 -
P11
Characterization of the Structure of Nanoporous Silica Materials
Employing Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption Isotherms
Mohamed A. Sharaf,* Hamdy F. M. Mohamed, Farid M. Hota
Department of Chemistry, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt

Department of Physics, El-Minia University, B.O. 61519 El-Minia, Egypt.
e-mail: sharafma@yahoo.com
Microporous and Mesoporous silica has attracted much attention from

scientists recently. These materials possess both adjustable and uniformed pore
sizes covering a new range of potential applications in the micro/meso scale.
Various morphologies can be achieved for microporous and mesoporous silica
using templating methods or the phase transformation approach. These involve
order or shape in micro/meso scale. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm is
used to get total surface area of the pores, SBET, CBET value which calculated
from BET, average total pore volume, dynamic pore radius, t-plot, insuring the
micro or mesoporosity, beside pore size distribution calculations. Moreover,
wall thickness of the material can be calculated by studying the unit cell of the
structure. Hysteresis of desorption isotherms is also a very good parameter for
determination of pore structure. Positron annihilation lifetime (PAL)
spectroscopy has proven to be a useful tool in giving pore size. Other techniques
used for detecting the structure and morphology of mesoporous silica materials
as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and
others. Within the scope of free-volume theories, the o-Ps particle is bound
inside a pore region. The o-Ps lifetime distribution relates to the pore-size
distribution and pore density. The aim of this study is to investigate the
formation of mesoporous silica material. Therefore, positron annihilation
lifetime (PAL) technique, cationic surfactant Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide
(CTABr) as structural directing agent or template, and tetraethylorthosilicate
(TEOS) as silica source in alkaline medium have been used. Microporous
materials have used in many potential applications. The control and
understanding of the pore structure and properties at the nanometer to
micrometer length scale provides challenging opportunities for material
scientists. Full studies of isotherm and BET equation provided data about the
pore size, pore volume, wall thickness, and pore size distribution. Positron
annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectroscopy had been supported by nitrogen
- 183 -
adsorption isotherm, TEM, and XRD techniques. Results thus obtained

employing the PAL technique and Nitrogen adsorption isotherm were in
excellent agreement. The small pore sizes produced suggests that these materials
could be promising in catalysis applications. Change of the amount of template
used in the same conditions resulted in change the properties of yield. The great
similarities between Nitrogen adsorption isotherm data and positron annihilation
lifetime PAL results demonstrates that the later method could be used for pore
size and pore volume measurements as well.
- 184 -

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THE XXVI CONFERENCE ON: Solid State Physics and Materials Science

WORKSHOP ON: Nanostructures: Science, Fabrication, Characterization and Devices

The Egyptian Materials Research Society

& Maritime Transport

THE XXVI CONFERENCE

H. E. Prof. Dr. Yousry El-Gamal

Prof. Dr. Gamal Mokhtar

Science, Technology & Maritime Transport

Prof. Dr. Omar Abd El-Aziz

L 1) Magnetic Nanostructures in the Lateral and

L10) Ultrafast Optical Response of Semicondcutor

Workshop International Organize:

Local Organizing Committee:

All correspondances should be addressed to:

Web: http: //www.egmrs.org

 Prof. Dr. Kamal Abd El-Hady,

 Prof. Dr. Hassan Talaat,

 Prof. Dr. Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier,

 Prof. Dr. Gamal Mokhtar,

 H. E. Prof. Dr. Yousry El-Gamal,

Prof. Dr. Marie-Isabelle Baraton (Bar)

• Founder and the President of a private research center

• Dr. Abdelkrim Chemseddine (Chm)

5. “Nanostructured Crystalline TIO2 Through Groth Control and

• Prof. Dr. Eng. M. Sherif El-Eskandarany (Esk)

Date of Birth: September 12th, 1956 Cairo, Egypt

January 1993 - Lecturer of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Mining

PRIZES AND AWARDS:

MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS AND RESEARCH INTEREST:

 Has been dealing with the fabrication and characterizations of

• Prof. Dr. Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier (Hab)

• Dr. Colin Heyes (Hey)

• Dr. Mona Bakr Mohamed (Mon)

• B. SC. 1991 & M.SC, 1994 in Chemistry from Assiut University,

• Prof. Dr. Mamoun Muhammed (Muh)

• Director of the Graduate Studies, Department of Materials

• Expert for evaluation and Accreditation of Estonian

• Muhammed, M. and K. V. Rao, (Guest Editors), “Nanostructured

7. Engineering of Porous Surfaces for Enhanced Boiling. M.

• Dr. Lionel Vayssieres (Vay)

• Co-authored 50 refereed publications, 3 ISI highly cited papers

• Currentlya senior research scientist at the International Center

• Prof. Dr. Hartmut Zabel (Zbl)

• Organization of International Conferences:

• Prof. Dr. Aristides D. Zdetsis (Zdt)

• Current Research Interests:

12:30 - 13:30: Plenary Lecture) Education and Economy

15:00 - 19:30: SEMINAR) Pre-University

10:00 -11:00: L02) Semiconductor Nanoparticles-Based

11:30 - 12:30: L03) Engineering of Mltifunctional

12:30 - 13:30: L04) Effect of the Shell on the Blinking

15:00 - 17:00: Paper Session A + B

10:00 -11:00: L06) Optical and Electronic Properties of

09:00 -10:00: L07) Self-Assembled Nanostructured

10:00 -11:00: L08) Synthesizing of Nanomaterials and

11:30 -12:30: L09) Oxide Interfaces – Is There Novel

12:30 - 13:30: L10) Ultrafast Optical Response of

15:00 - 17:00: Paper Session E + F

10:00 -11:00: L12) Protein Folding Studied by Single

11:30 -12:30: L13) On the Aqueous Thermodynamic

12:30 - 13:30: Closing Ceremony

The correlation between education, basic research and

[1] in “Condensed Matter and Materials Physics” National

Prof. Dr. Kamal Abd El-Hady,

Prof. Dr. Hassan Talaat,

Prof. Dr. Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier,

Prof. Dr. Gamal Mokhtar,

H. E. Prof. Dr. Yousry El-Gamal,

Has been dealing with the fabrication and characterizations of