A Acoustics-Fundamentals

Fundamentals
introduction
sound wave phenomena
special topics in acoustics
history of acoustics
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
Acoustics I:
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
superposition of point
sources
fundamentals
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
Kurt Heutschi
sonic boom 2013-01-25
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
introduction
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
introduction
basic quantities
I Acoustics: science of sound
basic equations
wave equation I generation of sound
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
I propagation of sound
types of waves I effect of sound on humans and matter
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
I Sound:
sources
I mechanical oscillation with wave-like propagation
reflection I propagation in air
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
I propagation in liquids
Doppler effect I propagation in solid bodies
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
I frequency ranges:
types of waves
plane waves
I infra-sound: f < 20Hz
spherical waves I listening range of humans: 20Hz < f < 20kHz
cylindrical waves
sources
I ultra-sound: f > 20kHz
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
I geometrical spreading
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
I reflection
plane waves
spherical waves
I scattering
cylindrical waves
sources
I diffraction
reflection I interference
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
wave phenomena: geometrical spreading
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
wave phenomena: reflection
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
wave phenomena: reflection - scattering
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
wave phenomena: diffraction
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
wave phenomena: interference
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
special topics
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
special topics
introduction
Theoretical acoustics analytical and numerical sound
field calculations.
basic quantities
basic equations
Nonlinear acoustics investigation of non-linear effects
wave equation
speed of sound
that occur at very high values of the field
Helmholtz equation quantities (e.g. explosions or sonic booms).
types of waves
plane waves Underwater acoustics sound propagation in water, sonar
spherical waves
cylindrical waves systems, seismic explorations.
sources
Ultrasound non-destructive test procedures for
reflection
specular reflection materials, medical applications.
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
Vibrations vibrational behavior of bodies, sound
sonic boom radiation of vibrating structures.
standing waves
Noise control description and modeling of noise sources,
diffraction
investigations on noise protection measures.
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
special topics
introduction
Room acoustics assessment, planing and prediction of
basic quantities
sound fields in rooms.
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Building acoustics noise control in buildings,
Helmholtz equation transmission loss of building structures.
types of waves
plane waves Electroacoustics transducers (microphones,
spherical waves
cylindrical waves loudspeakers), recording devices, public
sources address systems, signal processing in
reflection
specular reflection
acoustics.
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
Acoustics of the ear structure of the ear, characteristics
sonic boom
of the ear, perception and subjective
standing waves evaluation of noise.
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
before Christ
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
I 500 B.C.: Pythagoras: Begin of scientific acoustics:
Doppler effect I experiments with vibrating strings
sonic boom I discovery of the relation between length of strings
standing waves
and pitch of the sound
diffraction
I establishment of a relation between numbers and
dB-scale
musical intervals
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
around 0
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations I Vitruv: De architectura: 10 books for architects:

wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
I complete manual for the design and the
types of waves
construction of buildings
plane waves I description of possible acoustical problems in
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
theaters:
sources
I no proper direct sound supply in the audience
reflection I to much reverberation
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
I discrete reflections (echoes)
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
17th century
introduction
special topics in acoustics I 1630: Marin Mersenne:
basic quantities
I reliable measurement of speed of sound:
basic equations
I boom of canons for optical and acoustical signals
wave equation I result: speed of sound independent of location
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation and sound intensity = 450 m/s
types of waves I quantitative relation between pitch and frequency:
plane waves
spherical waves
I experiments with vibrating strings
1
cylindrical waves I usage of relation: pitch ∼ stringLength
sources
√
I usage of relation: pitch ∼ tension
reflection
specular reflection
I down-scaling till counting was possible
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
I 1670: Christian Huygens: understanding of sound as
sonic boom
a wave phenomenon
standing waves
diffraction
I development of the concept of secondary sources
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
17th century
introduction I 1673: Athanasius Kircher
special topics in acoustics I introduction of rays as model of sound
propagation in rooms
basic quantities
basic equations
I extended studies on the focussing effect of
wave equation concave structures
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
18th century
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations I 1710: Isaac Newton

wave equation
speed of sound
I theoretical derivation of the speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
I value about 16 % too low due to wrong
types of waves
plane waves assumption of an isothermal process
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
I 1711: John Shore
reflection I invention of the tuning fork
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion I → availability of a frequency standard!
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
18th century
introduction
basic quantities I 1759: Leonhard Euler

basic equations
wave equation
I publication of the one-dimensional wave equation
speed of sound for sound:
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
∂ 2p ρ0 ∂ 2 p
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
2
=
∂x κP0 ∂t 2
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
18th century
introduction
I 1787: E. F. F. Chladni
I investigations on the vibrational behavior of plates
basic quantities
I visualizations with sand that accumulates in node
basic equations
wave equation lines → Chladni figures
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
19th century
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
I 1810
wave equation
speed of sound
I discovery of the adiabatic behavior of sound →
Helmholtz equation varying temperature for fast processes
types of waves
plane waves
I with this successful correct theoretical derivation
spherical waves of the speed of sound
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
I 1818: Augustin Fresnel
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
I mathematically correct description of interference
Doppler effect
and diffraction
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
19th century
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
I 1843: G. S. Ohm
Helmholtz equation
I Ohm’s law of acoustics:
types of waves
plane waves
I discovery of the ability of the ear to resolve
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
complex tones in the fundamental (pitch) and the
sources
harmonics (tone color)
reflection
I insensitivity regarding the phase of the harmonics
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
19th century
introduction
I 1865: H. L. F. von Helmholtz
special topics in acoustics I publication of the book: ”Über die
Tonempfindung”
basic quantities
basic equations
I milestone in knowledge about the human auditory
wave equation system
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation I Helmholtz resonator:
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
19th century
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
I 1877: Lord Rayleigh
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
I publication of the book: ”Theory of Sound”
types of waves I derivation of theoretical solutions for a variety of
plane waves
spherical waves
classical problems in acoustics
cylindrical waves I calculation of vibrating structures
sources I radiation, diffraction and scattering of sound
reflection
specular reflection
I the most relevant theoretical problems are solved!
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
19th century
introduction I 1877: Thomas Alva Edison
special topics in acoustics I invention of the phonograph
basic quantities
I for the first time possible to store sound for later
play-back
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
20th century
introduction
I 1900: Wallace C. Sabine
basic quantities I founder of scientific room acoustics
basic equations I investigations about reverberation of organ tones
wave equation
speed of sound
in the Lecture Room of the Fogg Art Museum in
Helmholtz equation Harvard
types of waves I development of the concept of reverberation time
plane waves
spherical waves as a descriptor
cylindrical waves
sources
I discovery of the Sabine reverberation time
reflection formula:
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion 0.16V
T =
Doppler effect
sonic boom
A
standing waves I room acoustical design of Boston Symphony Hall
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
20th century
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation I 1920-1940: Harvey Fletcher (Bell Telephone Labs)
types of waves I founder of psychoacoustics
plane waves
spherical waves I investigations on loudness of complex sounds
cylindrical waves
I discovery of masking effects
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
basic quantities
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sound pressure
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
I atmosphere produces a static pressure due to the
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
weight of the air mass
types of waves I atmospheric pressure at sea level: around 1’000
plane waves
spherical waves
hPa (1000 hectoPascal = 1000 Millibar =
cylindrical waves
100’000 Newton/m2 )
sources
I around 12 Pa atmospheric pressure change per
reflection
specular reflection meter height difference
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sound pressure
introduction
I device for pressure measurement:
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sound pressure
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations sound pressure p(t): fast pressure fluctuations (short

wave equation
speed of sound term variations of the momentary air pressure):
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves p(t) = P(t) − Patm
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
where
reflection P(t): momentary air pressure
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Patm : atmospheric pressure
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sound pressure: typical numerical values
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation I normal speech in 1 m: ptyp,rms ≈ 0.1 Pa
types of waves
plane waves
I hearing threshold at 1 kHz: pmin,rms ≈ 2 × 10−5 Pa
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
I threshold of pain of the ear: pmax,rms ≈ 100 Pa
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sound particle displacement
introduction
basic quantities
I local pressure variations propagate as sound waves
basic equations I in air: longitudinal waves → oscillations of air
wave equation
speed of sound particles in propagation direction
Helmholtz equation
I on average the air particles remain at the same
types of waves
plane waves location → sound does not transport matter but
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
energy
sources I sound particle displacement ζ
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sound particle displacement: numerical
introduction
values
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation I normal speech in 1 m at 1 kHz: ζtyp,rms ≈ 4 × 10−8
types of waves
plane waves
m
spherical waves
cylindrical waves I hearing threshold at 1 kHz: ζmin,rms ≈ 8 × 10−12 m
sources
I threshold of pain of the ear at 1 kHz:
reflection
specular reflection ζmax,rms ≈ 4 × 10−5 m
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sound particle velocity
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
sound particle velocity ~v (t):
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
dζ
types of waves |~v (t)| =
plane waves
spherical waves
dt
cylindrical waves
sources
I sound particle velocity is a vector and points into
reflection direction of propagation
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sound particle velocity: typical numerical
introduction
values
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
I normal speech in 1 m: vtyp,rms ≈ 2.5 × 10−4 m/s
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
I hearing threshold at 1 kHz: vmin,rms ≈ 5 × 10−8 m/s
sources I threshold of pain of the ear: vmax,rms ≈ 0.25 m/s
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sound intensity
introduction
basic quantities
I sound intensity describes the energy transport of a
basic equations
sound wave:
wave equation
speed of sound
I energy per second ( = power) through an area of
Helmholtz equation
1 m2 (perpendicular to propagation direction)
types of waves
plane waves I sound intensity is a vector that points in the
spherical waves
cylindrical waves direction of the sound particle velocity
average sound intensity |~I |:

sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect |~I | = pv [W /m2 ]

sonic boom
note: phase between p and v is relevant!
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sound power
introduction
average sound power W through an area S:
basic quantities
Z
basic equations W = ~I · d~S [W ]
wave equation S
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation integrand:
types of waves
plane waves
dot product of the intensity vector ~I and the surface
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
normal of the area element d~S
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion if the area S encapsules a source completely, the sound
Doppler effect power corresponds to the sound power of the source
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction → demo: sound power

dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sound power
introduction
special topics in acoustics typical sound power values:
basic quantities
basic equations
sound power [W]
wave equation
speed of sound
human voice normal 7×10−6
Helmholtz equation human voice max. 2×10−3
types of waves
plane waves
violin, fortissimo 1×10−3
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
loudspeaker (10 W el.) 0.1
sources jackhammer 1
reflection organ, fortissimo 10
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion orchestra (75 instruments) 70
Doppler effect air plane Boeing 747 6’000
sonic boom
air plane FA-18 200’000
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
impedance
introduction
acoustic impedance Z :
basic quantities
basic equations
p̌
wave equation
Z=
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
v̌
types of waves
plane waves I p̌, v̌ : complex amplitudes (pointer representation)
spherical waves
cylindrical waves contain
sources I information about amplitude and
reflection
specular reflection
I information about phase
Diffuse Reflexion
I Z is usually a complex quantity with non-vanishing
Doppler effect
sonic boom
imaginary part
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
volume velocity
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
volume velocity Q:
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
Z
types of waves Q= ~v · d~S
plane waves
spherical waves
S
cylindrical waves
integrand:
sources
reflection
dot product of sound particle velocity and the surface
specular reflection normal of the area element d~S
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
basic equations
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
wave equation
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
wave equation
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
I → differential equation describing propagation of
types of waves
plane waves
waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves I compact description of the physics of sound fields
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
wave equation: derivation
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations I finding: seeking for formulations that describe the

wave equation
speed of sound
relations between sound pressure and sound particle
Helmholtz equation
velocity
types of waves
plane waves I step 1: formulation of consequences of sound
spherical waves
cylindrical waves pressure for sound particle velocity
sources I step 2: formulation of consequences of sound
reflection particle velocity for sound pressure
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion I step 3: compilation
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
wave equation: p → ~v
introduction on the sides of the cube ∆l · ∆l · ∆l, p is given.
special topics in acoustics Consequences for ~v ?
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
I fundamental physical relation: Newton: Fres = m · a
Doppler effect
sonic boom
I F ↔p
standing waves
I a ↔ ~v
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Fres = ma
Doppler effect
in x-direction:
sonic boom
standing waves ∆vx

∆l 2 (px0 − px1 ) = m
diffraction
∆t
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
m = ∆l 3 · ρ0
Doppler effect
sonic boom
∆vx
standing waves
∆l 2 (px0 − px1 ) = ∆l 3 · ρ0
diffraction ∆t
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
∆vx
sources
∆l 2 (px0 − px1 ) = ∆l 3 · ρ0 | : ∆l 3
reflection ∆t
specular reflection
px0 − px1
Diffuse Reflexion
∆vx
Doppler effect = ρ0
sonic boom ∆l ∆t
standing waves
diffraction ∂p ∂vx ∂p ∂vy ∂p ∂vz

= −ρ0 , = −ρ0 , = −ρ0
dB-scale ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t ∂z ∂t
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
wave equation: ~v → p
introduction on the sides of the cube ∆l · ∆l · ∆l, ~v is given.
special topics in acoustics Consequences for p?
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
I fundamental physical relation: (adiabatic processes):
Doppler effect Poisson’s law: P · V κ = constant
sonic boom I ∆P ↔ p
standing waves
I ∆V ↔ ~v
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
I question to pose: consequences of small change in
types of waves volume
plane waves
spherical waves I change in volume ∆V ↔ change in pressure ∆P?
cylindrical waves
sources
I small changes → linearization of Poisson’s law
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
Poisson’s law reformulated:
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation (P0 + ∆P)(V0 + ∆V )κ = P0 V0κ
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
first term:

∆P
types of waves
P0 + ∆P = P0 1 +
plane waves
spherical waves
P0
cylindrical waves
sources
second term (ignoring the high order contributions of the
reflection series):
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
κ κ κ−1 κ ∆V
Doppler effect
(V0 + ∆V ) ≈ V0 + ∆V κV0 = V0 1 + κ
V0
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
approximation inserted in Poisson’s law:

basic quantities ∆P κ ∆V
P0 1 + V0 1 + κ ≈ P0 V0κ
basic equations
wave equation
P0 V0
speed of sound

Helmholtz equation
∆P ∆V
types of waves 1+ 1+κ ≈1
plane waves P0 V0
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
superposition of point ∆P ∆V ∆P ∆V
sources
≈ −κ −κ
reflection P0 V0 P0 V0
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
∆P · ∆V is very small, →
Doppler effect
sonic boom ∆P ∆V
standing waves
≈ −κ
P0 V0
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
I search for change ∆V in volume caused by ~v
sonic boom I inserted in linearized form of Poisson’s law → ∆P
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection volume at time t: V (t) = ∆l 3

specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect volume at time t + ∆t:

sonic boom
standing waves
V (t + ∆t) = [∆l + ∆t(vx1 − vx0 )] ·
diffraction ·[∆l + ∆t(vy 1 − vy 0 )] · [∆l + ∆t(vz1 − vz0 )]
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
V (t + ∆t) ≈ ∆l 3 + ∆l 2 ∆t(vx1 − vx0 ) +
Helmholtz equation
+∆l 2 ∆t(vy 1 − vy 0 ) + ∆l 2 ∆t(vz1 − vz0 )
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources change in volume during ∆t:
reflection
specular reflection ∆V = V (t + ∆t) − V (t) ≈ ∆l 2 ∆t(vx1 − vx0 ) +
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect +∆l 2 ∆t(vy 1 − vy 0 ) + ∆l 2 ∆t(vz1 − vz0 )

sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
∆P
inserted in P0
≈ −κ ∆V
V0
:
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound −κP0 2
Helmholtz equation ∆P ≈ ∆l ∆t(vx1 − vx0 ) +
types of waves ∆l 3
+ ∆l 2 ∆t(vy 1 − vy 0 ) + ∆l 2 ∆t(vz1 − vz0 )

plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection

specular reflection
∆P vx1 − vx0 vy 1 − vy 0 vz1 − vz0
Diffuse Reflexion
≈ −κP0 + +
Doppler effect ∆t ∆l ∆l ∆l
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities

basic equations ∆P vx1 − vx0 vy 1 − vy 0 vz1 − vz0
wave equation = −κP0 + +
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
∆t ∆l ∆l ∆l
types of waves
plane waves
∂p ∂vx ∂vy ∂vz
spherical waves
= −κP0 + +
cylindrical waves
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion ∂p
Doppler effect = −κP0 div(~v )
∂t
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
wave equation: compilation
introduction
∂p ∂vx
A1 : = −ρ0
basic quantities ∂x ∂t
basic equations
wave equation ∂p ∂vy
speed of sound A2 : = −ρ0
Helmholtz equation
∂y ∂t
types of waves
plane waves
∂p ∂vz
spherical waves
cylindrical waves A3 : = −ρ0
sources
∂z ∂t
reflection

∂p ∂vx ∂vy ∂vz
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion B: = −κP0 + +
Doppler effect
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
sonic boom
I derivative of Eq. A relative to x, y , z
standing waves
diffraction I derivative of Eq. B relative to t

dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
derivatives of Eq. A relative to x, y , z:
basic equations
wave equation ∂ 2p ∂ 2 vx ∗) ∂ 2 vx
speed of sound A1 : → = −ρ 0 = −ρ0
Helmholtz equation ∂x 2 ∂t∂x ∂x∂t
types of waves
plane waves
∂ 2p ∂ 2 vy ∗) ∂ 2 vy
spherical waves
A2 : → = −ρ0 = −ρ0
∂y 2
cylindrical waves
superposition of point ∂t∂y ∂y ∂t
sources
reflection
∂ 2p ∂ 2 vz ∗) ∂ 2 vz
specular reflection
A3 : → = −ρ 0 = −ρ0
∂z 2
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
∂t∂z ∂z∂t
sonic boom *) theorem of Schwarz
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
derivative of Eq. B relative to t:
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
∂ 2p ∂ 2 vx ∂ 2 vy ∂ 2 vz
plane waves

spherical waves
cylindrical waves B : → 2 = −κP0 + +
sources
∂t ∂x∂t ∂y ∂t ∂z∂t
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities inserted → wave equation:

basic equations
∂ 2p κP0 ∂ 2 p ∂ 2 p ∂ 2 p
wave equation

speed of sound
Helmholtz equation = + +
types of waves
∂t 2 ρ0 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves or
sources
reflection ∂ 2p ∂ 2p ∂ 2p ρ0 ∂ 2 p
specular reflection + + =
Diffuse Reflexion
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 κP0 ∂t 2
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
wave equation
introduction
wave equation:
history of acoustics I is the fundamental equation for the description of
basic quantities sound fields
basic equations
wave equation I has to be fulfilled for each field point in time and
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation space
types of waves
plane waves
I specification of specific problem introduces
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
boundary conditions
sources I solution of a concrete sound field problem:
reflection
specular reflection
I search sound pressure field p(x, y , z, t), that
Diffuse Reflexion fulfills:
Doppler effect I the wave equation
sonic boom I all boundary conditions
standing waves
I note: wave equation made use of the linearized
diffraction
dB-scale
Poisson equation ⇒ not valid for large amplitudes!!
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
speed of sound
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
speed of sound
introduction
special topics in acoustics I sound field distortion propagates with the speed of
basic quantities
sound c
basic equations I assumption: one-dimensional propagation:
p = f (x − ct) with f : arbitrary function
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves inserted in equation from above yields:

plane waves
spherical waves s
cylindrical waves
superposition of point P0
sources
c= κ
reflection ρ0
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
temperature dependency of c:
Doppler effect
sonic boom r
T
standing waves
c ≈ 343.2
diffraction 293
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
speed of sound: wave equation
introduction
basic quantities
insertion of c in wave equation:
basic equations
wave equation ∂ 2p ∂ 2p ∂ 2p 1 ∂ 2p
speed of sound + + =
Helmholtz equation ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 c 2 ∂t 2
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves or
cylindrical waves
sources
1 ∂ 2p
reflection 4p = 2 2
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
c ∂t
Doppler effect where
sonic boom 4p: three-dimensional Laplace operator
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
Helmholtz equation
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sinusoidal waves
introduction I waves with sinusoidal time and space dependency
special topics in acoustics are of special importance in the discussion of
theoretical problems
basic quantities
basic equations
I characterization:
wave equation
speed of sound
I amplitude
Helmholtz equation I period length T or frequency f = 1/T , or angular
types of waves
plane waves
frequency ω = 2πf
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
I wave length λ or wave number k = 2π/λ
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sinusoidal waves
introduction
relation between λ, f , k, ω:
basic quantities
basic equations c
wave equation
λ=
speed of sound
f
Helmholtz equation
ω
types of waves k=
plane waves
spherical waves
c
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection frequency f wave length λ

specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion 100 Hz 3.4 m
Doppler effect 1 kHz 34 cm
sonic boom 10 kHz 3.4 cm
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sinusoidal waves: Helmholtz equation
introduction complex writing for sinusoidal oscillations:
p(location, t) = p̌(location) · e jωt
basic quantities
basic equations where:

wave equation
speed of sound p̌: p,check
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
p̌(location): complex, location dependent amplitude
plane waves function
spherical waves
cylindrical waves e jωt : oscillation term
sources
reflection ∂2p
specular reflection
calculate 4p and ∂t 2
:
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
4p = 4p̌e jωt
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction ∂ 2p
dB-scale
= −ω 2 p̌e jωt
∂t 2
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sinusoidal waves: Helmholtz equation
introduction
basic quantities
inserted in the wave equation:
basic equations
wave equation 1 ∂ 2p
speed of sound 4p =
Helmholtz equation c 2 ∂t 2
types of waves
plane waves
yields the Helmholtz equation:
spherical waves
ω2
cylindrical waves
sources
4p̌ + p̌ = 0
reflection c2
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect complex amplitude function p̌ is exclusively a function of

sonic boom location → no explicit time variable.
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
types of waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
plane waves
introduction
basic quantities
plane waves:
basic equations I excitation by a plane surface
wave equation
speed of sound I propagation in one direction only
Helmholtz equation
types of waves I wave fronts = plane surfaces

plane waves
spherical waves I sound field variables p and ~
v depend on one
cylindrical waves
sources
coordinate only
reflection I no divergence in space
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
I example:
Doppler effect
sonic boom
I excitation by a piston in a tube
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
plane waves
introduction
history of acoustics plane waves have to fulfill the one-dimensional wave
basic quantities
equation:
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound ∂ 2p 1 ∂ 2p
Helmholtz equation =
types of waves ∂x 2 c 2 ∂t 2
plane waves
spherical waves It can be shown that all solutions p(x, t) have the form
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
p(x, t) = f(ct ± x)
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
where:
Doppler effect
f(ct − x): wave traveling in positive x-direction (→ right)
sonic boom
f(ct + x): wave traveling in negative x-direction (→ left)
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
plane waves
introduction
sinusoidal plane wave (sound pressure) in x-direction in
complex representation:
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation p(x, t) = p̂e j(−kx+φ) e jωt
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
where
types of waves
plane waves p̂: amplitude of the wave
spherical waves
cylindrical waves φ: constant phase term
sources
reflection
specular reflection
assumption for sound particle velocity:
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
v x (x, t) = v̌x e jωt
sonic boom
standing waves where

diffraction v̌x : complex, location dependent amplitude function
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
plane waves
introduction
special topics in acoustics inserted in
basic quantities
∂p ∂vx
basic equations = −ρ0 Newton
wave equation ∂x ∂t
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation yields:
types of waves
plane waves
1
spherical waves
v x (x, t) = p(x, t)
cylindrical waves
superposition of point ρc
sources
reflection sound pressure and sound particle velocity are in phase,

specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion the ratio of their amplitudes (impedance) is
Doppler effect
sonic boom Z0 = ρc
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
spherical waves
introduction
basic quantities
spherical waves:
basic equations I excited by a point source
wave equation
speed of sound I propagate radially in all directions
Helmholtz equation
types of waves I wave fronts are spherical surfaces

plane waves
spherical waves I due to symmetry reasons → p and ~ v depend on
cylindrical waves
sources
radius only
reflection I divergence in space
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
I example:
Doppler effect
sonic boom
I radiation by a pulsating sphere
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
spherical waves
introduction
basic quantities guess for sound pressure p as function of radius r :

basic equations
wave equation
1 1
speed of sound
p(r , t) = · p plane.wave = p̂e j(−kr +φ) e jωt
Helmholtz equation
r r
types of waves
plane waves verification with help of the Helmholtz equation in
spherical waves
cylindrical waves spherical coordinates:
sources
reflection ∂ 2 p̌ 2 ∂p̌
specular reflection + + k 2 p̌ = 0
Diffuse Reflexion ∂r 2 r ∂r
Doppler effect
insertion → o.k.
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
spherical waves
introduction
history of acoustics with
basic quantities ∂p ∂vx
= −ρ0 Newton
basic equations
wave equation
∂x ∂t
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
the sound particle velocity in radial direction is found as:
types of waves
plane waves 1 1
spherical waves v r (r , t) = p(r , t) +
cylindrical waves
ρc jωρr
sources
reflection
for the impedance Zs follows
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
jkr
Doppler effect Zs = ρc
sonic boom
1 + jkr
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
spherical waves
introduction
impedance:
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
I proximity effect for sound particle velocity sensors
diffraction (e.g. cardioid microphones)
dB-scale
I r → ∞ ⇒ Zspherical.wave = Zplane.wave
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sound pressure and sound power of a point
introduction
source
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
sound power W of an omnidirectional point source:
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation Z
types of waves
plane waves
W = ~I d~S
spherical waves S
cylindrical waves
sources
if S is the surface of a sphere with radius r , |~I (r )| is
reflection constant:
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect W = I (r )4πr 2

sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
source
basic quantities the intensity I (r ) in distance r (in the far field) is:
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
I (r ) = prms (r )vrms (r )
types of waves
plane waves
in the far field holds:
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
p(r )
sources Z= = ρ0 c
reflection v (r )
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion and therefore:
Doppler effect
sonic boom p(r )

v (r ) =
standing waves
ρ0 c
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
source
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
everything inserted:
plane waves
2
spherical waves
prms (r )
cylindrical waves
superposition of point W = 4πr 2
sources ρ0 c
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
cylindrical waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
cylindrical waves
introduction
basic quantities cylindrical waves:

basic equations
wave equation
I line source
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation I propagate radially perpendicular to the line source
types of waves
plane waves
I wave fronts are cylinder surfaces
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
I due to symmetry → p and ~v depend on radius only
sources
reflection
I divergence in space
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
I example:
Doppler effect I corona noise of a high voltage power line
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
cylindrical waves
introduction
basic quantities
guess for sound pressure p as a function of radius r :
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound 1 1
Helmholtz equation p(r , t) = √ · p planewave = √ p̂e j(−kr +φ) e jωt
types of waves r r
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
verification with help of the Helmholtz equation in
sources
cylindrical coordinates
reflection
specular reflection similar impedance curve as for spherical waves, near-field
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
/ far-field transition for somewhat smaller kr values.
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
overview:
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
wave types
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
overview: wave types
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation plane wave spherical wave cylindrical wave
types of waves
plane waves
p const ∼ 1r ∼ √1r
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
Z ρc near/far near/far
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
superposition
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
of point sources
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
superposition of point sources
introduction
sound wave phenomena I determination of total sound pressure stemming
history of acoustics from several point sources
basic quantities
I application of the superposition principle (linear
basic equations
wave equation acoustics assumed)
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation I coherent sources:
types of waves
plane waves
I phase sensitive addition of sound pressure and
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sound particle velocity
p tot = N
P
sources
I p
i=1 i
reflection I → constructive and destructive interference
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
possible
Doppler effect I incoherent sources:
sonic boom I energetic summation → sum of the mean square
standing waves
values of sound
P pressure or sound particle velocity
= N
diffraction 2 2
I prms,tot p
i=1 rms,i
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
I examples of coherent point sources?
plane waves
spherical waves
I examples of incoherent point sources?
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
I examples of coherent sources:
wave equation
speed of sound
I several transformers that emit 100 Hz due to
Helmholtz equation
magnetostriction
types of waves
plane waves
I a pair of stereo loudspeakers emitting the same
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
signal
sources I examples of incoherent sources
reflection
specular reflection
I several machines in a factory building
Diffuse Reflexion I cars on a road
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
incoherent point sources
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations

wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
along a straight line
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
infinite line of incoherent point sources
introduction
situation:
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
contribution of source n:
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
2 K
prms,n =
sonic boom
a2 + (nd)2
standing waves
diffraction where
dB-scale K : constant to describe the source strength
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
superposition of all contributions:
basic quantities +∞ +∞
2
X
2 1 X 1
basic equations prms,tot = prms,n =K a2
wave equation
speed of sound n=−∞
d 2 n=−∞ d2
+ n2
Helmholtz equation
types of waves with:

plane waves
spherical waves
+∞
cylindrical waves
1 2x X 1
sources coth x = + 2 x2
reflection
x π n=1 π2
+ n2
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
follows:
Doppler effect
sonic boom
2 K πd πa K π πa
standing waves prms,tot = coth = coth
diffraction
d2 a d ad d
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
discussion → two cases:
I πa
d
small (→ small distances)
coth πa d

basic quantities
I
d ≈ πa
basic equations
I 2
prms,tot ≈ aK2
√
prms,tot ≈ aK
wave equation
speed of sound I
Helmholtz equation
I spherical wave behavior
types of waves
plane waves I πa large (→ large distances)
spherical waves d
coth πa

cylindrical waves
I
d ≈1
sources
I prms,tot ≈ Kadπ
2
reflection q
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
I prms,tot ≈ Kdπ √1a
Doppler effect I cylindrical wave behavior
sonic boom
standing waves
transition (both approximations identical):
diffraction
d
dB-scale a=
signal prototypes
π
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
distributed over an area
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
area of incoherent point sources
introduction
history of acoustics situation:
basic quantities I incoherent point sources spread over a rectangular
basic equations
wave equation
area
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
I length: L
types of waves I width: B
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sound pressure as a function of distance a:
sources
reflection
specular reflection a < B/π behavior of a plane wave
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
B/π < a < L/π behavior of a cylindrical wave
sonic boom
L/π < a behavior of a spherical wave
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
coherent point sources

wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
along a straight line
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
infinite line of coherent point sources
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations I phase sensitive addition

wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
I simplified calculation with help of Fresnel zones
types of waves (sections with path length differences < λ/2)
plane waves
spherical waves I result: remaining contribution stems from half of
cylindrical waves
sources
the first zone → only a small section is relevant
reflection I for finite length line of point sources the line source
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion behavior is valid up to large distances
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
reflection of sound waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
at hard boundaries
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
reflection of sound waves
introduction
any impedance discontinuity results in a partial reflection
basic quantities
basic equations
of an incident sound wave
wave equation
speed of sound
I specular reflection
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
I occurs at plane, large and homogeneous (Z )
plane waves surfaces
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
I diffuse reflection
sources
I occurs at structured or inhomogeneous (Z )
reflection
specular reflection surfaces
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
I scattering
sonic boom I occurs at small surfaces
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
specular reflection
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
specular reflection
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
FDTD simulation: plane surface
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
specular reflection
introduction
I plane, acoustically hard reflector → specular
reflection
basic quantities
basic equations
I reflector → boundary condition: vn = 0
wave equation
speed of sound
I solution: introduction of a mirror source:
Helmholtz equation
I reflected contribution seems to stem from the
types of waves
plane waves mirror source
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
diffuse reflection
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
diffuse reflection
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves FDTD simulation: structured surface

diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
diffuse reflection
introduction
diffuse reflection:
I directivity often idealized according to Lambert’s
basic quantities
law:
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
Irefl. = I0 cos φ
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
Doppler effect
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
Doppler effect
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
Doppler effect:
wave equation
I shift of frequency due to movement of source or
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
receiver
types of waves
plane waves I examples:
spherical waves
cylindrical waves I vehicles passing-by
sources I simultaneous radiation of low and high frequencies
reflection
specular reflection
by a loudspeaker membrane
Diffuse Reflexion I Leslie cabinets of Hammond organs
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
Doppler effect
introduction
calculation of frequency shift:
history of acoustics I Q: source
basic quantities I moves with speed vQ in x-direction
basic equations
wave equation
I emits a tone of frequency f0
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
I E : receiver
types of waves I at rest, in distance d under angle φ
plane waves
spherical waves I received frequency f is searched
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
Doppler effect
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection I Q emits a first maximum at time t = 0

specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
I arrival at the receiver at time t = d/c
0
Doppler effect I Q emits a second maximum at t = 1/f0
sonic boom
I arrival at the receiver at t = 1/f0 + d 0 /c
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
Doppler effect
introduction
time interval T between the two maxima at the receiver:
basic quantities
d0

basic equations
1 d
T = + −
wave equation
speed of sound
f0 c c
Helmholtz equation
types of waves frequency f at the receiver

plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves 1 1
superposition of point f = = 1 0
sources
T f0
− d−d
c
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
with d 0 :
Doppler effect q
0
sonic boom d = d 2 − 2dvQ T0 cos φ + vQ2 T02
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
Doppler effect
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations for φ = 0 the formula simplifies to:

wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
d 0 = d − vQ T0
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves and the frequency at the receiver becomes:
cylindrical waves
sources c
f = f0
reflection
specular reflection
c − vQ
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
sonic boom
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sonic boom
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
I sonic boom generated by sources with speed v > c
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
I examples:
plane waves
spherical waves
I air planes
cylindrical waves
I projectiles
sources
reflection
I high signal amplitudes due to wave front steepening
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sonic boom: Mach’s cone
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
c
sin α =
diffraction v
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
standing waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
standing waves
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
perfect standing waves occur in case of:
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
I superposition of plane waves traveling in opposite
plane waves directions with
spherical waves
cylindrical waves I equal frequency
sources I equal amplitude
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
standing waves
introduction wave 1 →: p 1 (x, t) = p̂e j(ωt−kx)
special topics in acoustics wave 2 ←: p 2 (x, t) = p̂e j(ωt+kx)
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
p tot (x, t) = p 1 (x, t) + p 2 (x, t)
= p̂e jωt e −jkx + e jkx
Helmholtz equation

types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves = p̂e jωt (cos(−kx) + j sin(−kx)+
cylindrical waves
sources
+ cos(kx) + j sin(kx))
reflection = p̂e jωt 2 cos(kx)
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
I no longer a propagating wave
standing waves
I harmonic oscillation with local cos(kx)-modulation
diffraction I maxima
dB-scale I minima
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
standing waves
introduction
example: plane wave is reflected at a hard surface (sound
pressure is shown):
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect movement of sound particles:

sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
standing waves: λ/4 resonator
introduction
standing wave in front of a hard reflector
basic quantities sound pressure:
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
standing waves: λ/4 resonator
introduction tube open on one side, close on the other side:
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves I tube forces a pressure minimum at the open end
sources
I introduces a local sound field discontinuity
reflection
specular reflection I equalization by strong pressure increase inside the
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect tube

sonic boom example: maximum sensitivity of the human ear
standing waves
between 3. . .4 kHz due to a λ4 resonance of the ear
diffraction
canal.
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
diffraction phenomena
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
diffraction phenomena
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
I sound waves are bent around corners (diffracted)
types of waves I sound reaches a receiver even in case of interrupted
plane waves
spherical waves sight line
cylindrical waves
sources
I diffraction process corresponds to low-pass filtering
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
diffraction phenomena: Maekawa’s formula
introduction
attenuation AH due to an obstacle:

history of acoustics z
AH = 10 log 3 + 20 [dB]
basic quantities λ/2
basic equations
wave equation where
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation λ: wavelength
types of waves
plane waves
z: path length difference source - edge of the barrier -
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
receiver and source - receiver z = d1 + d2 − d
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
dB-scale
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
level quantities
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
dB-scale: level quantities
introduction
basic quantities
dB-scale:
basic equations
wave equation powerX
speed of sound level = 10 · log [dB]
Helmholtz equation powerY
types of waves
plane waves acoustical quantities proportional to power:
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
I sound pressure square p 2
sources
reflection I sound particle velocity square v 2

specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion I sound intensity I
Doppler effect
I sound power W
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities applications of the dB-scale:

basic equations
wave equation
I comparison of quantities
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation I e.g. quantity X is 3 dB larger than quantity Y
types of waves
plane waves
I expression in relation to a reference
spherical waves p 2
I sound pressure level Lp = 10 · log
cylindrical waves
2·10−5 Pa
I
sources
I sound intensity level LI = 10 · log 10−12 W/m2
reflection
W

specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
I sound power level LW = 10 · log 10−12 W
Doppler effect
I for plane waves: Lp ≈ LI
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities consequences of the dB-scale:

basic equations
wave equation
I multiplication of quantities corresponds to an
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
addition in the dB-scale
types of waves I example: amplification of the power by a factor 2
plane waves
spherical waves
corresponds to a level increase +3 dB
cylindrical waves
sources
I audible range is mapped onto the sound pressure
reflection level interval Lp : 0. . .120 dB
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion I constant loudness variation corresponds to a
Doppler effect constant dB step
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
subtlety of the dB-scale:
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves 0dB, +1dB, 0dB, +3dB, 0dB, +6dB, 0dB, +10dB, 0dB
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations subtlety of the dB-scale:

wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation level difference perception
types of waves
plane waves
< 2 dB not audible
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
2. . .4 dB just audible
sources 5. . .10 dB clearly audible
reflection > 10 dB very convincing
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations typical sound pressure level values:

wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation sound source sound pressure level
types of waves
plane waves
speech in 2 m 60 dB
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
road traffic in 10 m * 70 dB
sources air plane in 100 m 120 dB
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion * 1000 vehicles/h, 80 km/h
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
calculations with decibel quantities:
wave equation
speed of sound I caution: logarithmic quantity
Helmholtz equation
types of waves I multiplication of underlying physical quantities →

plane waves
spherical waves
addition of dB quantities
cylindrical waves
sources
I summation of underlying physical quantities →
reflection
addition of the linear quantities
LW ,tot = 10 log 100.1LW 1 + 100.1LW 2
specular reflection

I
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
calculations with decibel quantities: important values of
the log10 function:
basic quantities
basic equations a log(a) 10 log(a) 10 log(a2 )

wave equation
speed of sound
0.01 -2 -20 -40
Helmholtz equation
0.1 -1 -10 -20
types of waves
plane waves 0.5 ≈ -0.3 ≈ -3 ≈ -6
spherical waves
cylindrical waves 1 0 0 0
sources 2 ≈ 0.3 ≈3 ≈6
reflection
specular reflection
3 ≈ 0.5 ≈5 ≈ 10
Diffuse Reflexion
10 1 10 20
Doppler effect
100 2 20 40
sonic boom
standing waves
1000 3 30 60
diffraction
10000 4 40 80
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
distance dependency of prototype waves in
introduction
dB scale
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation sound pressure or intensity variation for a doubling of
types of waves distance:
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
plane wave spherical wave cylindrical wave
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
∆L 0 dB -6 dB -3 dB
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
signal prototypes
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
pure tone: time course and spectrum
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
pure tone 440 Hz
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
complex tonal sound: time course and
introduction
spectrum
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
complex tonal sound 440 Hz + 3. + 5. harmonic
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
white noise: time course and spectrum
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
white noise
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
pink noise: time course and spectrum
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
pink noise
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
500 Hz octave band filtered noise: time
introduction
course and spectrum
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
500 Hz third octave band filtered noise:
introduction
time course and spectrum
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
sweeping third octave band noise
Fundamentals
bang: time course and spectrum
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
tone burst: time course and spectrum
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction bursts 440 Hz: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 cycles
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
sweep: time course
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
sinus sweep
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes
Fundamentals
introduction
basic quantities
basic equations
wave equation
speed of sound
Helmholtz equation eth-acoustics-1
types of waves
plane waves
spherical waves
cylindrical waves
sources
reflection
specular reflection
Diffuse Reflexion
Doppler effect
sonic boom
standing waves
diffraction
dB-scale
signal prototypes

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Fundamentals

basic equations I Vitruv: De architectura: 10 books for architects:

basic equations I 1710: Isaac Newton

basic quantities I 1759: Leonhard Euler

basic equations sound pressure p(t): fast pressure fluctuations (short

average sound intensity |~I |:

Doppler effect |~I | = pv [W /m2 ]

diffraction → demo: sound power

basic equations I finding: seeking for formulations that describe the

standing waves ∆vx

diffraction ∂p ∂vx ∂p ∂vy ∂p ∂vz

reflection volume at time t: V (t) = ∆l 3

Doppler effect volume at time t + ∆t:

Doppler effect +∆l 2 ∆t(vy 1 − vy 0 ) + ∆l 2 ∆t(vz1 − vz0 )

diffraction I derivative of Eq. B relative to t

basic quantities inserted → wave equation:

types of waves inserted in equation from above yields:

reflection frequency f wave length λ

basic equations where:

Doppler effect complex amplitude function p̌ is exclusively a function of

types of waves I wave fronts = plane surfaces

standing waves where

reflection sound pressure and sound particle velocity are in phase,

types of waves I wave fronts are spherical surfaces

basic quantities guess for sound pressure p as function of radius r :

Doppler effect W = I (r )4πr 2

sonic boom p(r )

basic quantities cylindrical waves:

incoherent point sources

types of waves with:

coherent point sources

basic equations I phase sensitive addition

standing waves FDTD simulation: structured surface

reflection I Q emits a first maximum at time t = 0

types of waves frequency f at the receiver

basic equations for φ = 0 the formula simplifies to:

Doppler effect movement of sound particles:

Doppler effect tube

reflection I sound particle velocity square v 2

basic quantities applications of the dB-scale:

basic quantities consequences of the dB-scale:

basic equations subtlety of the dB-scale:

basic equations typical sound pressure level values:

types of waves I multiplication of underlying physical quantities →

basic equations a log(a) 10 log(a) 10 log(a2 )

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