Lecture 02

Analog and digital, transfer

f ti
function, l i off data
analysis d t

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

Analog and digital

Instrumentation components can be in
analog
l or di
digital
it l

Digital – absolute shaft encoder

Analog - Tachometer

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

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Transfer function
-the relationship between the output and input
u y
F(u,y,t)

-Static part
The relationship between input and output
where the input is not change with time

-Dynamic part
The relationship is given in differential equation
Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

• For example, the relationship between

temperature sensor T and voltage v is
give by

v = 0.005T

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

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 Example 1.7
Suppose the temperature range 200 to 1200
i lilinearly
is l converted
t d tto th
the standard
t d d currentt
range of 4 to 20 mA. What current will result
from 660C? What temperature does 6.5 mA
represent

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

Example 1.7 – ANS.

Linear equation relating temperature and
current:

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

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Example 1.7 – ANS.

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

Example 1.7 – ANS.

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 Example 1.7 – ANS.

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

Current signal
The most common current transmission signal –
4 to 20mA
Current is used instead of voltage – system is
less dependent on load
Voltage is not used for transmission – its
susceptibility to changes of resistance on the
line
Pneumatic signal
Standard for pneumatic signal transmission – 3
to 15 psi (20 to 100kPa –SI)

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FIGURE 1.19 Electric current and pneumatic pressures are
the most common means of information transmission in the
industrial environment.

Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Curtis Johnson
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation All rights reserved.

FIGURE 1.20 One of the advantages of current as a

transmission signal is that it is nearly independent of line
resistance.

Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Curtis Johnson
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation All rights reserved.

6
 Significance and Statistics
Significant figures
The significant figures are the digits
(places) actually read or known from a
measurement or calculation

Refer to Example 1 16
1.16

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

Statistical Analysis of Data

Mean, xmin=

Deviation, di =

Variance, V =

Standard deviation, σ =

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 Standard Deviation (RMS)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation
Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

Example 1.18

p
Temperature was measured in eight g
locations in a room, and the values
obtained were 21.20C, 25.00C, 18.50C,
21.10C, 19.70C, 27.10C, 19.00C and
20.00C. Find the arithmetic mean of the
temperature and the standard deviation

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8
 Example
Consider the measurement of the
t
temperature
t off hot
h t gas flowing
fl i th
through
h
a duct. Due to factors outside the
experimenter’s control, the temperature
shows variability when measured over a
period of an hour. Table 1 shows the
results of a set of 60 measurements of
air temperature in the duct

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

# of readings Temperature(0C)

1 1089
1 1092
2 1094
4 1095
8 1098
9 1100
12 1104
4 1105
5 1107
5 1108
4 1110
3 1112
2 1115

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# of readings # of measurement

1085≤ T < 1090 1

1090 ≤ T < 1095 3
1095 ≤ T < 1100 12
1110 ≤ T < 1105 21
1105 ≤ T < 1110 14
1110 ≤ T < 1115 7
1115 ≤ T < 1120 2

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

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ANS:
Mean=11030C
Median = 11040C
Variance=33.490C
Standard deviation=5.790C

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

End of Lecture 02

Lecture02 SME3242 Instrumentation

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