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A=
𝒃 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒂
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟏
(𝒙 −𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎) − (𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 −𝟖𝒙 𝟏𝟔
= 𝟏
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎) 𝒅𝒙 = sq. units
𝟑
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Rectangular Coordinates)
If g(y) ≥ h(y), then the graph of x = g(y) lies to the right
of the graph of x = h(y). In this case 𝑥𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑦 and
𝑥𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑓 = 𝑦 . The formula for the area is given by
Figure (on the next slide) shows that the enclosed region
stretches from y = -2 to y = 2. On this interval, g(y) ≥ h(y).
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Rectangular Coordinates)
A graph showing the intersection of the two curves.
Solution cont.
2 1 32
A = −2(𝑦 2 - 𝑦4 + 1) - (𝑦 2 - 1) dy = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
8 5
Applications of the Definite Integral..(cont.)
Points are
represented by a
radius and an angle
radius
(r, )
To plot the point
5,
4
The points (r, θ) and (r, -θ) are symmetric with respect to
the x-axis.
Example : Sketch the limaçon curve r = 2 cos 𝜃 - 1.
Solution Since cos 𝜃 is periodic, it suffices to plot points
for -π ≤ 𝜃 ≤ π.
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
Example : Sketch the limaçon curve r = 2 cos 𝜃 - 1.
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
Assignment 1:
II. Sketch the graph and fins
I. Plot the graph of the the point(s) of intersection.
equation:
a. r = 3c𝑜𝑠𝜃 , r = 2 sin 𝜃
a. r = -3sin𝜃
b. r = 2 cos 𝜃, r cos 𝜃 = 1
b. r = 2 + 4 cos 𝜃
c. r = 5sin 𝜃, r = sin 2 𝜃
c. r = 5 cos 2𝜃
d. r= cos 𝜃, 𝑟 2 = cos 2𝜃
d. r = 5 sin 2𝜃
AREA POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
Integration in polar coordinates involves finding not the
area underneath a curve but, rather, the area of a sector
bounded by a curve as in Figure 1(A). Consider the region
bounded by the curve r = f (𝜃) and the two rays 𝜃 = α and
𝜃 = β with α < β.
𝑁 1 2 1 2
Area of region ≈ 𝑗=1 2 𝑟 𝑗 ∆𝜃 =
2
f (𝜃𝑗) ∆𝜃 .
𝟏 𝜷 𝟐
This is a Riemann sum for the integral 𝒇(𝜽)
𝒅𝜽.
𝟐 𝜶
If f (𝜃) is continuous, then the sum approaches the integral
as N → ∞, and we obtain the following formula.
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Polar Coordinates)
Theorem: Suppose that r = f(𝜃) is a continuous function
defined for all values of 𝜃 between 𝜃 = α and 𝜃 = β, with
0 ≤ α < β ≤ 2π. Let R be the region bounded by the
straight lines 𝜃 = α and 𝜃 = β, and the curve r = f(𝜃) . The
area A of the region R is given by
𝟏 𝜷 𝟐 𝟏 𝜷 𝟐
A= 𝜶
𝒓 𝒅𝜽 = 𝒇(𝜽) 𝒅𝜽
𝟐 𝟐 𝜶
Area =
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Polar Coordinates)
Example 2: Sketch r = sin 3 𝜃 and compute the area of one
“petal.”
Area of petal A =
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Polar Coordinates)
Theorem: The area between two polar curves r = 𝑓1 (𝜃)
and r = 𝑓2 (𝜃) with 𝑓2 (𝜃) ≥ 𝑓1 (𝜃), for 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽
is equal to:
𝟏 𝜷 2
A= [𝑓 (𝜃) −𝑓1 (𝜃)2 ]𝑑𝜃
𝟐 𝜶 2
Example :Find the area of the region inside the circle r = 2 cos θ but
outside the circle r = 1.
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Polar Coordinates)
Example :Find the area of the region inside the circle r = 2 cos θ but
outside the circle r = 1.
References:
1. Rowagski, Jon (2008). Calculus. W. H. Freeman and Company. New York
2. Tan, Soo T (2010). Calculus. BROOKS/COLE, Cengage Learning. Canada
3. Leithold, Louis (2000). The Calculus. 7th edition. Addison-Wesley
Publishing.