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Applications of the Definite Integral

In the application of the definite integral, the


power of integral calculus in geometry, physics and in
some engineering sciences will be demonstrated.

A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Rectangular Coordinates)


Theorem: Suppose that f and g are two continuous
functions defined on the interval [a, b] and furthermore,
suppose that f(x) ≥ g(x) , a ≤ x ≤ b. Let R denote the region
bounded by the lines x = a , x = b , and the two curves f(x)
and g(x). The area A of the region R is given by
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
A= 𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒂
𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂
[𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈(𝒙)] dx
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Rectangular Coordinates)
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Rectangular Coordinates)

EXAMPLE 1. Find the area of the region between the


graphs of the functions f (x) = 𝑥 2 - 4x + 10 ,
g(x) = 4x - 𝑥 2 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 .
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Rectangular Coordinates)
Solution for EXAMPLE 1.
As shown in the graph, f(x) > g(x), then

A=
𝒃 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒂

𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟏
(𝒙 −𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎) − (𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 −𝟖𝒙 𝟏𝟔
= 𝟏
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎) 𝒅𝒙 = sq. units
𝟑
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Rectangular Coordinates)
If g(y) ≥ h(y), then the graph of x = g(y) lies to the right
of the graph of x = h(y). In this case 𝑥𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑦 and
𝑥𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑓 = 𝑕 𝑦 . The formula for the area is given by

EXAMPLE 2. Calculate the area enclosed by the graphs of


2 2 1 4
f(y) = 𝑦 - 1 and g(y) = 𝑦 - 𝑦 + 1.
8
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Rectangular Coordinates)
EXAMPLE 2. Calculate the area enclosed by the graphs of
1
x = 𝑦 2 - 1 and x = 𝑦 2 - 𝑦 4 + 1.
8

Solution : First, we find the points where the graphs


intersect by solving g(y) = h(y) for y:
1
𝑦2 -1 = 𝑦2- 𝑦4 + 1
8
y = ±2

Figure (on the next slide) shows that the enclosed region
stretches from y = -2 to y = 2. On this interval, g(y) ≥ h(y).
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Rectangular Coordinates)
A graph showing the intersection of the two curves.

Therefore 𝑥𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 = g(y), 𝑥𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = h(y), and


A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Rectangular Coordinates)

Solution cont.
2 1 32
A = −2(𝑦 2 - 𝑦4 + 1) - (𝑦 2 - 1) dy = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
8 5
Applications of the Definite Integral..(cont.)

Exercises: Solve the following problems.


1. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y = x2 – 4x, the x –axis and the line x = 1 and x = 3.
2. Find the area between the graphs of y= 𝑥 2 - 5x - 7 and
y = x - 12 over [-2, 5].
3. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves x2
4x + y = 0 and x2 – y= 0.
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

B utterflies are among the most celebrated of all insects.


It’s hard not to notice their beautiful colors and graceful
flight. Their symmetry can be explored with trigonometric
functions and a system for plotting points called the polar
coordinate system. In many cases, polar coordinates are
simpler and easier to use than rectangular coordinates.
The polar coordinate system is formed by fixing a point, O,
which is the pole (or origin).
The polar axis is the ray constructed from O.
Each point P in the plane can be assigned polar coordinates (r, ).
P = (r, )

O  = directed angle Polar


Pole (Origin) axis

r is the directed distance from O to P.


 is the directed angle (counterclockwise) from the polar
axis to OP. 11
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

We are going to look at a new coordinate system called


the polar coordinate system.
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

Grid lines in Polar Coordinates


The center of the graph is Angles are measured from
called the pole. the positive x axis.

Points are
represented by a
radius and an angle
radius
(r, )
To plot the point
  
 5, 
 4 

First find the angle

Then move out along


the terminal side 5
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

The points (r, θ) and (r, -θ) are symmetric with respect to
the x-axis.
Example : Sketch the limaçon curve r = 2 cos 𝜃 - 1.
Solution Since cos 𝜃 is periodic, it suffices to plot points
for -π ≤ 𝜃 ≤ π.
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
Example : Sketch the limaçon curve r = 2 cos 𝜃 - 1.
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

Assignment 1:
II. Sketch the graph and fins
I. Plot the graph of the the point(s) of intersection.
equation:
a. r = 3c𝑜𝑠𝜃 , r = 2 sin 𝜃
a. r = -3sin𝜃
b. r = 2 cos 𝜃, r cos 𝜃 = 1
b. r = 2 + 4 cos 𝜃
c. r = 5sin 𝜃, r = sin 2 𝜃
c. r = 5 cos 2𝜃
d. r= cos 𝜃, 𝑟 2 = cos 2𝜃
d. r = 5 sin 2𝜃
AREA POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
Integration in polar coordinates involves finding not the
area underneath a curve but, rather, the area of a sector
bounded by a curve as in Figure 1(A). Consider the region
bounded by the curve r = f (𝜃) and the two rays 𝜃 = α and
𝜃 = β with α < β.

To derive a formula for the area, divide the region into N


β−α
narrow sectors of angle ∆𝜃 = corresponding to a
𝑁
partition of the interval [α, β]:

𝜃0 = α < 𝜃1 < 𝜃2 < · · · < 𝜃𝑁 = β


AREA POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

Recall that a circular sector of angle ∆𝜃 and radius r has


1 2
area 𝑟 ∆𝜃 . If ∆𝜃 is small, the jth narrow sector is nearly
2
a circular sector of radius rj = f (𝜃𝑗), so its area is
1 2
approximately 𝑟 𝑗 ∆𝜃 . The total area is approximated by
2
the sum:
AREA POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

𝑁 1 2 1 2
Area of region ≈ 𝑗=1 2 𝑟 𝑗 ∆𝜃 =
2
f (𝜃𝑗) ∆𝜃 .
𝟏 𝜷 𝟐
This is a Riemann sum for the integral 𝒇(𝜽)
𝒅𝜽.
𝟐 𝜶
If f (𝜃) is continuous, then the sum approaches the integral
as N → ∞, and we obtain the following formula.
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Polar Coordinates)
Theorem: Suppose that r = f(𝜃) is a continuous function
defined for all values of 𝜃 between 𝜃 = α and 𝜃 = β, with
0 ≤ α < β ≤ 2π. Let R be the region bounded by the
straight lines 𝜃 = α and 𝜃 = β, and the curve r = f(𝜃) . The
area A of the region R is given by

𝟏 𝜷 𝟐 𝟏 𝜷 𝟐
A= 𝜶
𝒓 𝒅𝜽 = 𝒇(𝜽) 𝒅𝜽
𝟐 𝟐 𝜶

Example 1: Compute the area of the right semicircle with


equation r = 4 sin 𝜃.
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Polar Coordinates)
Example 1: Compute the area of the right semicircle with
equation r = 4 sin 𝜃. (cont.)
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Polar Coordinates)
Example 1: Compute the area of the right semicircle with
equation r = 4 sin 𝜃.(cont.)

Solution: The equation r = 4 sin 𝜃 defines a circle of


radius 2 tangent to the x-axis at the origin.

Area =
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Polar Coordinates)
Example 2: Sketch r = sin 3 𝜃 and compute the area of one
“petal.”

Solution: To sketch the curve, we first graph r = sin 3𝜃 in


rectangular coordinates. The radius r varies from 0 to 1
𝜋
and back to 0 as 𝜃 varies from 0 to .
3
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Polar Coordinates)
Example 2: Sketch r = sin 3𝜃 and compute the area of one
“petal.”
Solution: From the figure, the
radius r varies from 0 to 1
and back to 0 as 𝜃 varies
𝜋
from 0 to . This gives petal
3
A. Petal B is traced as 𝜃 varies
𝜋 2𝜋
from 3 to 3
(with r ≤ 0), and
2𝜋
petal C is traced for ≤ 𝜃 ≤ π.
3
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Polar Coordinates)
Example 2: Sketch r = sin 3𝜃 and compute the area of one
“petal.”

Area of petal A =
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Polar Coordinates)
Theorem: The area between two polar curves r = 𝑓1 (𝜃)
and r = 𝑓2 (𝜃) with 𝑓2 (𝜃) ≥ 𝑓1 (𝜃), for 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽
is equal to:

𝟏 𝜷 2
A= [𝑓 (𝜃) −𝑓1 (𝜃)2 ]𝑑𝜃
𝟐 𝜶 2

Example :Find the area of the region inside the circle r = 2 cos θ but
outside the circle r = 1.
A. AREA BETWEEN CURVES (Polar Coordinates)
Example :Find the area of the region inside the circle r = 2 cos θ but
outside the circle r = 1.

Area of (I) = area of (II) - area of (III)


Applications of the Definite Integral..(cont.)

Exercises: Solve the following problems.


1. Find the area enclosed by one loop of the curve
r = cos 2𝜃.
2. Find the area of the region that lies inside the curve
r = 3 sin 𝜃 and outside the curve r = 1 + sin 𝜃.
3 . Find the area of the region that lies inside the curve
r = 1 + cos 2𝜃 and outside the r = 1 + sin 𝜃.
End of Presentation

References:
1. Rowagski, Jon (2008). Calculus. W. H. Freeman and Company. New York
2. Tan, Soo T (2010). Calculus. BROOKS/COLE, Cengage Learning. Canada
3. Leithold, Louis (2000). The Calculus. 7th edition. Addison-Wesley
Publishing.

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