Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
by
G. VIJAYA KUMARI
In partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of
Master of Science in Nursing
In
Child Health Nursing
Nursing.
Date: Date:
Place: Place:
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences
Bangalore, Karnataka
Bangalore, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate
purpose.
First of all, I will bow down before God with deeper sense of ever
lasting gratitude to God, that Almighty, without whose grace and blessing
my research would not have come out fruitfully.
I derive great delight to thank God for giving Mr. Stalin Jayakar as
my companion for life, who lighted the spirit of encouragement to complete
this huge task successfully. And my heart melts of thinking of great pleasure
towards my cute kids J.Melvin and J.Merlin for their unexplained
cooperation, love in the completion of the thesis. Thank you for your
cooperation in balancing me with peace and joy and giving me strength.
I have great pleasure to express my prayerful thanks to my parents
Mr. Abraham and Mrs. G. Chandraleelamma for their overwhelming
support during the period of my research work.
1
produces unintended injury, death or a property damage”6. In toddlers the
minor accidents are unavoidable and major accidents are preventable3.
2
mortality decline in importance. Highest number of domestic accidents
occurred in 1-3 years age group. Boys are more often involved in
domestic accidents than girls9.
3
environment of child conducive for poisoning. In small houses with
limited space, the households chemicals, disinfectants and kerosene are
most likely ingested by the children accidentally. Raising awareness in
safe keeping of all toxic chemicals and keep out of child’s reach into
child resistant closures12.
4
backing up vehicles. The majority of toddlers injured while crossing /
darting mid block on pedestrian streets near their homes. Most of the
accidents could have been prevented by closer supervision of the
children. Devices such as child proof - door further reduce this type of
accidents16.
5
Day in 2003 is, “Healthy environments for children”18. In 2004, on World
Health Day, WHO announced ‘Road safety is no accident”. This brochure
is meant to provide general information about road traffic accidents and
their prevention by raising awareness and promote action to save millions
of children from death and disability between now and 2020 and in the
years beyond19.
6
Injury is a major public health problem, particularly in urban
minority communities in India. This evaluates a comprehensive injury
prevention trial on home hazards and injury prevention knowledge in
poor urban community. The intervention consists of (a) home
modification for a simple preventive measures (b) home inspection
accompanied by information about home hazards (c) education about
selected injury prevention practices. It needs safety knowledge and
moderate effort to correct home accidents21.
7
conducted between (a) Educated mothers (b) uneducated mothers.
Educated mothers were equipped with safety knowledge and both groups
have lack of awareness regarding injury prevention legislations. Adequate
knowledge regarding home injuries is lacking. Highlighting the need for
health care providers to include injury prevention counseling in their
services was observed23.
8
To identify determinants of mothers home safety injuries to
children (burns, poisoning, drowning, cuts, strangulation /suffocation
/chocking and falls). Home interviews were conducted on home safety
practices. The results revealed unique determinants of mothers’ home
safety practices to prevent these six types of home injuries. The factors
that motivated mothers to engage in precautionary measures at home
varied depending on the type of injury. Intervention programs to enhance
maternal home safety practices will need to target different factors
depending on the type of injury25.
The world health day, 2004 also provided a forum for advocacy in
allocating more attention and resources for the prevention of road traffic
injuries. Injury is the number one cause of death among children in
developing countries and fifth in the world among the entire population,
injury has greater importance attached to it. Compounding the problems
is the acceptability of accidents as a way of life, the increasing lack of
supervision of the young and lack of parental awareness. Accidental
injury causes individual tragedy since children are usually untreated and
the effects are long lasting. Prevention programmes should be initiated1.
The literature search was not shown any valid study in Raichur
district with all the aspects of child injuries, its prevention and the impact
of planned education an aspects of it. Hence the Investigator felt the need
to assess the knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers about nature and
prevention of accidents in seven aspects then intervened structured
teaching programme and is interested to see its effectiveness.
9
Statement of the problem
Objectives
• To assess the knowledge of mother’s of toddlers regarding nature
and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
• To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme
regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
• To analyze the relationship between the knowledge of mothers’
regarding nature and prevention of accidents with selected socio-
demographic variables.
Operational Definitions
Effectiveness
Refers to determining the extent to which the structured teaching
programme has achieved the desired effect in improving the knowledge
of mothers on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
Accidents
“Is an unexpected, unplanned occurrence of an event that produces
unintended inquiry, death or damage to property”6.
10
Mothers
Women who are having atleast one toddler child.
Knowledge
Cognitive ability of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers as expressed by their responses.
Knowledge was measured in terms of scores. For the purpose of the
study, the knowledge of the mothers’ were classified into three levels.
Percentage Range of score
• Low knowledge levels < 50% 0-15
• Average Knowledge levels 51 to 75% 16-23
• High Knowledge levels > 75% Above 23
Selected Area
Refers to the place where the study will be conducted i.e. ward
no.13 Zaheerabad area, Raichur.
Variables
A variable is a characteristic or attitude that differs among the
persons, objects, events and so forth that are being studied”.
11
Independent Variable
It is the cause or the variable that is thought to influence the
dependent variable.
Dependent Variable
It is the effect or the variable that is influenced by researcher’s
manipulation (control) of the independent variable.
Attribute Variables
Socio-demographic variables of the sample were considered as
attribute variable such as age, education, occupation, religion, monthly
family income, number of toddlers in the family, type of the family and
type of the house.
Age
Refers to chronological age of mothers’ of toddlers of the present
study was categorized as:
• Below 20 years
• 21 – 25 years
• 26-30 years
• > 30 years
12
Education Status
Refers to the training that helps to promote the knowledge level.
Mothers’ education status was divided into following categories:
• Illiterates
• Primary school
• Secondary school
• High school
• Collegiate education
Religion
It refers to the subsystem of belief and worship of God. For the
present study it was categorized as:
• Hindu
• Muslim
• Christian
13
• Rs.1001-2000
• Rs.2001-3000
• >Rs.3000
Family Type
The type of family which the respondent is living:
• Nuclear family
• Joint Family
• Extended family
• Single parent
Assumptions
It was assumed that:
• Mothers’ of toddlers will have some knowledge about the common
types of accidents among toddlers.
14
• Mothers’ of toddlers will be practicing preventive measures of
accidents.
• Mothers’ of toddlers will be willing to participate in the study.
• Mothers’ of toddlers will have desire to learn about the nature and
prevention of accidents and will cooperate with the Investigator.
• The structured teaching programme will improve the knowledge of
mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of accidents.
• The response measured by a structured tool will represent the
actual knowledge level of the mothers’ of toddlers.
Delimitations
The study was delimited to mothers’ of toddlers who were not
• Residing at Zaheerabad area of Raichur during the study
• Willing to participate in the study
• Able to understand and speak Kannada or Telugu
Hypotheses
Conjectural statement of relations between two or more variables
H1 : There will be a significant difference between pre test and
post test knowledge score of mothers’ of toddlers regarding
nature and prevention of accidents.
H2 : There will be a significant association between the
knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents with their age.
H3 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge
of mothers of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of
accidents with their education status.
15
H4 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge
of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of
accidents with their occupation.
H5 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge
of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of
accidents with their religion.
H6 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge
of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of
accidents with their monthly family income.
H7 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge
of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of
accidents with their number of toddlers in the family.
H8 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge
of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of
accidents with their type of the family.
H9 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge
of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of
accidents with their type of the house.
16
CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
17
Input
Input is nothing but information, energy, matter that are needed and
absorbed by the individual. It is the imparting phase.
Throughput
Throughput is the processing and transformation of the input which
is absorbed by the individual in a way that is useful to self. It is the
activity phase.
Output
Output is the transformed form of information, energy and matter
that is given out by individual after processing. It is the evaluation phase.
Feed back
Feedback is the response of individual which may be positive,
negative or neutral. The process of feedback enables the individual to
evaluate whether the input is processed satisfactorily or not, and if needed
enables to recycle the entire process.
18
develops a structured teaching programme on nature and prevention of
accidents among toddlers, based on the pre test knowledge score of
mothers’ of toddlers and vast review of literature.
19
20
Organization of the Report
Chapter – I : INTRODUCTION
Chapter – IV : RESULTS
Chapter – V : DISCUSSION
Chapter – VI : SUMMARY
21
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
22
Studies related to mothers’ knowledge on accidents among toddlers
A descriptive study was conducted on understanding of toddlers
with injuries in selected areas of Ontario, Canada. A sample of 150
mothers’ of toddlers were used in study and collected data by multi
method strategies (questionnaire, parental observations, telephone and
interviews) were used to study toddler injuries over a 3 months period.
The findings of study were cuts, scraps and puncture wounds were the
most common injuries and majority were affected limbs, occurred in the
morning. Analysis and results showed that both child (risk taking) and
parent (protectiveness) are significant determinants of child injury28.
23
A descriptive study was conducted to assess the mothers’
anticipation and prevention of unintentional injury to young children in
home in selected areas of Canada. A sample of 150 mothers of 1 years to
2 years and 3 years old children selected and data collected through
weekly diaries of anticipated injuries and anticipated injuries/near injuries
to their child. Mothers anticipated between 57 and 67 per cent of all
injury events. Results of study showed the mothers of young children
most frequently reported preventing injury by a physically restricting or
moving the child away from changing environment31.
24
A retrospective study was conducted to assess mothers’ knowledge
on childhood poisoning from eight regional hospitals in India. The
retrospective data showed 50-90% were below 5 years. The analysis
showed that peak incidence was in 2nd year of life (40 per cent), 12 per
cent in 1st year of life, and 20 per cent in 3rd year of life and 0.03 per cent
mortality in infants. Finally concluded that kerosene was the most
accidental poisoning in all hospitals12.
25
temperature of water by a mechanical and electronic thermometer.
Results revealed that fifty three (88.3%) and forty four (73.3%) units has
temperature below 520 and 540C respectively. The findings of study was
found temperature were unsafe at all heater settings. Results revealed that
most of the parents of young children are unaware of danger of hot tap
water to their children. Finally concluded that health care providers
inform parents about danger of hot water temperature and advice setting
of water at 490C by American Academic of paediatrics36.
26
An experimental study was conducted on knowledge, attitude, and
practices of childhood injuries and their prevention by primary caregivers
in selected areas of Singapore. A cross-sectional nation wide study with a
two-stage stratified random sampling was conducted to obtain data.
Parents and caregivers interviewed at their homes. Results revealed that
the primary caregivers had good knowledge on road safety whereas poor
knowledge on home safety and first aid because only 38 per cent of
caregivers obtained information from health personnel. Finally concluded
that a need to educate parents and caregivers on home safety and first
aid38.
27
medications in a high or locked cabinet, twenty four mothers allowing
their children to play unsupervised in the streets. Results revealed that
many families with infants needs health promotion intervention including
education, environmental modification and legislation40.
28
pool owners to install standard fences and gates regularly and need of
supervision to prevent drowning accidents43.
29
by nurses and other workers in multicultural settings in use of
anticipatory guidance of mothers’ interactions with children45.
30
were selected from three socio economic status (Upper, middle, lower).
Data collected by interview method through administration of
questionnaire. Results showed that safety score increased with increasing
socio economic status. Use of safety devices declined from 47 per cent
(upper socio economic group) to 25 per cent (middle) to 15 per cent
(lower). Finally concluded that considerable differences in knowledge
and practice of safety exist among parents of different socio economic
levels47.
31
Results revealed that there was a strong gradient by social class and
strong association with unemployment of the mother, over crowding and
tenture of housing21.
32
METHODOLOGY
Research Approach
Research approach is the most significant part of any research. The
appropriate choice of the research approach depends on purpose of the
research study which was undertaken. “Approach to research is an
umbrella which covers the basic procedure for conducting research”52.
The researcher found that experimental approach is the best suited as it is
a scientific investigation in which observation are made, data are
collected according to a set of well defined criteria and studies observable
changes that are taken place under controlled conditions.
33
Research Design
It is “a over all plan for obtaining answers to the research questions
or for testing the hypothesis”53. The research design spells out the basic
strategies that the researcher adopts to develop information that is
accurate and interpretable.
E O1 x O2
E - Experimental group
O1 - Pre test assessment of knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers on
nature and prevention of accidents.
X - Treatment – structured teaching programme on nature
and prevention of accidents among mothers of toddler.
O2 - Post test assessment of knowledge of mothers’ on nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers.
34
Mothers’ of toddlers Target
Cluster
Population
random
Sampling Mothers’ of toddlers in
Zaheerabad area of Raichur Accessible
Population
Post - Test
Criterion measure
Report
• High knowledge
• Average knowledge
• Low knowledge
35
Setting of the Study
The study was conducted in urban area of Raichur, Karnataka,
Raichur is one of the backward district, it has an area of 60 sq.m, it
comprises of 5 towns and 300 villages, with a total population of
3,42,686 and urban population of 2,07,596. It has 3,87,555 houses and
total under-five children population is approximately 26,471. Raichur
town consists of 35 wards, out of these wards, ward no.13 i.e.,
Zaheerabad area was choosen for conducting the present study. The
schematic representation of area is given in figure 3.
Population
A population is an aggregate or totality of all subjects that
possesses a set of specifications26. The target population is the group of
population that the researcher aims to study and to whom the study
findings will be generalized. The target population comprises of all
mothers of toddlers.
36
KARNATAKA
RAICHUR
RAICHUR
Zaheerabad
37
Sampling Technique
Sampling technique is “the process of selecting a portion of the
population to represent entire population”26. Cluster random sampling
method is a term of sampling where large grouping was selected first,
with the successive sub sampling of smaller units. The areas in Raichur
were listed out by the Investigator and in that Zaheerabad area was
selected for the study by using cluster random sampling.
Sample
“A sample consists of a subset of the units that comprises the
population”.
Sample size for the present study was 40 mothers’ of toddlers from
Zaheerabad area as an experimental group. Subjects for the sample were
selected by using simple random sampling technique i.e. by Lottery
method.
Inclusion Criteria
The study included the mothers who were:
• having at least one toddler in the family
• residing in Zaheerabad area of Raichur
• can understand and speak English or Hindi or Kannada or Telugu
• willing to participate in the study
• available at the time of data collection
38
Exclusion Criteria
The study excludes the mothers who were:
• not having at least one toddler in the family
• not residing in Zaheerabad area of Raichur
• cannot understand and speak English or Hindi or Kannada or Telugu
• not willing to participate in the study
• not available at the time of data collection
Limitations
The study was limited to
• the mothers who were having atleast one child in the age group of 1 to
3 years.
• who were residing in ward no. 13 Zaheerabad of Raichur
• who can understand Kannada or Hindi or Telugu or English
• who were willing to participate in the study.
39
Development of Tool
Structured interviews are the most appropriate when straightforward
factual information is desired where structured interview invariably
contains a set of questions called interview schedule. To assess the
knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of
accidents among toddlers, a structured interview schedule was developed
by the Investigator to collect the data from the respondents based on
experts’ consultations and broad review of related literature.
40
In Section-B the content has been divided based on aspects to be
covered.
• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge in general areas of home
accidents: It consists of 4 multiple-choice questions and it scores ‘4’.
• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge on falls: It consists of 4 multiple-
choice questions and it scores ‘4’.
• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge about poisoning: It consists of
5 multiple-choice questions and assigned score was ‘5’.
• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge on drowning: It consists of
5 multiple-choice questions and assigned score was ‘5’.
• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge on Burns: It consists of
5 multiple-choice questions and assigned score was ‘5’.
• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge on aspiration/suffocation:
It consists of 5 multiple-choice questions and assigned score was ‘5’.
• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge about road traffic accidents:
It consists of ‘2’ multiple-choice questions and assigned score was ‘2’.
Ethical consideration
• An ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional ethical
committee, Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur.
• Permission was obtained from the ward councilor.
• Consent was taken from all the participants.
41
The validators have suggested some modifications in the items. The
modifications and suggestions of experts were incorporated in the final
preparation of the interview schedule by the Investigator.
Pilot Study
It refers to the preliminary research conducted to test the elements
of the design before the actual study begins.
42
Data collection procedure
Data collection is the gathering of information needed to address
the research problem54. The formal prior permission from the authorities
like ward councilor was sought and obtained. The Investigator also
obtained the permission from mothers’ of toddlers. The Investigator has
collected data for one month (20-08-05 to 20-09-05). Conduction of pre
test and post test was done after 7 days gap of structured teaching
programme to mothers on nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers
43
RESULTS
44
(c) Mean and standard deviation of pre test and
post test for different sections of knowledge on
nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers.
45
Section – I
Table 1
N = 40
Age in years Frequency Percentage
Below 20 3 7.5
21 – 25 7 17.5
26 – 30 24 60
Above 30 6 15
46
47
Table 2
N = 40
Education status Frequency Percentage
Illiterates 14 35
Primary school 13 32.5
Secondary school 10 25
High school 3 7.5
Collegiate education - -
48
49
Table 3
N = 40
Occupation Frequency Percentage
Coolie 20 50
Housewife 16 40
Petty business 4 10
Any other specify - -
50
51
Table 4
N = 40
Religion Frequency Percentage
Hindu 9 22.5
Muslim 29 72.5
Christian 2 5
52
53
Table 5
N = 40
Monthly family income Frequency Percentage
< Rs.1000 15 37.5
Rs.1001 – 2000 20 50
Rs.2001 – 3000 5 12.5
> Rs.3001 - -
54
55
Table 6
N = 40
Number of toddlers in Frequency Percentage
the family
One 28 70
Two 12 30
Three - -
Four - -
56
57
Table 7
N = 40
Type of family Frequency Percentage
Nuclear 24 60
Joint 12 30
Extended 4 10
Single parent - -
58
59
Table 8
N = 40
Type of house Frequency Percentage
Pakka 13 32.5
Kucha 13 32.5
Semi pakka 14 35
60
61
Section II
62
63
Table 10
Percentage distribution of knowledge levels of mothers of toddlers on
different sections on nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers related to pre test and post test
N = 40
Pre test Post test
Different sections of Average 51- High > Low < Average 51-
Low < 50% High > 75%
knowledge 75% 75% 50% 75%
F % F % F % F % F % F %
Over all knowledge 34 85 6 15 - - - - 35 87.5 5 12.5
General areas of home
40 100 - - - - 15 37.5 20 50.0 5 12.5
accidents
Falls 34 85 6 15 - - 15 37.5 19 47.5 6 15
Poisoning 30 75 9 22.5 1 2.5 4 10.0 20 50 16 40
Drowning 35 87.5 4 10 1 2.5 1 2.5 22 55 17 42.5
Burns 31 77.5 9 22.5 - - - - 30 75 10 25
Aspiration / suffocation 34 85 6 15 - - - - 27 67.5 13 32.5
Road traffic accidents 34 85 - - 6 15 28 70 - - 12 30
64
mothers had high knowledge (12.5%). It signifies the effectiveness of
structured teaching programme among mothers’ knowledge.
65
two fifth of the mothers has high knowledge (42.5%), followed by a very
minimal percentage of mothers had low knowledge (2.5%).
In the section related to burns in pre test, more than three fourth of
the mothers had low knowledge (77.5%), followed by more than one fifth
of the mothers had average knowledge (22.5%). Whereas in post test,
three fourth of mothers had average knowledge (75%) and one fourth of
mothers had high knowledge (25%).
66
Table 11
Mean and standard deviation of pre test and post test for different
sections of knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers
N = 40
Different sections of Pre test Post test
knowledge Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Overall knowledge 12.1 2.10 20.28 2.68
General areas of home 0.5 0.5 2.75 0.67
accidents
Falls 2 0.57 2.78 0.69
Poisoning 2.35 0.53 3.4 0.8
Drowning 1.8 0.73 3.5 0.67
Burns 1.9 0.74 3.3 0.44
Aspiration / suffocation 1.7 0.72 3.3 0.47
Road traffic accidents 1.2 0.36 1.3 0.46
67
In different sections of knowledge, in pre test, the highest mean
was observed by the following hierarchical order viz., poisoning 2.35
(SD=0.74), falls 2(SD=0.57), burns 1.9 (SD=0.74), drowning 1.8
(SD=0.73), aspiration/ suffocation 1.7 (SD=0.36) and road traffic
accidents 1.2 (SD=0.36). Whereas in post test the highest mean was
observed by the following hierarchical order viz., drowning 3.5
(SD=0.67), poisoning 3.4 (SD=0.8) aspiration/suffocation 3.3 (SD=0.47),
burns 3.3 (SD=0.44), falls 2.78 (SD=0.69), general areas of home
accidents 2.75 (SD=0.67) and road traffic accidents 1.3 (SD=0.46).
68
Section III
Table 12
Standard
Mean Paived ‘t’
Different section of knowledge deviation
difference values
difference
Over all knowledge 8.1 1.64 31.22
General areas of home accident 1.25 0.43 18.37
Falls 0.8 0.18 28.09
Poisoning 1.3 0.46 17.86
Drowning 1.7 0.49 21.93
Burns 1.35 0.48 17.78
Aspiration/ Suffocation 1.7 0.48 22.38
Road traffic accidents 0.3 0.38 4.99
69
mean difference of 1.7(SD=0.48) of aspiration/suffocation with paired ‘t’
value of 22.38; mean difference of 0.3 (SD=0.38) in road traffic accidents
with paired ‘t’ value of 4.99.
The overall pre test and post test mean difference 8.1 (SD=1.64)
with the paired ‘t’ value of 31.22. Thus it revealed that the mean post test
knowledge score was significantly higher than the mean pre test
knowledge score of mothers’ on nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers. The table value of paired ‘t’ value at 1% level of
significance and 29 degree of freedom is (1.6999) was less than
calculated value ‘t’=31.22. Hence statistically there was a significant
difference in post test knowledge score than pre test knowledge score.
Therefore the Investigator accepted the H1 research hypothesis.
70
SECTION IV
Table 13
71
minimum number of mothers (3) were belonging to age group of below
20 years, and had low knowledge.
Chi square test was done to identify the association between age of
mothers with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of
accidents among toddlers. The calculated χ2 was 4.9024, at 5% level of
significance with 3 degree of freedom. Table critical value of χ2 was
7.815. The calculated χ2 value was less than Table value. Hence there
was no significant association between age and post test knowledge of
mothers. Hence the Investigator rejected the H2 research hypothesis.
72
Table 14
73
The Table value of χ2 at 5% level of significance with 4 degree of
freedom was 9.48. As the calculated value 25.9979 was higher than the
table value, there was significant relationship between mothers post test
knowledge with their education status. Hence, the Investigator accepted
the H3 research hypothesis.
74
Table 15
75
The Table value of χ2 at 5% level of significance with 3 d.f. is
7.815. As the calculated value 8.5714 was higher than Table value, there
was significant relationship between the mother’s occupational status
with their post test knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers. Hence the Investigator accepted the H4 hypothesis.
76
Table 16
77
The Table value of χ2 at 5% level of significance with 2 d.f. is
5.991 as the calculated value χ2 = 2.7074 was lower than the Table value,
there was no significant relationship between mothers’ religion with their
post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers. Hence the Investigator rejected the H5 research hypothesis.
78
Table 17
79
The Table value of χ2 at 5% level of significance with 3 df 7.815
and the calculated value χ2=5.7143 was lower than Table value. It was
indicated that there was no significant relationship between the monthly
family income of mothers and their post test knowledge regarding nature
and prevention of accidents. Hence the Investigator rejected the H6
research hypothesis.
80
Table 18
81
The Table value of χ2 at 5% level of significance with df =3 was
7.815. As the calculated critical value χ2=13.334 was higher than the
Table value, indicated there was significant relationship between number
of toddlers in family with their post test knowledge on nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers. Hence, the Investigator accepted
the H7 research hypothesis.
82
Table 19
Association between the type of family of mothers and their post test
knowledge regarding nature and prevention
of accidents among toddlers
83
The Table value of χ2 at 5% level of significance with 3 d.f was
7.815. As the calculated value χ2=3.8092 was lower than the Table value,
there was no significant association between the mothers of family type
and their post test knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents
among toddlers. Hence the Investigator rejected H8 research hypothesis.
84
Table 20
Association between the type of house of mother and their post test
knowledge regarding nature and prevention
of accidents among toddlers
85
Table value of χ2=at 5% level of significance with df = 2 was
5.991. As the calculated value χ2=11.9065 was higher than the Table
value, there was significant association between the type of house and
their post test knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents among
toddler. Hence, the Investigator accepted H9 research hypothesis.
86
DISCUSSION
87
Section – A : Demographic data
Section – B : knowledge of the mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents. In that ‘7’ specific sections were covered Viz.,
• General areas of home accidents
• Falls
• Poisoning
• Drowning
• Burns
• Aspiration / suffocation
• Road traffic accidents
88
(7.5%). It clearly shows that the education status of the mothers was very
low in the study area indicating the education backwardness status of
mothers.
Nearly three fourth of the mothers had one toddler in the family
(70%) and nearly one third of mothers had two toddlers in the family
(30%). More than one toddler in the family was observed in joint families
89
alone. It is interesting to note that even though the study area was
dominated by Muslims, the small family norm was observed.
The mean score and standard deviation of pre assessment and post
assessment score on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers
was 12.1 (SD=2.10) and 20.28 (SD=2.68) respectively.
90
The effectiveness of structured teaching programme on nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers
The calculated mean in this study was 8.1 (SD=1.64) with the
paired ‘t’ value of 31.22. The Table value of paired ‘t’ value at 1% level
of significance at 29 degree of freedom 1.6999 was less than calculated
‘t’ value. It was evident that the structured teaching programme had an
effect among mothers’ of toddlers in improving the knowledge on nature
and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
91
SUMMARY
92
H3 : There will be a significant relationship between the
knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents with their education status.
H4 : There will be a significant relationship between the
knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents with their occupation.
H5 : There will be a significant association between the
knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents with their religion.
H6 : There will be a significant relationship between the
knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents with their monthly family income.
H7 : There will be a significant relationship between the
knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents with their number of toddlers in the
family.
H8 : There will be a significant relationship between the
knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents with their family type.
H9 : There will be a significant relationship between the
knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and
prevention of accidents with their type of house.
The research design adopted for this study was one group pre test
and post test of pre experimental design. A study was conducted in ward
93
no.13 of Zaheerabad area, Raichur. Simple random sampling technique
by lottery method was used for selecting the 40 sample mothers for the
present study.
A structured interview schedule was prepared and used for data
collection, which consists of two parts: Part-‘A’ deals with socio-
demographic data, Part – ‘B’ consists of 30 items regarding knowledge of
mothers on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers. Content
validity was done by 7 experts who were specialized in Child Health
Nursing. The tool was found to be reliable and valid the reliability by
using Karl-Pearson’s formula i.e. r=0.92 and was found to be highly
reliable. A pilot study was conducted for finding out the feasibility of
administration of tool for study. The sample taken for pilot study was not
considered as sample for main study. The data for final study was
collected from 20-8-05 to 20-9-05. During the main study the Investigator
collected background information and assessed knowledge of mothers’ of
toddlers with structured interview schedule and was intervened again
after a gap of seven days the post test was done.
94
• More than one third of mothers were residing in semipakka houses
(35%).
The over all mean pre test knowledge score was 12.1 with the
standard deviation of 2.10. The over all mean post test knowledge score
was 20.28 with the standard deviation of 2.68.
The pre test mean knowledge score was increased from 12.1 to
20.28. In post test, the obtained over all mean difference between the post
test and pre test was 8.1, with the standard deviation of 1.64 with
calculated the paired ‘t’ value of 31.22. The Table value of paired ‘t’
value at 1% level of significance at 29 degrees of freedom was 1.6999.
Hence, statistically there was significant difference in post test knowledge
than pre test knowledge. Therefore the Investigator had retained the H1
research hypothesis.
95
variables such as education status, occupation, number of toddlers in the
family and type of house. Hence, the research hypotheses i.e. H3, H4, H7,
H9 were accepted.
The association between knowledge and selected variables was
observed by computing chi-square test and it was found no significant
relationship between the knowledge levels of mothers with selected
socio-demographic variables such as age, religion, monthly income and
family type. Hence, the research hypothesis which were formulated i.e.,
H2, H5, H6, H8 were rejected.
96
CONCLUSION
97
IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The implications, which have been made in the present study were
essential to the nurse practitioners, nurse educators and nurse
administrators.
Nursing Education:
• Nurse educator can teach mothers about valid factors which affect
the health of children due to accidents.
• Nurse educator can teach the mothers about the importance of safe
environment and anticipatory guidance to prevent accidents.
98
• Nurse educator can compare the demographic characteristics which
had effect on accidents among toddlers viz.- mothers educational
status, type of house, occupation.
• Nurse educator can motivate the mothers in establishing safe
environment to children.
Nursing Practice:
Nurses are key persons of the health team, who play vital role in
the promotion and maintenance of health.
• Nurses should involve in planning the prevention of accidents
among toddlers.
• Nurses can conduct community awareness campaigns programme
on importance of parental supervision in prevention of accidents.
• Nurses should plan health education on home safety and injury
prevention programmes for mothers.
• Nurse as a practitioner can be prepared Health education module to
teach the mothers on prevention of accidents among toddlers.
• Nurse can teach health professionals to teach the mothers during
their home visits on primary prevention and first-aid.
• Nurse should plan formal and informal teaching programme for
nursing professional in community.
Nursing Administration:
• Nursing professionals working in hospital settings can find
opportunity to teach and improve the knowledge of mothers.
• Nurse administrators can organize the staff development
programmes for nurses to update their knowledge regarding
prevention of accidents among toddlers.
99
• Nurse administrator can organize and conduct counseling
programmes for mothers’ of toddlers in meetings their needs
• Nurse administrator can bring awareness among the public in
general and specific focus groups regarding nature and prevention
of accidents among toddlers.
Nursing Research:
The findings of the study shows that majority of the mothers’ of
toddlers have lack of knowledge about nature and prevention of accidents
and provision of safety environment in home and out side.
• Based on the findings future researchers can conduct further
studies on awareness and improvement of knowledge of mothers
regarding toddler accidents on a large sample.
• The study will motivate the beginning researchers to conduct same
study with different variables on a large scale.
RECOMMENDATIONS
100
• The teaching and demonstration materials can be videotaped and
can be shown to mothers in out patient department of hospital.
• To increase awareness health information can be passed out to
others by various sources like: Voluntary organization,
Government services, Private health camps, Nursing personnel and
other health professionals with the help of mass media.
101
101
TOPIC : Nature and Prevention of accidents among toddlers.
Group : Mothers of Toddlers.
Place : Zaheerabad, Raichur
Duration : 45 minutes
Method of Teaching : Lecture cum discussion.
Teaching aids : y Charts
• Flash cards
• Flip charts
• Demonstration
General Objectives : By the end of teaching class Mothers will be able to :-
• Acquire correct information about nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
Specific Objectives :
• Give brief account on Growth and Development of a toddler.
• Gains knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.
• Acquire knowledge regarding sources, causes of accidents in toddlers
• Implement first aid technique in case of emergency.
• Practice Preventive aspects in causation of accidents.
102
Specific Teaching &
Time Content Evaluation
Objectives Learning activity
5 Introduces “Child Safety is Nation’s Safety” Teacher introduces What is the
Minutes the topic Introduction the topic by importance of
Mother plays a vital role in caring of children. explaining the Mother in her
Educating mother is lighting lamp in the house. She importance of mother family?
nourishes, protects and supports the children. The safety in protecting children
environment helps and unsafely environment dangers the from accidents.
health of the child. One of the environmental dangers
(hazards) are the home accidents. The child accidents are Toddler Room
very common which leads to loss or death of the child.
Parents as mothers has to protect the children from
accidents by providing “Healthy environments for
children”. Mother mainly to be educated to provide the
healthy, safe environment to their children1.
103
3 States the Meaning Teacher explains the What is an
Minutes meaning of • Accident means “sudden, Unexpected harmful event” meaning of an accident?
an accident • An accident is often a harmful event that could be accident.
avoided by a little careful thought 4.
104
2 Describe the General causes for toddler accidents With the help of What are the
Minutes general • Increased curiosity/ Enthusiastic to investigate things charts teacher general causes
causes for in surroundings. explains the general for accidents
toddler • Lack of safe environment for children. causes for accidents among
accidents? • Lack of parental supervision and ignorance of parents4. among toddlers toddlers?
General Causes
• Aspiration/ Suffocation
• Road accidents 4.
105
I. FALLS
5 Falls are common type of accidents which occur
Minutes when the child is playing. Falls leads to injuries, sprains,
dislocations and fractures.
Narrate the Sources of danger Teacher narrates the What are the
common • Falls from stairs, balconies, mothers & children’s common sources of sources of falls
sources of arms3. danger in falls in toddlers?
danger in
falls
List out the Guidelines to Prevent falls among Toddlers With the help of What are the
106
Common • Keep stair door locked chart teacher lists the common
guidelines in • Apply non-skid mat in bathroom. common guidelines preventive
prevention of • Keep large toys out of crib in Prevention of falls guidelines in
falls • Supervise at play grounds falls?
Demonstrate First aid for falls: Teacher demonstrates How will you
the first aid in • Control external bleeding by applying pressure and the first aid in falls give first aid in
falls elevate part if possible falls?
• Immobilize the part by securing with pads if fracture
takes place
• Shift the child to the hospital immediately57.
II. POISONING
107
5 Min Explains the It means ingestion of poisonous agents, as the child Teacher explains the What is the
meaning of will have curiosity and interested in tasting and touching meaning of poisoning meaning of
poisoning the objects or the agents whichever comes across. poisoning?
108
First Aid
• Give plenty of fluids orally
• Induce vomiting (with household solution e.g.
saltwater)
• Shift the child immediately with carrying medicine that
swallowed57.
III. DROWNING
5 min Explains the Drowning means “it is an asphyxial death due to fully With the help of flash What is
cards teacher explains
drowning and submersion in water”. drowning and
the drowning and
management management how will you
in toddler Sources of Danger manage?
• Open small tanks, wells, lakes and rivers3.
109
First aid
• Lift the child from water and keep upside down for a
short period.
• Raise the middle part of the body with your hand round
the belly.
• Keep body warm
• Seek medical advice immediately57.
IV. BURNS
5 Min Explains the “ Fire is a good servant but a bad master” Teacher explains the Describe the
causes Burns means “Injury by heat and fire” causes, prevention occurrence of
prevention and first aid of burns burns in
and first aid Causes for burns in toddlers toddlers?
of burns in • Un aware of consequences of heat and fire
toddlers
110
Prevention of burns
• Do not cook or boil, down on the floor
• Check bathwater temperature before bath
• Turn pot handles towards back of stove
• Do not allow the child to play in kitchen while cooking
• Avoid electric outlets without faceplates
• Do not allow child to play with electrical appliances
wires or lighters13.
First aid
• Put the cold water on burned area for 10mits
• Never place ointments, powder on burned area.
• Seek medical advice immediately57.
111
V. ASPIRATION / SUFFOCATION
5 Min Explains the Aspiration means “ Ingestion of foreign objects” Teacher explains the What is the
meaning and Suffocation means ‘unable to breath due to obstruction in meaning and causes of meaning and
causes of nose or throat’15. aspiration/ suffocation causes of
aspiration and Causes aspiration /
suffocation • Swallowing coins / beads/ nuts/ small parts of toys suffocation?
• Play with plastic bags and balloons.
112
the first aid • He should be held in upside down first aid in aspirated child
for aspirated • Firm slap over back. If it is visible remove with finger.
child • Seek medical advice immediately57.
113
4 Teacher Summary
Minutes summarizes Till now I discussed the components of nature and
the topic prevention of accidents in toddlers. These include; the
types of accidents, its causes, sources of danger,
guidelines to prevent them and first aid at home.
Conclusion
When your toddler is at the age of 1-4 years, the Safe Child
114
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132
ABSTRACT
Methodology:
The study was based on modified form of Bertanlonffy’s model.
Evaluative research approach was used. Pre-experimental design was
adopted for this study. Simple random sampling by lottery method
technique was used to select the sample. Totally 40 mothers of toddlers
were selected by simple random sampling technique. Structured interview
schedule was used to collect the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics
was used to analyze the data.
126
Major findings of the study were:
• More than half of the sample were belonging to the age group of
20-30 years (60%).
• More than one third of mothers were illiterates (35%).
• Half of the mothers were coolies (50%),
• Half of the mothers had an income of Rs.1001-2000 (50%).
• Nearly three fourth of mothers had one toddler in the family (70%).
• More than half of the mothers were belonging to nuclear family
(60%)
• More than one third of mothers were residing at semipakka house
(35%)
• In pretest, majority of the mothers had low knowledge (85%). In
post test, majority of mothers had average knowledge (87.5%)
followed by high knowledge (12.5%). Structured teaching
programme had enhanced the knowledge level of the mothers on
different sections of nature and prevention of accidents among
toddlers.
• The Significant association was found between knowledge of
mothers of toddlers with selected socio-demographic variables in
the post test, and type of house like education status, occupation,
number of toddlers in the family.
• In significant association between the knowledge of mothers with
selected socio-demographic variables in the post test, like age,
religion, monthly income and type of family.
127
Conclusion
Majority of mothers in pre test had low knowledge on nature and
prevention of accidents among toddlers followed by average knowledge
(15%) where as in post test significant difference was observed i.e. major
percentage of mothers had average knowledge (87.5%) followed by high
knowledge (12.5%) signifies the need of conduction of awareness
campaigns in enhancing the knowledge of primary caregivers in the study
area.
128
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133
Annexure I
From
Dr. R. Vasundhara
Principal
Navodaya College of Nursing
Raichur.
To
The Counselor
Ward No. 13, Zaheerabad
Raichur.
Sir,
Sub : Permission for conducting study.
This is to introduce Mrs. G. Vijaya Kumari, II year M.Sc. (N)
student of Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur who is conducting a
Research project in partial fulfillment of M.Sc. (N) programme. She has
choosen the topic
“A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching
programme regarding nature and prevention of accidents among mothers’
of toddlers in a selected area of Raichur”.
Kindly give her permission to conduct research project in your
area.
Thanking you,
Yours sincerely
Sd/-
Principal
134
Annexure II
From
The Counselor
Word. No. 13, Zaheerabad
Raichur.
To
Dr. R. Vasundhara
Principal
Navodaya College of Nursing,
Raichur.
Madam,
Sub : Permission to conduct research project
Ref : Your letter dated : 1-8-05
Sd/-
135
Annexure III
136
Annexure IV
Sd/-
Experts Name
With Designation and Address
137
Annexure V
138
Mrs. T. Vasundhara Tulasi Lecturer
Department of Child Health Nursing
NIMS College of Nursing
Hyderabad
139
Annexure VI
Section – A
Demographic Data
1. Code No:
2. Age of the mother ( )
a) Below 20 years
b) 21-25 years
c) 26-30 years
d) Above 30 years
5. Religion ( )
a) Hindu
b) Muslim
c) Christian
140
6. Monthly family income ( )
a) Below Rs.1000/- per month
b) Rs.1001-2000/- per month
c) Rs.2001-3000/- per month
d) Rs.3001 and above per month
8. Family type ( )
a) Nuclear
b) Joint
c) Extended
d) Single parent
141
Section – B
I. Assessment of Mothers’ Knowledge in General Areas of
Home Accidents
Total Score : 30 M
1M
1. What is meant by an accident? ( )
a) Sudden, unexpected harmful event
b) Slow, expected event
c) Normal, expected event
d) Normal, unexpected event
1M
2. Which age group of children are more prone for accidents? ( )
a) Birth to one year
b) 1-3 years
c) 5-8 years
d) 9-12 years
1M
3. Why the children will be affected more with accidents? ( )
a) Clean and safe environment
b) Lack of supervision
c) Not interested in surroundings
d) Aggressiveness
1M
4. Which type of toys causes injuries to a toddler? ( )
a) Sharp edged and small parts of the toys
b) Stuffed toys
c) Bright toys
d) Dim toys
142
II. ASSESSMENT OF MOTHERS’ KNOWLEDGE ON FALLS
1M
5. What are the causes for falls at home? ( )
a) Slippery flooring, open stairs
b) Hard flooring
c) Keeping doors locked
d) Locked stairs
1M
6. What will happen, when the child falls? ( )
a) Fractures
b) Fever and cough
c) Pain abdomen
d) Ear pain
1M
7. How will you prevent falls among children? ( )
a) Unprotective play grounds
b) Not allowing the child to lean on the higher ends
c) Apply slip-mat-in bathroom
d) Keep stair door unlocked
1M
8. What is the first-aid management for falls? ( )
a) Call neighbour
b) Immobile the part and shift to hospital
c) Allow to cry
d) Do not handle the child
143
III. Assessment of Mothers’ Knowledge
About Poisoning
1M
9. What is meant by poisoning? ( )
a) Ingestion of half cooked food
b) Ingestion of poisonous agents
c) Ingestion of more milk
d) Ingestion of more water
1M
10. What are the most common poisons at home? ( )
a) Cleansing agents and pesticides
b) Toys and vessels
c) Flies and mosquitoes
d) Coal and Khajal
1M
11. Why the children of 1-3 years are more prone for poisoning? ( )
a) Intention to vomit
b) Intention to dance
c) Intention of tasting and touching
d) Intention to talk
1M
12. How will you protect the child from poisoning? ( )
a) Store household cleaners away from mother
b) Store medicines and household cleaners in out of
reach of children
c) Allow the child to talk slowly about medicine
d) Store chemicals in food containers
144
1M
13. How will you manage the child from consumed poisoning? ( )
a) Tell out to everybody
b) Call police
c) Shift hospital immediately
d) Give to neighbour
145
1M
17. How can you prevent drowning among toddlers? ( )
a) Never leave the child alone to play in water
b) Keep open all water containers in the home premises
c) Leave child alone in water
d) Allow the child to play near irrigation ditches
1M
18. How will you manage the child when drowning occurs? ( )
a) Suck the water
b) Lift the child and keep up side down, press over abdomen
c) Do not give care
d) Give to mother
146
1M
21. How will you prevent burns among toddler? ( )
a) Keep hot items out of reach to the child
b) Turn pot hands towards front of stove
c) Keeping chimney at lower level
d) Allow child to play while cooking
1M
22. How the burns will occur with electrical appliances? ( )
a) Outlet without faceplates
b) Using used sockets
c) Keeping electrical wiring boxes locked
d) Standing outside during thunder storm
1M
23. How will you manage scald burns? ( )
a) Immerse burned part in cold water for 10 minutes
b) Do not seek medical advice
c) Wrapping the child
d) Careful observation of the child
147
1M
25. What is suffocation? ( )
a) Unable to breath due to obstruction
b) Unable to see
c) Unable to talk
d) Unable to Listen
1M
26. What are the common sources for suffocation? ( )
a) Swallowing coins/beads/nuts/small parts of toys
b) Pencils, Pens
c) Chalks, Sticks
d) Bread and milk
1M
27. How will you prevent aspiration in toddlers? ( )
a) Discourage running of the child with food in mouth
b) Eating with lying position
c) Playing with sibling
d) Giving food while dancing
1M
28. How will you manage when the child had an aspiration? ( )
a) Keep head low and give firm slap over the back
b) Keep head raise and firm slap over the back
c) Keep head straight and firm slap over the back
d) Keep head lateral and slap over the back.
148
VII. Assessment of Mothers’ Knowledge About
Road Traffic Accidents
1M
29. How will you prevent road accidents among toddlers? ( )
a) Supervise when the children are outside
b) No supervision of tricycle riding
c) Allow to play outside
d) Teach to hear horns
1M
30. How will you manage when child get motor-vehicle accident? ( )
a) Inform to police
b) Call neighbour
c) Seek medical advice immediately
d) Become panic without action
149
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152
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154
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155
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156
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157
Annexure VII
Scoring Key
158
21 a 1
22 a 1
23 a 1
24 b 1
25 a 1
26 a 1
27 a 1
28 a 1
29 a 1
30 c 1
159
Annexure VIII
This shows that the calculated value was lower than the table value,
there was no significant relationship between knowledge of mothers’ of
toddlers with their age.
160
Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers
with their education status
O = Observed
E = Expected values
O-E = Observed value expected value
E = Row total x column total
Group total
D.F = Degree of freedom = 4
χ2 = E (O-E)2
E
(O-E)2
O E O-E
E
14 12.25 1.75 0.25
0 1.75 1.75 1.75
13 11.37 1.63 0.2337
0 1.63 1.63 1.63
8 8.75 0.75 0.064
2 1.25 0.75 0.75
0 2.63 2.63 2.63
3 0.37 2.63 18.69
25.9979
161
Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers
with their occupation
O = Observed
E = Expected values
O-E = Observed value expected value
E = Row total x column total
Group total
D.F = Degree of freedom = 3
χ2 = E (O-E)2
E
(O-E)2
O E O-E
E
20 17.5 2.5 0.357
0 2.5 2.5 2.5
11 14 3 0.643
5 2 3 4.5
4 3.5 0.5 0.0714
0 0.5 0.5 0.5
8.5714
This shows that the calculated value was higher than the table
value, there was significant relationship between knowledge of mothers’
of toddlers with their occupation.
162
Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers
with their religion
O = Observed
E = Expected values
O-E = Observed value expected value
E = Row total x column total
Group total
D.F = Degree of freedom = 2
χ2 = E (O-E)2
E
(O-E)2
O E O-E
E
8 7.88 0.12 0.0018
1 1.12 0.12 0.0129
26 25.38 0.62 0.0151
3 3.62 0.62 0.1062
1 1.75 0.75 0.3214
1 0.25 0.75 2.25
2.7074
This shows that, the calculated value was lower than the table
value, there was no significant relationship between knowledge of
mothers’ of toddlers with their religion.
163
Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers
with their monthly family income
O = Observed
E = Expected values
O-E = Observed value expected value
E = Row total x column total
Group total
D.F = Degree of freedom = 2
χ2 = E (O-E)2
E
(O-E)2
O E O-E
E
15 13.12 1.88 0.2694
0 1.88 1.88 1.88
20 17.5 2.5 0.3571
0 2.5 2.5 2.5
5 4.38 0.62 0.0878
0 0.62 0.62 0.62
5.7143
This shows that, the calculated value was lower than the table
value, there was significant relationship between knowledge of mothers’
of toddlers with their monthly family income.
164
Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers with their
number of toddlers in the family
O = Observed
E = Expected values
O-E = Observed value expected value
E = Row total x column total
Group total
D.F = Degree of freedom = 3
χ2 = E (O-E)2
E
(O-E)2
O E O-E
E
28 24.5 3.5 0.5
0 3.5 3.5 3.5
7 1.5 3.5 1.167
5 1.5 3.5 8.167
13.334
This shows that, the calculated value was higher than the table
value, there was significant relationship between knowledge of mothers’
of toddlers with their number of toddlers in the family.
165
Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers
with their type of family
O = Observed
E = Expected values
O-E = Observed value expected value
E = Row total x column total
Group total
D.F = Degree of freedom = 3
χ2 = E (O-E)2
E
(O-E)2
O E O-E
E
19 21 2 0.1905
5 3 2 1.3333
12 10.5 1.5 0.2143
0 1.5 1.5 1.5
4 3.5 0.5 0.0714
0 0.5 0.5 0.5
3.8092
This shows that, the calculated value was lower than the table
value, there was no significant relationship between knowledge of
mothers’ of toddlers with their type of family.
166
Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers
with their type of house
O = Observed
E = Expected values
O-E = Observed value expected value
E = Row total x column total
Group total
D.F = Degree of freedom = 3
χ2 = E (O-E)2
E
(O-E)2
O E O-E
E
8 11.38 3.38 1.0039
5 1.62 3.38 7.0520
13 11.38 1.62 0.2306
0 1.62 1.62 1.62
14 12.25 1.75 0.25
0 1.75 1.75 1.75
11.9065
This shows that, the calculated value was higher than the table
value, there was significant relationship between knowledge of mothers’
of toddlers with their type of house.
167
Chapter-I
Introduction
Chapter-II
Review of Literature
Chapter-III
Methodology
Chapter-IV
Results
Chapter-V
Discussion
Chapter-VI
Summary
Chapter-VII
Conclusion
Chapter-VIII
Implications &
Recommendations
Chapter-IX
Structured Teaching
Programme
Abstract
Bibliography
Annexures
Modified Strategies
Feed Back
High
Knowledge Developing Implementation
structured of structured High
teaching teaching Knowledge
Experimental Average programme programme on
group Knowledge on nature and nature and
prevention of prevention of
accidents accidents Average
among among toddlers Knowledge
Low toddlers
Knowledge
Mothers Low
Pretest for Knowledge
of assessment of
toddlers knowledge of
Post test
mothers of assessment
toddlers of knowledge
of mothers of
toddlers
20