WCDMA Introduction

and Planning workshop

Ramneek Singh Bali
 Agenda
• WCDMA theory
– WCDMA Concepts
– Spreading
– WCDMA Channels
– Cell Breathing
– Design priorities

• WCDMA Planning and dimensioning

– Overview & Requirements
– Link budgets
– Planning for Coverage and Capacity
– Hardware Dimensioning
– HSDPA Introduction
– HSDPA Dimensioning
Multiple Access Approaches

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'() * ! " #$$$ %

Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access
(DS-CDMA)
• Separate users through different codes
• IS-95 (1.25 MHz)
• Large bandwidth
• Continuous transmission and reception • CDMA2000 (3.75 MHz)
t • WCDMA (5 MHz)
MS 1
MS 2
Code MS 3

f
5 MHz
Frequency re-use

TDMA / FDMA
3 Average
3 2 4
2 4 1 re-use=7 W-CDMA
1 7 5
7 5 6 3
6 3 2 4
3 2 4 1 1
2 4 1 7 5 1 1
1 7 5 6 re-use=1
7 5 6 3 1
6 3 2 4 1 1
2 4 1
1 7 5 1
7 5 6
6
Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access Features
• High data rates in 5 MHz
– 384 kbps with wide-area coverage
• High service flexibility
– support for services with variable rate
– Support for simultaneous services
– packet and circuit switched services
• The wide bandwidth reduces sensitivity to muti-path fading
• Common shared resource that makes WCDMA RAN flexible
• Allocates power to each subscriber and ensures that each user and
service creates the minimum of interference
Radio Access Bearer
Mapping Of Applications to RAB
( Examples)
Spreading principle
• User information bits are spread into a number of chips by multiplying them
with a spreading code
•The chip rate for the system is 3.84 Mchip/s and the signal is spread in 5 MHz
•The Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between the chip rate and the symbol rate
•The same code is used for de/spreading the information after it is sent over the
• air interface

Information signal

Spreading signal

Transmission signal
 Spread Spectrum Multiple
Access
Two Transmitters at the same frequency
Amplitude

Signal 1

Frequency Code 1

Both signals combined

in the air interface
Amplitude

Signal 2

Frequency
Code 2

+, -, , .,-/
// "
*
Both signals are
received together Code Rate
=
Data Rate

Code 1 Signal 1 is reconstructed

Signal 2 looks like noise
Spreading & Scrambling
• Spreading Operation transforms data symbols
into chips. Thus increasing the bandwidth of the
signal. The number of chips per data symbol is
called the “Spreading Factor” SF .The


operation is done through multiplication with
OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor)
code.
• Scrambling Operation is applied to the spreading
signal.

Data Chips
bit after
spreading
OVSF Scrambling
code code
 Spreading Factor Tree
3GPP
3GPPTS
TS25.201
25.201
Designation: cch, SF , code number C4,0

C2,0 1 1 1 1

1 1 C4,1
C1,0 1 1 -1 -1
1 C4,2

C2,1 1 -1 1 -1

1 -1 C4,3
1 -1 -1 1

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Downlink = SF 4 ----------------> SF 512
Uplink= SF 4 -----------> 256
12
 Spreading Example
Symbols are spread to the chip rate by Channelization Code
Symbols
@
960 ksps
1 -1 1 1 -1
SF=4
X
chips 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
-1x 1= -1

-1x 1= -1
-1x-1= 1

-1x-1= 1
1x 1= 1

1x 1= 1
1x-1=-1

1x-1=-1

Result 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1

Spreading Factor (SF) = Chip Rate/Symbol rate

 Code Channels
• Users are separated by codes (code channels), not by frequency or time
(in some capacity/hierarchical cell structure cases, also different
carrier frequencies may be used).
• signals of other users are seen as noise-like interference
• CDMA system is an interference limited system which averages the interference
(ref. to GSM which is a frequency limited system)

Code A BS2

BS1
B
Freq. 1 de

C
C o

de
Code D

Co
Co
de
E
Freq. 1
Scrambling Codes
In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell
(assigned by operator – SC planning)

In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE

(assigned by network)
Cell “1” transmits using SC1

SC1 SC1

SC3 SC4

Cell “2” transmits using SC2

SC2 SC2

SC5 SC6

Uplink: 16,777,216 Scrambling codes used to distinguish each UE

Downlink: 512 Scrambling codes used to distinguish each cell
Channelization Codes
In the Downlink Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data
(and control) channels coming from the same RBS

( 0
' #

! ) 1

In the Uplink Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and
control) channels from the same UE

' #
' # (

' # ( 0
 Soft/Softer Handover
• Soft/softer handover is important mobility of UE, Subscriber Quality and for
efficient power control.

• Soft Handover: UE connected to two or more RBSs at the same time

• Softer Handover: UE connected to two or more sector of the same RBS
 Physical Channel
1 timeslot = 2560 Chips = 10 symbols = 20 bits = 666.667 uSec

Pilot Symbol Data (10 symbols per slot)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec 3GPP

3GPPTS
TS25.211
25.211

18
Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH Format
S lo t Channel Channel SF B its / DPDCH DPCCH T ra n s m itte d
F o rm a t B it R a te S ym b o l S lo t B its /S lo t B its /S lo t s lo ts p e r
#i (k b p s ) R a te ra d io fra m e
(k s p s ) N D a ta 1 N D a ta 2 N T PC N T F C I N P ilo t NTr

0 15 7 .5 512 10 0 4 2 0 4 15
0A 15 7 .5 512 10 0 4 2 0 4 8 -1 4
0B 30 15 256 20 0 8 4 0 8 8 -1 4
1 15 7 .5 512 10 0 2 2 2 4 15
1B 30 15 256 20 0 4 4 4 8 8 -1 4
2 30 15 256 20 2 14 2 0 2 15
2A 30 15 256 20 2 14 2 0 2 8 -1 4
2B 60 30 128 40 4 28 4 0 4 8 -1 4
3 30 15 256 20 2 12 2 2 2 15
3A 30 15 256 20 2 10 2 4 2 8 -1 4
3B 60 30 128 40 4 24 4 4 4 8 -1 4

3GPP
3GPPTS
TS25.211
25.211
14 480 240 16 320 56 232 8 8* 16 15
14A 480 240 16 320 56 224 8 16* 16 8 -1 4
14B 960 480 8 640 112 464 16 16* 32 8 -1 4
15 960 480 8 640 120 488 8 8* 16 15
15A 960 480 8 640 120 480 8 16* 16 8 -1 4
15B 1920 960 4 1280 240 976 16 16* 32 8 -1 4
16 1920 960 4 1280 248 1000 8 8* 16 15
16A 1920 960 4 1280 248 992 8 16* 16 8 -1 4
 Channel Concepts
• 3GPP protocol defined WCDMA radio interface into
three channels: Physical, transport and logical channel.
Logical channel: Logical channels can either belong to a
specific mobile (dedicated channels) or shared access
among many mobile stations (common channels).
Transport channel: Exists between radio interface layer 2
and physical layer. Describes services provided by
physical layer for MAC and higher layer.
Physical channel: It is the embodiment of all kinds of
information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces.
Each channel that uses dedicated carrier frequency, code
(spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase can be
regarded as a dedicated channel.
Logical Channels
• Control logical Channels
– BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel, DL)
• Continuous transmission of system and cell information
– PCCH (Paging Control Channel, DL)
• Carries control information to UE when location is unknown
– CCCH (Common Control Channel, UL/DL)
• used for transmitting control information between the network
and UE
– DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel, UL/DL)
• transmits dedicated control information between network and
UE.
• Traffic Logical Channels
– CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)
• Traffic channel for sending traffic to a group of UEsUsed for
BLER measurements
– DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)
• Traffic channel dedicated to one UE to transfer user information
Transport Channels - Downlink
• Common Transport Channels
– BCH (Broadcast Channel)
• Continuous transmission of system and cell information
– PCH (Paging Channel)
• Carries control information to UE when location is unknown
– FACH (Forward Access Channel)
• Used for transmission of idle-mode control information to a UE

• Dedicated Transport Channels

– DCH (Dedicated Channel)
• Carries dedicated traffic and control data to one UE
22
• Used for BLER measurements
Transport Channels (L2) - Uplink

• Common Transport Channels

– RACH Random Access Channel
• Carries access requests, control information, short data

• Dedicated Transport Channels

– DCH Dedicated Channel
• Carries dedicated traffic and control data from one UE
• Used for BLER measurements

23
Physical Channels - Downlink
• Common physical Channels
– CPICH (Common Pilot Channel)
• used for cell identification and there is only one CPICH per cell.
– SCH (Synchronization Channel)
• used by the UE to detect the presence of WCDMA carrier and
synchronize with radio frame
– PCCPCH (Primary Common Control Physical Channel)
• broadcasts cell site information and Carries BCH transport
channel
– SCCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical Channel)
• carries idle mode signaling and control information to UE’s. Also
carries PCH and FACCH channels
– PICH (Paging Indicator Channel)
• used by the cell to inform a group of UE’s that a page message
can be addressed to them. It is always associated with SCCPCH
– AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)
• Physical channels used by the cell to acknowledge the
reception of RACH preambles.
24
Physical Channels - Downlink
• Downlink Dedicated Control Channels (DPCH):
Within one Downlink DPCH, data and control information
generated are transmitted in a time-multiplexed manner
The channel consists of:

• DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel)

• It is a physical channel used to carry DCH.
• DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel)
• It is a physical channel used for carrying
information related to physical layer operation e.g.
dedicated pilot or power control bits.

25
Physical Channels - Uplink
• Common Physical Channels
– PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
• Carries access requests and carries RACH

• Dedicated Physical Channels

– DPDCH Dedicated physical data Channel
• Carries dedicated traffic data (DCH)
– DPCCH Dedicated physical data Channel
• Carries control information related to physical layer operation

26
WCDMA Physical Channels
Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell
P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH - Synchronization Channel
CPICH - Common Pilot Channel

Paging Channels
S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical
Channel
PICH - Page Indicator Channel

Random Access and Packet Access Channels

2 PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
5
AICH - Acquisition Indicator Channel
, "
AP-AICH - Acquisition Preamble Indicator Channel
32 4 CD/CA-AICH - Collision Detection Indicator Channel
35,4
CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel

Dedicated Connection Channels

DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel

DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel

27
Channel Mapping
Cell Signaling
System Cell Signaling
Paging System Signaling Broadcast and
Higher Paging Info Signaling Broadcast and
Info Service User data
Layer data Service User data

Logical DCCH
Channels PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH Decicated
(Data Logical
Dependent) Channel
DTCH
DTCH
CipherOn DTCH

{XOR}

Transport
Channels
(L1 PCH BCH FACH RACH DCH
Characteristics
Dependent)

Physical P-CCPCH PRACH DPDCH

Channels S-CCPCH
 WCDMA Downlink Channels

CPICH
Null Data S/P
Common Pilot Channel
Cch 256,0 Gain
Sync Codes(*)
BCCH BCH Data P-CCPCH(*) PSC
S/P
Broadcast Control Ch. Broadcast Ch. Encoding Primary Common Control Physical Ch.
Cch 256,1 Gain

PCCH PCH Data GP Σ

Paging Control Ch. Paging Ch. Encoding
S-CCPCH SSCi SCH (Sync Channel)
Secondary Common Control S/P
CCCH
Physical Ch. GS
Common Control Ch. Cch Gain
FACH Data
CTCH Forward Access Ch. Encoding
Common Traffic Ch. DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel)
CCTrCH One per UE
DCCH DCH Data
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding Cell-specific
Scrambling Downlink
DTCH DCH Data Code RF Out
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding M
DPDCH (one or more per UE)
U M
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
X U
X
S/P
Σ I+jQ I
Filter I/Q
DTCH DCH Data
Cch Gain
Σ Filter
Modulator
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding Q
DPCCH (one per UE)
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

DSCH Data PDSCH

S/P
Downlink Shared Ch. Encoding Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Cch Gain

AICH
Access Indication data S/P
(Acquisition Indicator Channel)
PICH Cch Gain
Paging Indication bits S/P
(Paging Indicator Channel )
AP-AICH Cch Gain
Access Preamble Indication bits S/P
(Access Preamble Indicator Channel )
CSICH Cch Gain
CPCH Status Indication bits S/P
(CPCH Status Indicator Channel )
Cch Gain
CD/CA-ICH
CPCH Status Indication bits S/P
(Collision Detection/Channel
Cch Gain
Assignment )
 WCDMA Uplink Channels
Chd Gd

CCCH RACH Data PRACH

Common Control Ch. Random Access Ch. Coding Physical Random Access Ch.

Σ
RACH Control Part

Chc Gc j
Chd Gd

DTCH (packet mode) CPCH Data PCPCH UE

Dedicated Traffic Ch. Common Packet Ch. Coding Physical Common Packet Ch. Scrambling Uplink
Σ Code
RF Out
PCPCH Control Part

I
I+jQ Filter
Chc Gc j I/Q
Σ Filter
Mod.

Chd,1 Gd
Q
CCTrCH DPDCH #1
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,3 Gd
DCCH DCH Data
DPDCH #3 (optional)
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding
Dedicated Physical Data Ch. Σ
Chd,5 Gd
DTCH DCH Data
DPDCH #5 (optional)
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding M Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
U Chd,2 Gd
X DPDCH #2 (optional) Σ
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,4 Gd

DTCH DCH Data DPDCH #4 (optional)

Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,6 Gd
DPDCH #6 (optional) Σ6
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

Chc Gd j
DPCCH
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.
Cell Selection - I
• qQ ualmin
CP ICH • qRxLe vMin
• Qqualmeas • UE max transm p wr Ul
• Qrxlev meas P -CCP CH

•qQualmin is sent in the broadcast information and indicates the

minimum required quality value. The UE measures the received quality,
“Qqualmeas”; on the CPICH (CPICH Ec/N0) and calculates Squal.
•qRxLevMin is also sent in the system information and indicates the
minimum required signal strength. The UE measures the received signal
Code Power (CPICH RSCP) and obtains Srxlev
•maxTxPowerul is the maximum transmission power during random
access on the RACH and that value is also sent in the system information.
•P is the UE maximum output power according to its class.
Cell Selection - II
•For cell selection criteria the UE calculates

Squal = Qqualmeas - qQualMin (for WCDMA cells) > 0

Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - qRxLevMin – Pcompensation

(for all cells) > 0

Where Pcompensation = max(maxTxPowerUL – P,0)

P is output power of UE according to class

Power Control Types
• 2. Outer-Loop Power Control (slow)
– maintains the required Block Error Rate (BLER) for a
service by modifying the SIR target
– Dedicated channels
– If the BLER measured (DL@UE, UL@RNC) is below/ above
the minimum acceptable BLER,
• UE/RNC increase/reduce SIR target.
• Use the new SIR target for the Inner-loop PC.

• 3. Inner-Loop Power Control UL/DL (fast)

– minimizes the power and interference of ongoing
connections by maintaining a minimum SIR.
– Dedicated channels
– Performed 1500 times per second,
– Adjust (up or down) the Tx power to reach the SIR target.
Uplink Outer & Inner Loop Power
Control
Combats Combats
slow fading fast fading
Power control
2 command (1,500 / s)
1 Calculate initial
UL SIR target

4
Calculate new SIR target
(using Macro Diversity)
Estimate UL
3 quality
 Coverage in WCDMA
• Cell extension (border) in DL is defined by its DL coverage

• DL coverage is provided by CPICH channel and is measured by RSCP.

RSCP (Received Signal Code Power) is the received power on one SC
measured on the CPICH at the UE antenna connector.

• Radio Network Design (RND) specifies the minimum RSCP level for an
area to be considered as “WCDMA covered”

• The network parameter primaryCpichPower controls the power used

by the CPICH channel.
• UL coverage is reached at the maximum transmitted power from the
UE while connected to UTRAN
 Quality in WCDMA
• Quality in WCDMA can be measured in terms ofEc/No and
Pilot Pollution

Ec/No is the ratio between the useful received

signal and the interference generated from other No No
SCs or external sources.
No
The UE in the example receives useful signal (Ec) Ec
from the serving cell and interference (No) from the No
other cells No
No

Pilot Pollution is a measure of interference

generated by one or more SCs with good
RSCP that can’t be actively used by the UE
during the service
Cell Breathing

BS 1 BS 2

Fully loaded system

Unloaded system

• Noise Rise is cell breathing

• Interference increases with load in the network causing
network quality to degrade and WCDMA coverage to
shrink
 Coverage – Relation RSCP and
EC/N0 - I
Ec + N0 Own N0 Other

Ec/N0 OK

N0= -65 dBm

Ec=RSCP = -75 dBm Ec/N0 = -10 dB, OK

Constant
 Coverage – Relation RSCP and
EC/N0 - II
Ec + N0 Own N0 Other

Ec/N0 OK

N0= -55 dBm

Ec=RSCP = -75 dBm Ec/N0 = -20 dB, Not OK

Constant
Coverage not constant – Cell
Breathing
• Cell coverage defined by Ec/N0.
• Ec/N0 below target => No channel estimation, no call setup
• Interference increases when traffic increases.
• RSCP = Ec – always constant.
• Cell coverage smaller when traffic increases.
• Cell Breathes.
• WCDMA Planning and Dimensioning
Design Priorities
Establish sufficient CPICH RSCP.
Establish good CPICH Ec/Io under load.
Ensure high probability of service coverage under
load on both links.
Which service?

Service Coverage

CPICH Ec/Io
Design is built up by
CPICH RSCP covering the basics
first.
Antenna Down tilt Requirement
Power is a shared resource in UMTS.
As load increases in a cell, total transmitted power
increases also.
Max transmit power cannot be used to control
interference.

D D

C C

E E

A B A B

Unloaded Loaded
Important design requirements
UE needs to decode the CPICH to get service.
Good CPICH RSCP (Ec) does not mean that the
CPICH can be camped on.
Good CPICH Ec/Io is needed to camp on the
system.
Networks should be designed for good CPICH Ec/Io.
F F
C C

E E

A B A B

Sufficient RSCP
Bad Ec/Io
Coverage Overlap

Overshooting sites should be lowered, downtilted or

removed from the UMTS plan if possible.
For neighboring cells, some optimum coverage
overlap is needed.

Too much overlap results in Too little overlap results in Optimum

loss of capacity increased interference Overlap
 Air Interface Dimensioning
Input Data Assume an
uplink loading

Calculate uplink Calculate uplink Calculate PCPICH, ref

capacity coverage/Lmax based on UL Lmax

Estimate sitecount Estimate sitecount Calculate PCCH, ref

for capacity for coverage

Calculate PDCH
No
Balanced?

Yes Calculate
DL Capacity

No DL Capacity
fulfill req.

Yes

Finished
System Reference Point
 Energy per bit to Noise
ratio (Eb/No)
Received Signal + Noise 1
Transmitted Signal
Air
Interface

-1
Bit errors

Noise power density (No)

Energy per bit (Eb) Eb

No
Realistic illustration Conceptual illustration
 Eb/No and C/I (γ)
signal-to-noise ratio per bit: The ratio given by Eb/No, where Eb is the
signal energy per bit and No is the noise energy per hertz of noise bandwidth.

Eb = S/Rinfo where S = signal energy and Rinfo is the bit rate

No = N/B where N = noise energy and B is the bandwidth

Eb/No = S X B S X B
Therefore
Rinfo N
= N Rinfo
Since B is proportional to
B Chip Rate Processing gain (PG)
chip rate
= =
Rinfo Rinfo
In the uplink N will be predominately
interference (I) from other UEs and S will be
the received carrier power (C)
Eb/No = C/I PG = γ.PG
Since Eb/No and γ are normally given in Eb/No = γ + 10log(PG)
dB :
Uplink Dimensioning
Max path loss due to propagation

Cell range and cell area can be calculated

The number of sites required for meeting

coverage requirement can be found
 Uplink Link Budget
Lpmax = PUE - SUL – BPC-BIUL-BLNF-LBL-LCPL-LBPL-Ga-LJ

where
Lpmax is the maximum path loss due to propagation in the air. The cell range
can be calculated based upon this figure [dB].
PUE is the maximum UE output power, 21 or 24 [dBm].
SUL is the UL sensitivity. Depends on the RAB and channel model [dBm].
BIUL is the noise rise [dB].
BLNF is the log-normal fading margin [dB].
BPC is the power control margin, dependent on channel model [dB].
LBL is the body loss [dB].
LCPL is the car penetration loss [dB].
LBPL is the building penetration loss [dB].
Ga is the sum of RBS antenna gain and UE antenna gain [dBi].
LJ is the jumpers loss [dB].
 Signal Variations
SS at Rx-antenna

Variations due to
Rayleigh fading

Variations due to Shadowing (Local mean) Distance

Received Signal Level from formulae (Global mean)

 Log Normal Fading Margin
Derived Mean

Slow fading and

Building Penetration
Probability

Loss (BPL) are log

normally distributed
with standard
deviations( )
Measured Mean

Standard Deviation ( ) SS at RX antenna

Uplink LNFmarg for 3 sector
sites

Note: Handover gain is included in these margins

Power control margin PCmarg

Compensates for:-
1) Increase in UE average power due to fast power control
2) UE sensitivity degradation at cell border

TU= Typical Urban 3GPP channel Model

RA = Rural Area 3GPP channel Model
Link Budget losses
Body and car penetration Losses

Building Penetration Loss

Environment Dense Urban Urban Suburban
Building Penetration loss (BPL) 18 18 12
UL System Sensitivity
SUL = SRBS + LF = Nt + Nf + 10logRinfo + Eb/N0 + LF [dBm]

SRBS is the RBS sensitivity. When an ASC is used, it is

measured at the ASC port, without ASC at the RBS
Eb/N0 is the bit energy divided by noise spectral density [dB]
Nt is the thermal noise power density (.174 dBm/Hz),
Nf is the noise figure (a typical cell planning value 2.3
dB with and 3.3 dB without ASC),
Rinfo is the information bit rate [bps].
LF is the feeder loss [dB]. The feeder loss becomes zero
in uplink calculations for installations with ASC.
 RBS Sensitivity
Minimum RX signal (RBSsens)= Noise + Nf + γ
RBSsens
where Nf Receiver noise figure and γ is the C/I for the service
C/I
Noise = KTB W/Hz. If expressed as log values values:

Noise = KT + 10log(B) = Thermal noise (Nt) + 10 log (B) Noise +Nf

Therefore RBSsens = Nt + 10log(B) + Nf + γ

However Eb/No = γ + 10 log (B/Rinfo)

= γ + 10 log (B) - 10 log (Rinfo)
To solve for γ => γ = Eb/No - 10 log (B) + 10 log (Rinfo)

If γ is substituted into the equation for RBSsens it

becomes:-
RBSsens = Nt + 10log(B) + Nf+ Eb/No - 10 log (B) + 10 log (Rinfo)

RBSsens = Nt + Nf + 10 log (Rinfo) +Eb/No dBm

UL Noise Rise
BIUL - Noise Rise is referred as the increase in receiver
noise floor when a system is more loaded.

1
BIUL = 10log dB
1− Q

where Q is the uplink system loading

12

Interference increase ∆I [dB]

10

E.g. 20%=0,97dB, 50%=3dB 0

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
Load
 Maximum Cell Range (Rpathmax)
Using Okumura-Hata propagation formula:

Lpath = A - 13.82logHb +(44.9-6.55logHb)logR - a(Hm) [ dB]]

Cell Range (Rpathmax) is given by equation 21:-

R pathmax = 10α, where α = [Lpathmax - A + 13.82logHb + a(Hm)]/[44.9 - 6.55logHb]

Or using COST 231-Walfish-Ikegami formula we get equation 22:-

Lpath = 155.3 + 38logR – 18log(Hb – 17) [dB]]

Rpathmax = 10α, where α = [Lpath – 155.3 + 18log(Hb – 17)]/38

Relation between coverage area
and cell range.
3 9 3
Area = 3R 2 Area = 3R 2 Area = 3R 2
2 8 2

R R
R

3
SitetoSite = 3R SitetoSite = R SitetoSite = 3R
2
 Uplink Example:
12.2 kbps, maximum, 95% probability of coverage
outdoor & indoor at 50% load
Typical Eb/No values for UL

Service Type TU, 3Km/h TU, 50km/h

Speech 12.2
4.9 6.4
Kbps
64 Kbps PS 3.2 4.5

RBSsens = Nt + Nf + 10 log (Rinfo) +Eb/No dBm

RBSsens(Speech,3km/h)= -171 + 10log(15600) + 4.9 =-124.2 dBm

RBSsens(Speech,50km/h)= -171 + 10log(15600) + 6.4 =-122.7 dBm
RBSsens (PS64,3km/h)= -171 + 10log(67400) + 3.2 =-119.5 dBm
RBSsens (PS64,50km/h)= -171 + 10log(67400) + 4.5 =-118.2 dBm
 Uplink Example:
12.2 kbps, maximum, 95% probability of coverage
outdoor & indoor at 50% load
PUE 21
RBSsens -124.2 RBSsens = Nt + Nf + 10 log (Rinfo) +Eb/No dBm
Outdoor LNFmarg
4.1
PCmarg
0.7 1
IUL 3 I UL = 10 log
1 - Loading
BL 3
Gant 17.5
Lf+j 0
Lpathmax (outdoor) Lpathmax = PUE – RBSsens – IUL – LNFmarg – PCmarg – BL – CPL – BPL +Gant – Lf+j
151.9
CPL 6
Lpathmax (in-car) Lpathmax = PUE – RBSsens – IUL – LNFmarg – PCmarg – BL – CPL – BPL +Gant – Lf+j
145.9
BPL
18
Indoor LNFmarg
7.5
Lpathmax = PUE – RBSsens – IUL – LNFmarg – PCmarg – BL – CPL – BPL +Gant – Lf+j
Lpathmax (indoor) 130.5
 Uplink Example:
12.2 kbps, maximum, 95% probability of coverage
outdoor & indoor at 50% load
α
R pathmax = 10
= [ L path − A + 13.82 log H b + a( H m )] [44.9 − 6.55 log H b ]

R pathmax = 0.75km = 0.47 mi

9
Area = 3R 2 = 0.66 sqmi
8
Sites needed to cover 100mi Sq Area = 66
Uplink Capacity (Mpole)
Mpole is the number of simultaneous users that can not
be supported since the C/I can not be fulfilled for any
of them.

1 1
Mpole = ⋅ 1 + (1+ GDTX )
1+ F

γ = Eb/No - 10log(PG)
!" #$ % % &
'( ) ( )'
$* %"+, - .
Uplink Capacity
Number of Simultaneous Users in UL

M = Q. Mpole
• Uplink MPole for Speech for a 3 sector urban site: at 3
km/hr is 76 and at 50 km/hr is 57.
• Example
For a traffic distribution of 75% and 25% respectively
in above case:

MPole = 0.75*76+ 0.25*57

≈ 72
Number of Simultaneous Users
• For a multi-service system where the system utilizes
different types of RABs, e.g. RAB 1, RAB 2 etc.

M1 M2 M3
Qmax = + + + ...
Mpole,1 Mpole,2 Mpole,3

Qmax = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + ......

• UL noise rise is related to the UL loading. System cannot

be loaded up to 100% as this would lead to infinite noise
rise.
Recommended Maximum UL Load: Q = 60%
Site Count for Capacity
Suppose Q = 50 % = MSpeech / Mpole Speech
MSpeech = 50%*72= 36 simultaneous users or
channels
Erlang B, 2% GoS 36 channels give 27.34 Erl.
offered traffic.
27.34/30 mE = 911 users (actual users in the
network) per cell
Divide total user by user per cell to get no. of cells
needed.

= 53180/911 = 55cells = 19sites

Balancing Coverage and Capacity
 Data Services dimensioning
• After finding number of sites (based on voice capacity
and coverage); calculation for data i.e. Best Effort Traffic
is done.
• First step is to find out data required to be supported
based on BH requirements
Eg: For 12KB/h in UL and 230KB/h in DL data per user
during BH;

Data to be supported/sector = 12 * X = Y KB/h = 2640KB / h − UL

Data to be supported/sector = 230 * X = Y KB/h = 151800KB / h − DL

/ ) 001 &# % # .

QC = M / M Pole
 Data Services dimensioning
• Next step is to find out, whether that data can be supported
by remaining available Uplink load, for this Qc is calculated.

QC = M / M Pole

• With 220 sites, subscribers per sector would be:

= 50,000/660 = 75

•Offered Traffic would therefore be:

= 75 * 25m = 1.875 Erlangs
•Actual Traffic = Offered Traffic (1-GOS) =
1.83Erlangs

Q C = 1.83/72 = 0.0254
Data Services dimensioning
• QBE is found from total load and speech load

Q max = Q c + Q BE
Q max - # .2 # %. %% 3 Q max = Q c
QC 4 5 .
Q BE 4 5# %% .

Q BE = 0.5 − 0.0254 = 0.474

• In order to find out number of data sessions that
can be supported by available best effort load:
M data = 0.7 * Q BE * M pole

M data = 0.7 * 0.474 *16 = 5.30

 Data Services dimensioning
• Busy hour data traffic that can be supported is found out
= (M data * RAB(e . g . 64 kbps) * 3600) / 8 * 210
. 6,$

= (5.30 * 64 *103 * 3600) / 8 * 210 = 149062.5KB / h

• If data that can be supported is greater than required data

transfer during BH; number of sites remain same
• In case data cannot be supported:
• No of sites is increased
• Subscribers per sector, offered and actual traffic is found out
• Whole process is repeated, starting from QBE calculation to
find out if increased number of sites support required data
Downlink Dimensioning
• Transmitter (RBS) is in a single point, Receivers
(Terminals) are distributed in the cell
• DL coverage and capacity are not only dependent
on the number of terminals, but also on their
distribution in a cell and their relative position
towards other cells
DL Capacity versus Cell Range
Downlink Margin DLmarg
Before we can use this curve we must calculate the downlink margin
DLmarg with equation 26:-

DLmarg = BL + CPL + BPL +∆Gant + Lf+j + LASC +∆Nf + ∆A0

BL is the body loss.
CPL is the car penetration loss. Since this is an urban area car loss will not be considered.
BPL is the building penetration loss.
∆Gant is the difference in antenna gain compared to the value used in the curves.
∆Gant= 17.5 – Gant
Lf+J is the loss in feeders and jumpers.
∆Nf is the difference in UE noise figure compared to the value used in the curves
∆Nf = Nf –7
LASC is the insertion loss of the ASC (if used).
∆A0 is the difference of the distance independent term, in Okumura Hata, compared to the
………… value used in the curves
∆A0 = A0 – A0curves, where A0 = A – 13.82 logHb and A0curves is 134.68 or approx. 134.7
Downlink Example
What load could a 40m, 3-sector Urban Cell cope with at a range of 1.5 km to
outdoor services with the gains and losses below?

D L m arg = B L + C P L + B P L + ∆ G an t + L f+ j + L A S C + ∆ N f + ∆ A 0

BL = 3 dB
CPL = Urban speech => TU 3 km/h => CPL = 0 dB
BPL = 18 dB
∆Gant = Gant= 17.5 – Gant, Gant = 17.5 => Gant = 0 dB
Lf+J = 5 dB
∆Nf = Nf= Nf - 7, Nf = 7 => Nf= 0 dB
LASC = 0.4 dB
∆A0 = A0= A0 - 134.7 but A0 = 155.1 – 13.82 log(40)= 133
=> A0 = 133 - 134.7 = -1.7 dB
Dlmarg = 3 + 0 + 18 + 0 + 5 + 0 + 0.4 -1.7 = 24.7 approx 25 dB
2. Find possible cell loading where the 25 dB Dlmarg curve crosses the 1.5 km range:-

1.5 km
Downlink Link Budget
Lpmax = PTX,ref – SUE – BPC – BIDL – BLNF – LBL – LCPL – LBPL +Ga – LJ

Lpmax is the maximum path loss due to propagation in the air [dB].
PTX,ref is the transmitter power at the system reference point [dBm]
SUE is the UE sensitivity [dBm]
BPC is the power control margin [dB]
BLNF is the log-normal fading margin [dB]
BIDL is the noise rise or the downlink interference margin [dB]
LBL is the body loss [dB]
LCPL is the car penetration loss [dB]
LBPL is the building penetration loss [dB]
Ga is the sum of RBS antenna gain and UE antenna gain [dBi]
LJ is the jumper loss [dB]

•The Link Budget has to be calculated for

•Common Primary Channel (CPICH)
•For every Service RAB (DCH)
UE Sensitivity
• For the dedicated channels
SUE = Nt + Nf + 10logRinfo + Eb/N0
Eb/N0 is the bit energy divided by noise spectral density [dB]. Downlink
Eb/N0 values depend on the RAB and the channel model.
Nt is the thermal noise power density ( 174 dBm/Hz),


Nf is the noise figure (a typical cell planning value is 7 dB),
Rinfo is the information bit rate [cps].

• For CPICH
SUE, CPICH = Nt + Nf + 10logRchip + Ec/N0

Rchip is the system chip rate 3.84 Mcps

Ec/N0 is the chip energy divided by noise spectral density [dB]
Downlink nominal power
• The nominal output power at the system reference
point is calculated by subtracting the feeder and ASC
insertion losses from the nominal output power at
RBS.

Pnom, ref = Pnom, RBS − L F − L ASC [dBm]

Total Power
• Average downlink total output power depends on
the loading and the maximum pathless at the cell
border.

P CCH, ref + H * L sa
P tot, ref =
1− Q
where:
is the average power allocated to all common control
P CCH, ref
channels at the system reference point
H is a factor related to the path loss distribution of the
UE’s
Lsa is the signal attenuation from system reference point
to a UE at cell border
Q is the DL system loading
Downlink Noise Rise
•Downlink noise rise depends on the output power of
the transmitter and the location of the users
P tot, ref α c + Fc
B IDL = 1+ K where K=
L sa NfNtRchip

c is the non-orthogonality factor at the cell border,

is the average ratio between the received inter-cell
Fc and intra-cell interference at the cell border

L sa = L pmax + B PC + B LNF + L BL + L BPL + L CPL − G a + L J

L sa = P tot, ref − SUE − B IDL

• Downlink dimensioning method is iterative and it comes
from the fact that the noise rise, BIDL is required to find out
power. This in turn depends on signal attenuation, Lsa,
which a function of the noise rise.
Downlink Noise Rise (Example)
Arbitrary
Input value chosen Output
DL Noise Rise = 12dB Signal Attenuation = 131dB
Signal Attenuation = 131dB DL Noise Rise = 11.3dB
DL Noise Rise = 11.3dB Signal Attenuation = 131.8dB
Signal Attenuation = 131.8dB DL Noise Rise = 10.7dB
DL Noise Rise = 10.7dB Signal Attenuation = 132.4dB
……………… ………………
……………… ………………
……………… ………………
Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB Iteration
DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB does not
need to
Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB proceed
DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB further

Entering a high DL Noise Rise Value

Downlink Noise Rise (Example)
Arbitrary
Input value chosen Output
DL Noise Rise = 3dB Signal Attenuation = 140dB
Signal Attenuation = 140dB DL Noise Rise = 6dB
DL Noise Rise = 6dB Signal Attenuation = 137dB
Signal Attenuation = 137dB DL Noise Rise = 7.2dB
DL Noise Rise = 7.2dB Signal Attenuation = 135.8dB
……………… ………………
……………… ………………
……………… ………………
Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB Iteration
DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB does not
need to
Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB proceed
DL Noise Rise = 9.1dB Signal Attenuation = 133.9dB further

Entering a low DL Noise Rise Value

 Downlink CPICH Link Budget
L pathmax = PCPICH − S UE − B PC − B IDL - B LNF - L BL − L CPL - L BPL + G a − L j

Equation is similar to DL link budget except for

following:
• UE sensitivity is calculated using different
equation
• There is no power control margin.
• Log Normal Fading (LNF) margin doesn’t take
into account, gain due to SHO.
Downlink Power calculations
• The CPICH power at the system reference point
should be less than or equal to 10% of total output
power at the system reference point.
• The average DCH power at the system reference
point for the traffic channel of a single user should not
exceed 30% of the total output power at the system
reference point.

P tot, ref < 0.75Pnom, ref [W] P CCH, ref ≈ 2.5PCPICH, ref [W]

P DCH,link,ref ≤ 0.30Pnom,ref [W] P CPICH, ref ≤ 0.1Pnom, ref [W]

Downlink Power Distribution

DCH
50%

CCH 25%
*

Mobility
Headroom
25% (DCH)

+ -& . #
Downlink Capacity
1
M pole = ⋅ (1 + G DTX )
AS
SHO (b − 1 − GSHO(b))
(b)
( + F) 1 +
b =1 1 + GSHO(b)

Where
α non orthogonality factor
Mpole is the downlink pole capacity.
F is the system average downlink F factor.
SHO(b) is the fraction of users that are in soft/softer handover
with b base stations [%].
b indicates the number of BSs in soft handover.
GSHO(b) is the system average of the soft handover gain ∆k
for UEs in soft handover with b BSs.
GDTX is the DTX gain,
AS Typical Active Set size
 *7 5, .
L pathmax = PPilot − SUE − B IDL - B LNF - L BL − L CPL - L BPL + G a − L j

PPilot = L pathmax + SUE + B IDL + B LNF + L BPL + L f + L ASC + L j − G a

SUE = N t + N f + 10logR chip + E C /N 0 (Pilot)

P(Pilot)
= −174 + 7 + 10 log(3.84 *10 6 ) − 16 = −117.2

P(Pilot) = 137.2 − 117.2 + 4.9 + 4.9 + 18 + 2.8 + 0.2 + 0.2 − 18.5 = 32.5

Pnom, ref(Pilot) = Pnom, RBS − L F − L ASC

8 9: :1
8 ;9.,& 1;1/
CPICH Link Budget
Lsa is the signal attenuation (used for DL noise rise
calculation) between the antenna/ASC reference point and
the terminal

8 < = , : 9 = 1 >& =
; ? &
8 .,

P CCH, ref ≈ 2.5PCPICH, ref = 2.25 Average CCh Power

 ( 7 5, .
L pathmax = PPilot − SUE − B IDL - B LNF - L BL − L CPL - L BPL + G a − L j

PDCH = L pathmax + SUE + B IDL + B LNF + L BPL + L f + L ASC + L j − G a

SUE = N t + N f + 10logR chip + Eb/N 0

P(Pilot)
= −174 + 7 + 10 log(3.84 *10 6 ) − 7.1 = −111.6

PDCH = 137.2 − 111.6 + 4.9 + 4.9 + 18 + 2.8 + 0.2 + 0.2 − 18.5 = 37.5

Pnom, ref(DCH) = Pnom, RBS − L F − L ASC

8 <9: :1
8 9.,& /
( 7 5, .
P CCH, ref + H * L sa
P tot, ref =
1− Q

= 7.80 w
CPICH Link Budget
" && . ." && @
# && .
&& .. *7

+ 5 5
* 7
A/ B A/ B A.,&B
A.,B
Node B HW Dimensioning
 Node B HW Capacity
• Hardware resources capacity in a WCDMA RBS (Node B)
capacity is defined by channel element and are mostly
shared between all users.

• CHANNEL ELEMENT:
Channel Element is the required baseband processing capacity to handle
one Speech RAB(12.2kbps)
– TXB handles CRC, channel coding, interleaving, spreading, rate
matching - Downlink.
– RXB handles demodulation, rake receiving, despreading, de-
interleaving, decoding, CRC evaluation - Uplink

More base-band processing is required in UL

 How Channel Elements work
• Channel Element is linked to Dedicated Channel (DCH)
resources of the RBS (dedicated data channels and
dedicated signaling channels ).
• Each time a DCH allocated, HW resources consumed
in UL and DL (even if one link is under utilised)
• If HW limit is exceeded then Admission/Congestion
Control kicks in.
• If user is not transmitting (in PS case), HW will still be
reserved until switchdown occurs. Hence more CEs
need to be allowed for this reservation scheme.
Ericsson CE Advantages
• CEs pooled per site (gain approx 10%)
• No additional CEs needed for Softer Handover
(up to 20% supported)
• No additional CEs needed for signaling (CCH)
channels (sufficient capacity supported on
boards)
• Fewer CEs needed for high bit rate services
compared to other vendors
• Scalable, can buy UL and DL independently
CE Mapping/Ladder
RAB UL DL
Speech 12.2 1 1
CS 64 4 2
CS 57.6 (Str) 4 2
PS 64/64 4 2
PS 64/128 4 4
PS 64/384 4 8
 NodeB Capacity
R1 Max R2 Max R1 Max R2 Max
board board site site
capacity capacity capacity capacity

CEs UL 16 128 256 768

CEs DL 256 384 512 768

• Ensures NodeB HW does not become limiting

factor for capacity
• Software key enables/disables more CEs
CE Dimensioning- conversational
Number of Channel elements nce is given by equation

nce,ul = (1 + K ) ⋅ M i Γul,i
i

nce,dl = (1 + K ) ⋅ M i Γdl,i
i

K Fraction of soft handover margin, depends on active

set
M i Maximum number of simultaneous users per site
for radio bearer (i)
Γi Channel element factor per radio bearer (i)
CE Dimensioning- interactive
Number of Channel elements nce,be is given by equation
nce,be,ul = (1 + K ) ⋅ M 64ul Γ64ul

nce,be,dl = (1 + K ) ⋅ M j Γsession, j
j

K Fraction of soft handover margin, depends on active

set
M j Maximum number of simultaneous users per site
for radio bearer (i)
Γ j Channel element factor per radio bearer (i)
Mixing Conversational and Best
Effort
CE_peak

CE_be
Occupied CE

CE_av

CE used by
circuit switched traffic

Time

CE = Max (CE_peak, CE_av + CE_be)

 What is HSDPA ?
• High Speed Downlink Packet Access
• Can get up to 14 Mbps in the downlink
• In P4, 4.32 Mbps is possible
• Best effort service
• HSDPA P4 is time shared
• HSDPA has
Total available cell power
HS-DSCH
– Link Adaptation
• QPSK
• 16 QAM
Dedicated channels (power controlled)
– Hybrid ARQ
– Scheduling Common channels (not power controlled)

– Short TT1 (2 msec)

Key Idea in HSDPA

Fast adaptation of
transmission parameters to
fast variations in radio
conditions

Main functionality to support HSDPA

•Fast link adaptation
•Fast Hybrid ARQ
•Fast channel-dependent scheduling
 HSDPA Basic Features
• Short TTI (2 ms)
– Reduced delays 2 ms

• Shared Channel Transmission

– Dynamically shared code resource
• Fast Channel-Dependent Scheduling
– 2 ms time basis
• Fast Link Adaptation and higher
modulation
– Data rate adapted to radio
conditions
– 2 ms time basis
• Fast Hybrid ARQ
– Roundtrip time ~12 ms possible
– Soft combination of multiple
attempts
 HSDPA
UE capabilities
HS-DSCH Maximum L1 peak rates User data QPSK / 16
category number of HS- (Mbps) throughput – QAM
DSCH codes P4 (Mbps)
received
Category 1 5 1.2 Both
Category 2 5 1.2 Both
Category 3 5 1.8 P4 time frame Both
Category 4 5 1.8 Both
Category 5 5 3.6 3.36 Both
Category 6 5 3.6 3.36 Both
Category 7 10 7.3 Both
Category 8 10 7.3 Both
Category 9 15 10.2 Both
Category 10 15 14.0 Both
Category 11 5 0.9 QPSK
Category 12 5 1.8 QPSK
 Short 2 ms Transmission Time
Interval (TTI)
2 ms

• Reduced round trip delay on the air interface

• Enables HSDPA features to operate at 500 times
per second!
– Fast Link Adaptation
– Fast Radio Channel-dependent Scheduling
– Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining
Rel 5 (HS-DSCH)
2 ms

Earlier releases
10 ms
20 ms
40 ms
80 ms
 Shared Channel Transmission
• New transport channel type, using multicode
transmission
• Radio resources dynamically shared among
multiple users in time & code domain
• Efficient code utilization
SF=1

SF=2

SF=4 Channelization codes allocated

for HS-DSCH transmission
SF=8
8 codes (example)
SF=16

TTI

Shared
channelization
codes

User #1 User #2 User #3 User #4

Fast Hybrid ARQ
• If NACK is received Node B retransmits data
• UE combines the faulty block with retransmission
(soft combining)
• MAC-hs RTT=12 ms
• 6 HARQ processes needed to transmit in every TTI
HSDPA 16QAM
New optional feature
• 16QAM may be used as a complement to QPSK
• 16QAM allows for twice the peak data rate
compared to QPSK
• 16QAM more sensitive to interference

2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol

QPSK 16QAM
Fast Link Adaptation
• Adjust transmission parameters to match
instantaneous radio channel conditions
– Path loss and shadowing High data rate

– Interference variations
– Fast multi-path fading
Low data rate

• HS-DSCH is rate controlled

– Encoding rate, number of channelization codes &
modulation type
adapted based on available power
– Adaptation on 2 ms TTI basis 500 times/sec!
Fast Channel Dependent
Scheduling
• Scheduling = which UE to transmit to at a given time instant
• Basic idea: transmit at fading peaks
– May lead to large variations in data rate between users
– Tradeoff: fairness vs cell throughput
• HSDPA scheduler is implemented in Node B
• Scheduler determines the UE to which data should be transmitted in
the next 2 msec TTI
• It considers channel conditions experienced by the UE
• Scheduler can assign HS-DSCH to the UE with better channel quality
(CQI)
• Short term improvements in radio conditions can mean higher
throughput
Scheduled high data rate
user

User 1
low data rate
User 2 Time
#1 #2 #1 #2 #1 #2 #1
Scheduling Algorithm
• Two different algorithms available in P4 by combination of
factors (queueSelectAlgorithm)
– Round Robin
• Considers only f(delay). Longer the wait, higher the
probability of selection
• Fairness of time allocation
– Proportional Fair
• Combination of all the three factors
• Increases system throughput by prioritizing users with
good quality
• Some fairness of time and rate allocation is also
considered Schedule high data rate
d user
User 1
low data rate
User 2 Time
#1 #2 #1 #2 #1 #2 #1
 HSDPA Channel overview
– HS-DSCH: High speed downlink shared channel
• “Fat pipe”: Carrying high speed downlink traffic
– A-DCH DL: Associated dedicated Iu

channel downlink RNC

• Voice/video (multi-RAB)
• Release 99 signaling
– A-DCH UL: Associated dedicated
channel uplink Iub Iub

• UL data transmission HS
Associated Dedicated
channels
-DS
• TCP ACK/NACK HS CH
HS -SCC
• Voice/video (multi-RAB) -DP H
CC
H
• Release 99 signaling
– HS-SCCH: High speed shared control channel
• HARQ signaling
– HS-DPCCH: High speed dedicated physical control channel
• HARQ ACK/NACK
• CQI: channel quality indicator
 HSDPA Available Power
Carrier MaxTransmissionPower
Power
-5%
MaxTransmissionPower - hsPowerMargin

Available HS Power

R’99 DCH Power

Common Channel Power (Ex: 14% for 40 W RBS)

Time

• Not all the available HS power is always used for transmission.

• It is only used the amount required to fullfill the maximum TF that can
be transmitted according to channel conditions
HSDPA Dimensioning
Uplink PS & CS traffic
Lsa
@ @

Start
UL link budget CPICH link budget
Lsa or PCCH
too large
- Link budget margins
Pcpich,ref ≤ 15%*Pnom,ref
- HW configuration
- Cell border params Lsa or PDCH
too large
@ PCCH,
Lsa Average DL
network load (Q)
DL link budget

PCCH, PDCH, Lsa,

. C 5 ≤ 1D E &2 % @

HSDPA dimensioning
! "# $
Done! %&"' "$
 *7 5, .
L pathmax = PPilot − SUE − B IDL - B LNF - L BL − L CPL - L BPL + G a − L j

PPilot = L pathmax + SUE + B IDL + B LNF + L BPL + L f + L ASC + L j − G a

SUE = N t + N f + 10logR chip + E C /N 0 (Pilot)

P(Pilot)
= −174 + 7 + 10 log(3.84 *10 6 ) − 16 = −117.2

P(Pilot) = 137.2 − 117.2 + 4.9 + 4.9 + 18 + 2.8 + 0.2 + 0.2 − 18.5 = 32.5

Pnom, ref(Pilot) = Pnom, RBS − L F − L ASC

8 9: :1
8 ;9.,& 1;1/
CPICH Link Budget
Lsa is the signal attenuation (used for DL noise rise
calculation) between the antenna/ASC reference point and
the terminal

8 < = , : 9 = 1 >& =
; ? &
8 .,

P CCH, ref ≈ 2.1PCPICH, ref % 7 @( +2

9 & *7

= 1.89 Average CCh Power

 *7 5, .
Example
• CPICH dimensioning:
– Lsa = 141.8 dB, corresponding to PS 64 kbps in
UL
– 8.7 W at Tx ref. Point (17.4W nominal power,
3dB f&j loss) 3

2,5

CPICH power [W]

2
? .. *7
1,5

1;/ 1
11D 5 .
0,5

1< / 0
<9D 5 . 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155
Lsa [dB]

75% network load 100% network load

CPICH Link Budget
• CCH power

– If all UEs are using HSDPA, average CCH can be

reduced since no data is sent on FACH-2
– It approximately becomes:

P CCH, ref ≈ 2.1PCPICH, ref % 7 @( +2

9 & *7

? .. 7

7 8 E1;8 /
CPICH Link Budget
• Relative HS-SCCH setting
Parameter values for peak power setting of DL common
channels in HSDPA enabled cell are given as:

* 7 A.,B
-1.8
-3.5
-3.1
-
-7
1.8
1.5
-0.4
-7
-2
Downlink Link Budget
( F . & %
# & &

( ( 5 % ( 7 .# . &
11D ",@ & ) %

PDCH, ref ≤ 0.4Pnom,ref PDCH, ref = Q ⋅ Ptot, ref + H ⋅ L sa

PDCH,ref + PCCH,ref ≤ 0.75Pnom,ref

 Downlink Link Budget
• The average power available for HSDPA at the Tx
reference point is calculated as:
M

M
P cch + P hsdpa + N th Lm
P tot,ref = P cch + P hsdpa + Pm = m =1

m =1 1− Q

P cch + P hsdpa + H* L sa
=
RBS power at Tx reference point 1− Q
= nominal power at Tx reference point with 100% network load Signal Attenuation,
average cell size

P hsdpa = (1 − Q).P tot,ref − P cch − H ⋅ Lsa

DL system loading (M/Mpole)

Factor related to the path loss
distribution of the UEs within a cell
7 @( +
7 @C(@ 7

For both HSDPA coverage and capacity, it is important to

find the amount of power left for HS-DSCH. The average
HS-DSCH power at the TX reference point is calculated
as:

PHS−DSCH,ref = Pnom,ref − PCCH,ref − PDCH,ref − PHS−SCCH,ref − PA − DCH,ref

Pnom ? & ) % A/ B
PCCH + 7 ) %
PDCH + .# ";;( 7 ) %
PHS−SCCH + 7 @C@ 7 ) % A/ B
PA−DCH + . 5 +C( 7 ) % A/ B
Power Settings for HSDPA
channels
( 7
PDCH,ref = Q ⋅ Ptot, ref + H ⋅ L sa

7 @C@ 7

PHS−SCCH, ref = PCPICH, ref − 2dB

+C( 7

P A− DCH ,ref = 0 # .

P A− DCH ,ref = P CPICH , ref

System Capacity vs. HS-DSCH Power
• HS-DSCH system capacity depends on HS-DSCH power
• HS-DSCH power is mainly determined by the amount of R99
traffic.
• HSDPA system capacity in presence of R99 traffic is calculated
as:

′ 1−
THS = THS DCH

100 − C

′
THS 7 @( + & % 7 @( +
ζ DCH % & % ";; ) %
ζC % & .%
) %
C/I vs. HS-DSCH Throughput
( $*% 7 @C(@ 7 # .
% -
PHS − DSCH
C/I =
( + F . ). Pnom + NL sa

PHS-DSCH + # . 5 7 @C(@ 7 A/ B
? C

F F % # .
Pnom ? & A/ B
% & . 5
N & ? A/ B
System capacity vs signal
attenuation

System Capacity vs. Signal attenuation

Assm uptions: TU-3, 10W at RBS reference point, Proportional Fair gain included
C/I vs Throughput
Average HSDPA throughput

HSDPA system capacity when all power is available for HSDPA = 1160
kbps (from graph)

Average Power for Control Channels = 2.42 W

Percentage of nominal power used for Control Channels, Yc = 2.42/10 =
24.2%
Average DCH Power = 3.1 W
Percentage of nominal power used for R99 traffic, Yb = 3.1/10 = 30.1%

HSDPA system capacity with R99

= 1160[1-(0.31/1-0.242)] = 686 kbps
Cell border throughput
Part

HSDPA Cell Border Throughput

PHS − DSCH
C/I =
( + F . ). Pnom + NL sa
Putting values and solving for C/I = 0.23 = -6.42 dB
Mapping it against the throughput using the table for Category 7 UE - 10
multi codes

C/I gives throughput = 320 Kbps