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 Index
action, see substance
aggregates, 134; determined by rela-
tions, 221—2; lack per se unity, 136,
271-2; mind-dependence of, 222; as
results, 221—3; see also matter
aggregation of monads: relations that
determine, 222—6; role of divine mind
in, 223, 235
agreement, see universal harmony
alphabet of human thoughts, 104-5
Alsted, Johann Heinrich, 100, 124 n.i,
126 n.g
apperception, 80
Aristotle, 121, 123, 129 n.28, 132 n.58,
134-6
art of combinations, see general science
Augustine, St.: and doctrine of divine
ideas, 91 n.16, 116; and view of evil,
7, 20 n.16
Bayle, Pierre, 19 n.6, 232 n.2
being: abstract and concrete, 107—9,
116-18; through aggregation {ens per
aggregationem), 221-2; categories of,
75, 99, 105-11; definition of, 74-5;
as equivalent to possibility, 74-5; of
sensible things, 73, 85-90, 219-20; as
subject of metaphysics, 74—5, 85, 89—
90; see also definition; intellect
best of all possible worlds: competing ac-
counts of, 12-15, 46; contains greatest
perfection and greatest happiness,
48-9, 51-4, 62; different theoretical
models of, 212-13; and pre-
established harmony, 227—8; and sys-
tem of monads, 177-8
Bisterfeld, Johann Heinrich: as Ramist,
124 n. 1; and system of universal har-
mony, 36-40, 166 n.11
Blumenfeld, David, 42 n.22, 63 n.3,
64 n.9, 65 n.23, 210 n.50
body, see matter
Bossuet, Jean-Benigne, 270
Brown, Gregory, 42 n.23, 44 n-42>
63 n.3, 65 n.23
Brown, Stuart, 165 n.3
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categories, see being; concepts
cause, definition of, 112-15
characteristic, universal, 100-1, 103,
116
Chrysippus, 166 n.11
combinations, see art of combinations
Comenius, Jan Amos, 100
compossibility, 181-8
conatus, see force, derivative
concepts: analysis of, 74-6, 103-4; cate-
gories of, 104—15; and combinatorial
method, 100, 103-5; complete, see
substance; impossibility of reaching
genuinely primitive, 91 n.12, 103-4;
and method of division, 104—15,
124 n. 1; see also ideas
contingency: of factual truths, 92 n.18;
of laws of nature, 239-40, 243; of
world's existence, 181-2, 189
continuity principle, 29—31, 165, 200
Cook, Daniel, 287 n.46
corporeal substance: as form-matter
composite, 155—8, 266—8, 272—3; in
1680s and 1690s, 154-9, 266-71; and
theory of monads, 157, 271-82; as
unumperse, 265-9, 273-4, 279
correspondence, see universal harmony
Couturat, Louis, 50, 100
definition: basis of demonstrations, 72—
3, 76-7; of corporeal properties, 86-
7; Leibniz's preoccupation with, 66
n.29, 72—9, 84—5, 105—15; real versus
nominal, 74-5, 121—2; see also being;
possibility
denominations: extrinsic grounded in
intrinsic, 145-8, 183; see also monads;
universal connection; universal ex-
pression
Des Bosses, Bartholomew, and corre-
spondence with Leibniz, 276-81
Descartes, Rene, 100, 148, 155, 213,
217, 238—9, 244, 245, 252
De Voider, Burcher, and correspon-
dence with Leibniz, 151-4, 246, 272,
275
298
divine justice: definition of, 12; and
retribution, 15-17, 54, 59-60; see also
divine wisdom; theodicy
divine wisdom: and infinite division of
matter, 87; and panorganicism, 202-
3; and preference for perfection and
harmony, 13—14, 31—4, 214; and prin-
ciple of intelligibility, 240-4; in rela- Hartz, Glenn, 283 n.14
tion to divine justice, 12; in relation to Helmont, F. M. van, 172 n.67, 2 5 2
world's fitting construction, 14, 17,
227, 232, 239—40; see also metaphysics
division, method of, see concepts
dynamics, science of: and conception of
substance, 148—54, 238; developed in
opposition to Cartesian physics, 237-
40, 244
encyclopedia: of all human knowledge,
100-5; a n d demonstration of truths,
76-7, 101-2
entelechy: as ground of laws of mo-
tion, 243-4, 249-50; see also force;
monads; substance
Epicurus, 7
essence, see being
evil: permitted by God, 7, 10—11; prob-
lem of, see theodicy; three species of,
distinguished, 10-11, 20 n.17
expression: definition of, 38—9; see also
universal expression
extension, analysis of, 248-9
fittingness: of laws of nature, 28-9, 239, justice: as "charity of the wise," 12, 54—
243; of organic body to dominant
monad, 227—8; of world's construc-
tion, 14-15, 17; see also divine wisdom
force: derivative, 245-7; living versus
dead, 245; primitive active, 148—53,
247; primitive passive, see primary
matter
freedom of divine will, 11 — 12
Gale, George, 23
Garber, Daniel, 158, 170 n.58, 172 n.67,
285 n.24
general science, 100-3, 105
goodness: conflict among different spe-
cies of, 14-15, 17-18, 46—9; three
species of, distinguished, 14, 47; see
also perfection
Hacking, Ian, 165 n.3
happiness: and intellectual enlighten-
ment, 47, 51-4, 58-9, 61-2, 240-1;
maximization of, 13-14, 46-54; and
pleasure, 49-51
harmony: definition of, 13-14, 31-2; of Malebranche, Nicolas, 40 n.5, 252
kingdom of souls and kingdom of
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INDEX
bodies, 215—16, 230—2; maximization
of, 31-4, 39-40, 199-200, 214, 226-
32; multiple levels of, 32-4, 199,
227—9, 231—2, 257—8; and perfection,
32-5, 53, 200; see also divine wisdom;
preestablished harmony, of soul and
body; universal harmony
Hippocrates, 38, 166 n.11
ideas: analysis as mark of distinct, 83-5;
distinct versus confused, 83—5; of di-
vine understanding, 75, 77, 103-4,
115—16, 118—19, 128 n.24; expressive
of essence, 83-5; innate, 83-5; as
objects of thought and dispositions,
82-3; relation between human and di-
vine, 75, 77; see also concepts; intellect
identity of indiscernibles, 142-3, 160
impetus, see force, derivative
infinitesimal calculus, 246
intellect: and reflection, 80-5; as source
of distinct ideas, 83—5; as source of
knowledge of being, 71, 73, 84-5
intelligibility: principle of, 240-2, 252;
principle of continuity and, 30—1; and
rational order of nature, 2, 242, 243;
of reality, 50—1, 74—5; see also order
Jolley, Nicholas, 96 n.46, 115
Jungius, Joachim, 132 n.61
5; three grades of human, 55-6; see
also divine justice; piety
Kant, Immanuel, 79, 89, 94 n.32,
95 n-44> 233 n.9
kingdom of souls and kingdom of bod-
ies, 215-16, 230—2
knowledge, see ideas; intellect; senses;
truth
Kulstad, Mark, 94 n.38, 96 n.46
labyrinth of continuum, 221
law of series, see substance
laws of motion: grounded in appetitions
of monads, 249-50; natural to matter,
238-41, 243-4; see also contingency;
dynamics, science of
Locke, John, 100, 133
Loffler, Friedrich Simon, 150
love, disinterested, 56—8; see also piety
Lullism as influence on Leibniz, 100-1,
125 n.5
Mates, Benson: on compossibility, 185—
 INDEX
8; on Leibniz's nominalism, 115-16,
131 n.51
matter: as aggregate of monads, 219,
221—5; analysis of properties of, 86—
9, 220-1, 226, 227, 237—8, 241—2,
246—9, 254; as confused appearance
of monads, 219, 226, 238, 249—50;
elasticity of, 256—7; essence of, 218-
21, 238—9, 241-4; as grounded in re-
ality of substances, 88-9, 220, 224-5,
227—8, 249—50; as infinitely divided,
87, 220; as multitude, 220-1, 248;
primary, see primary matter; as result
of monads, 222, 225-6, 228-9; unre-
ality of mechanical properties of, 87,
155-7; a s well-founded phenomenon,
222, 227-9
mechanism: Leibniz's reaction to, 86—9,
244; reconciled with vitalism, 217,
251—3; relies on abstractions, 87-8
Mencke, Otto, 150
Mercer, Christia, 165 n.2, 166 n.5
Merchant, Carolyn, 172 n.67
metaphysical goodness, see goodness;
perfection
metaphysics: and analysis of sensory ex-
perience, 73, 85—90; as demonstrative
science, 72—9; Leibniz's conception of,
71-9, 85-90; moral purpose of, 2-3,
289—90; as science of divine under-
standing, 63, 73; as science of divine
wisdom, 63, 73; see also being
minds: as capable of indefinite increases
in perfection, 52-4, 60-1; as creators
of perfection, 58, 61-2, 66 n.30; form
moral kingdom with God, 15—16, 59—
60, 62-3, 165; limited cognitive ca-
pacity of, 87-9, 225, 254; possess
greatest perfection, 48—9, 52—3, 164-
5; share common mode of under-
standing with God, 241; see also ideas;
reflection
miracles as violations of principle of in-
telligibility, 241
monads: actions and passions of, 162-4,
192—3; appetitions of, 160—4, 17&—
80; conditions for aggregation of,
222—5; degrees of perfection of, 162,
164, 178-81; dominant, 203, 218,
224; as ground of force and resistance
of matter, 244-50; as immediate req-
uisites of matter, 221, 251; incor-
poreality of, 162; intercourse
(commercio) of, 191-3, 195-6; intrinsic
denominations of, 161-2, 184; as nev-
er without organic body, 193—4, 203-
4, 215; perceptions of, 160-4, 178—
80; in relation to matter, 250-1, 253;
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299
relations of, 161, 188-97; simplicity
of, 159
More, Henry, 263 n.44
motion: laws of, see laws of motion; un-
reality of, 245
Mugnai, Massimo, 173 n.75
multitude, analysis of, 220-1, 237
nature: laws of, 26-9, 239, 243; rational
order of, 2, 242, 243
nominalism, Leibniz's, 115-18
occasionalism, 213-14, 260 n.13
occult powers, 242, 260 n.16
order: of arrangement (situs), 111, 189-
90; definition of, 32-3; as means to
greatest harmony, 32-3, 201; as
means to greatest perfection, 26-31,
200—4; as not in conflict with variety,
23—4; principle of, see continuity prin-
ciple; as satisfying to reason, 29—31,
33—4; and simplicity, 26—31; space-
time, 189—92; of succession, 111-15,
189-90; temporal grounded in causal,
191, 195-6
organisms, 201-4, 218, 230-1; and
grounding of dynamical force, 256; as
results and well-founded phenomena,
224-5, 227-30, 256
panorganicism, 201—4, 212, 218, 228—
31, 235 n.27; as consistent with theory
of monads, 229-30
Parkinson, G. H. R., 131 n.52, 147,
172 n.67
perception: confused versus distinct,
80—2; and petites perceptions, 80, 164,
206 n.17; as property of all sub-
stances, 37-9, 79; as property of mo-
nads, see monads; and universal
expression, 39-40, 146-7; and uni-
versal harmony, 37-40
Pereboom, Derk, 95 n.44
perfection: of creatures, 25, 47, 178—81;
of God, 24—5; identified with meta-
physical goodness, 24; maximization
of, 22—6, 180—1, 199—200, 203—4; in
relation to harmony, see harmony; in
relation to variety and order, 22—6,
200-1; world's progress in, 52, 58-62,
65 n.20
persistence, see substance
phenomenalism, 225—6
piety: as highest degree of justice, 56—
62; and love of God, 60—2; presup-
poses belief in divine justice, 59-60;
in relation to love, 56, 58
Placcius, Vincent, 282
3°°
Platonism, 8, 19 n.7, 91 n.16
pleasure as perception of perfection,
49-52
possibility: grounded in divine under-
standing, 75; proved by real defini-
tion, 74, 84; see also being
possible world, 181—2, 187—90; space-
time order as essential to, 189—92
power, see force
predicate-in-subject principle, see truth,
concept containment theory of
predication, see truth
preestablished harmony: as contingent
feature of best of all possible worlds,
227—8; and panorganicism, 228—31;
and theory of monads, 214-15, 227-
32; of soul and body, 213—18, 266,
271-2
preformation, 201-3
primary matter, 158, 162—4; a s ground
of matter's resistance, 247-8; vs. sec-
ondary matter, 233 n.8
progressive spirit of Leibniz's philoso-
phy, 2—3, 52, 61-2
Ramism, 99-100, 104, 127 n.17
reduction: of matter to monads, 225-6,
231—2; of relations, 184
reflection: on mind's nature and proper-
ties, 82-5; as necessary for thought,
80—2; as property of minds alone, 80—
2, 95 n.44; see also intellect
relations: as entia rationis, 131 n.46,
183—4, 222; of monads, see monads;
results
Remond, Nicolas, 281-2
requisites, mediate and immediate, 113,
221; see also monads
Rescher, Nicholas: on composition of
Discourse on Metaphysics, 124 n.2; on
compossibility, 182—6; formula of, for
perfection, 22-4
results: definition of, 22^-2; relations
as, 184, 186-7, l9A~5> 2 2 3 ' see also
matter; organisms
Russell, Bertrand, 269
sensation, see thought
senses as source of knowledge of exis-
tence, 73, 84-90; see also ideas;
thought
simplicity as characteristic of laws of na-
ture, 26-9
Sleigh, Robert C, Jr.: on composition of
Discourse on Metaphysics, 125 n.2; on
theory of substance, 132 nn.55,57,
140, 167 n.16, 171 n.61; on universal
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INDEX
expression, 168 n.34; on universal
harmony, 198
soul: as substantial form of body, 202,
266—9, 272-3, 282-3; see also mo-
nads; preestablished harmony, of soul
and body; union of soul and body
Sturm, J. C., 233 n.5
Suarez, Francisco: and conception of
metaphysics, 71—2; on soul-body
union, 268
substance: complete concept theory of,
109-11, 119-24, 138-46, 149-53,5^
also truth; corporeal, see corporeal
substance; dynamical theory of, 148-
54, 238; essential properties of, 133—
7; individuation of, 136, 141-4, 152;
law of series as individual nature of,
135, 151-4, 247; persistence through
change of, 135—6, 140-1, 152; as
principle of action, 37—9, 135, 137—
41, 148-54; spontaneity of, 139-40,
149; as ultimate subject of predica-
tion, 109-10, 121-4, 134-5, 138-9;
as unum per se, 110—11, 136, 141, 152;
see also monads
sufficient reason, principle of, and con-
cept containment theory of truth,
76-7
terms identified with concepts, 106
theodicy: criticisms of, 7—8; origin of
term, 18 n.i; philosophical basis of,
8-10; and problem of evil, 7-11; in
relation to metaphysics, 1—3, 9, 62—3,
177—8, 214, 232; see also divine justice
Thomasius, Christian, 150
thought: distinct versus confused, 81—2;
distinguished from sensation, 81-2;
not equivalent to intellection, 80—2;
see also reflection
Tournemine, Rene-Joseph de, 273-4
transubstantiation, 278-81
truth: complete concept theory of, 119—
24; concept containment theory of,
75-7; and demonstration, 76—8; and
divine understanding, 75, 77, 115—16,
118—19; and predication, 117-19
union of soul and body, 265—7; meta-
physical, 274-6; as "mystery," 275-6;
physical, 268-9
universal connection: expressed as "all is
connected," 36, 38, 137, 181-3, 187-
90, 196—8; and no purely extrinsic
denominations thesis, 145—8, 194-5;
in relation to universal expression,
38-9, 137, 146, 186—7, X97' requires
 INDEX 3O1

monadic embodiment, 193—7; a s vinculum substantiate, 276—81

source of petites perceptions, 80 virtue, 47—8, 54; see also justice; piety
universal expression, 36; and compos- Voltaire, 1, 233 n.9
sibility, 185—8; and intermonadic rela-
tions, 254-6; and no purely extrinsic
denominations thesis, 147-8, 184-7; Weigel, Erhard, 72
in relation to complete concept theory, well-founded phenomena (phaenomena
144-6; in relation to perception, 39- bene fundata), 222; see also matter; or-
40, 146-7; Sleigh on, 168 ganisms
universal harmony: as necessary for any will, divine, 11-12
possible world, 186-8, 197-9, 22^» Wilson, Catherine, 166 n.14, 167 n.19
system of, 36-40; see also harmony Wolff, Christian, 34-5

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