‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-I

(CE 370)

LECTURE #8
Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular
Beams- Examples

By

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Contents
2

 Objectives of the present lecture

 Nominal Moment in RC Beams
 Steps in determining the design moment capacity
 Problems
 Further reading

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Objectives of the Present lecture
3

 To illustrate how to calculate nominal moment

capacity of singly reinforced rectangular RC beams
through examples.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Analysis of RC Beams
Determination of Moment Capacity
4

• Analysis of existing RC beams is somewhat different from the

analysis and check involved in the design stage.
• For new beams to be designed, all code provisions must be
enforced. If any condition is not satisfied, the design must be
repeated.
• For existing beams, the analysis must be completed and any
deficiencies reported. If for instance the section is not tension
controlled or not satisfying minimum steel condition, its
nominal and design moments must still be determined using
appropriate strength reduction factors.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Strength Reduction factors  for Beams
5

• Tension control condition is required in all beam design

problems, with a strength reduction factor ( = 0.90)
• In analysis problems however, other cases may be met.
• The value of the strength reduction factor depends on the
tensile steel strain at the extreme (bottom) layer:
If  s  0.005  Tension control :   0.90
If ε y   s  0.005  In transition zone :
εt  ε y 250
  0.65  0.25 ; For Grade 420 :   0.65  ( t  0.002)
0.005  ε y 3
If ε s   y  Compression control :   0.65
(If  s  0.005 : Not tension controlled, Rejected by SBC)

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Nominal Moment in RC Beams
6

 The main difficulty in analysis

problems is that it is not known
whether steel has yielded or not.
Existing beams may have been
designed as over reinforced with steel
not yielding at failure.
 Yielding case is much simpler as the
steel stress is then known and
constant fy
 It is usually first assumed that steel
has yielded and if it turns out that it
has not, then a different method is
used.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Nominal Moment Strength: Tension Steel Yielding
0.85 f c'
 cu  0.003

1c  a C c  0.85 f c' ab

Neutral
Axis a
h d d
2
As
T  As f y

b
s   y
(a) Beam section (b) Strain distribution (c) Stress distribution and internal forces
As f y f y d As
For equilibrium, Cc  T  0.85 f c' ab  As f y  a   
bd
 tensile steel ratio.
0.85 f c' b 0.85 f c'
The reinforcing steel is
 a  a limited to an amount
Nominal strength : M n  T  d    M n  As f y  d   that it will yield well
 2  2 before the concrete
 a reaches its ultimate
Design strength : M n  As f y  d   strength
 2
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 7 May 28, 2017
 Nominal Moment Strength: Tension Steel Not Yielding
0.85 f c'
 cu  0.003

1c  a C c  0 .85 f c' ab

Neutral
Axis a
h d d
2
As
T  As f s  As E s  s

b
s  y
(a) Beam section (b) Strain distribution (c) Stress distribution and internal forces

d c d c
T  As f s  As Es s  As Es  
 cu  A E
s s 0.003
 c   c 
Cc  0.85 f c'ba  0.85 f c'b1c

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 8 May 28, 2017

 Contd.
9

 d c d c '

'
Cc  T  0.85 f b1c  As Es   cu T  As Es  0.003; Cc  0.85 f c b1c
c
 c   c 
T  Cc  Take average of the two as T
 d c
 0.85 f c'b1c  As Es cu  0
 c 
 a
'
  0.85 f b1 ;   As Es cu
c
Nominal strength : M n  T  d  
 2
 d c
 c    0
 c 
  c 2   ( d  c )  0  c 2   c  (   d )  0
    2  4 d )
c  (Take positive solution)
2

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Steps in Determining the Design Moment Capacity
10
As  f ' 1. 4 
1. Find stee ratio   ,  min  Max. c ,  If   
min OK. Go to the next step.
bd  4f fy 
 y 
As f y a
2. Assume tension steel yielding; find a  and c 
0.85 f c' b 1
d c d c
3. Find strain in tensile steel  s  (0.003) T  As Es  '
0.003; Cc  0.85 f c b1c
c
 c 
 a T  Cc  Take average of the two as T
4a. If  s   y  OK yielding : M n  As f y  d  
 2  a
Nominal strength : M n  T  d  
 2
4b. If  s   y : Steel not yielding. Then

    2  4 d ) 5. Design moment capacity  M n

c (Take positive solution)
2
  0.85 f c'b1 ;   As Es cu

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Problem-1
11

Determine the design moment capacity M n of the beam section shown in Figure below
if f c'  30 MPa and f y  420 MPa.

600
675
4   28 All dimensions are in mm.
75
375

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Solution
12
 
4    28 2 
A 4   2461.76  0.0109
Stee ratio   s 
bd 375  600 225000

 f ' 1. 4 
 min  Max  c ,   Max  30 , 1.4   Max 0.0033,0.0033  0.0033
 4 fy fy   4  420 420 
   

    min OK

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 0.003
Assume that the tension steel is
yielding, so fs = fy. Then
127.2
600
675
472.8
As f y
4   28
2461.76  420
a   108.12 mm
0.85 f c' b 0.85  30  375 75 s
a 108.12 375
 a  1c  c    127.20 mm All dimensions are in mm.
1 0.85
d c
s  (0.003)  a  a
c  M n  T  d    As f y  d  
 2  2
600  127.2
 s  (0.003)  0.0111  108.12 
127.2  M n  2461.76  420 600  
  s  0.0111  0.005  2 
Section is tension controlled.  M n  564.46  106 Nmm  M n  564.46 kNm
   0.90  Design moment capacity M n  0.9  564.46 kNm
 M n  508.0 kNm

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 13 May 28, 2017

 Lumping of Tension steel layers at Centroid
14

 If tension steel is arranged in two or more layers,

these can be, in the calculations, replaced by a single
steel area at their centroid. This Layer lumping
(assembly) simplifies analysis and design equations.
 Standard beam design cannot in fact deal with more
than one tension steel layer.
 As layer strains are different, lumping is only
Notation details :
justified if all tension layers have yielded (and have
d min , εmin : At minimum depth layer
the same yield stress).
 Tension steel depth d must therefore be computed at dt , εt : At max.depth (bottom) layer
the centroid of the layers. d , εs : At tension steel centroid
 Yielding must be checked at the least tensioned layer
with minimum depth dmin Required steel-strain checks:
 It is therefore unsafe to check yielding at the centroid One layer :  t  0.005
 Performing tension control check at the centroid is εmin   y
Many layers : 
uneconomical. It should be performed at the most  t  0.005
tensioned extreme bottom layer (dt).
One layer : εmin   s   t
Many layers : εmin   s   t

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Problem-2
15

Determine the design moment capacity M n of the beam section shown in Figure below
if f c'  30 MPa; f y  420 MPa; Clear Cover  40 mm; and Size of stirrups  10 mm.

500
6   20
30

300
All dimensions are in mm

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Solution
16
Calculation of dt and d

dt d
d 500
d t  h  Clear Cover  d s  b
2 6   20
 d t  500  40  10  20 / 2  440 mm 30 g
300 40  10  20 / 2  60
Distance of tension reinforcement centroid
All dimensions are in mm
from the bottom of the beam ( g ) :

g
A ysi i

As1 y1  As 2 y2
A si As1  As 2

g
4   / 4  20 (40  10  10)  2   / 4  20 (10  30  10  60)
2 2

4   / 4  20   2   / 4  20 
2 2

1256  60  628 110

g  76.7 mm
1256  628
 d  h  g  500  76.7  423.3 mm

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Solution (Contd.)
17
 
6    20 2 
A 4   1884  0.0145
Stee ratio   s 
bd 300  423.3 126990

 f ' 1. 4 
 min  Max  c ,   Max  30 , 1.4   Max 0.0033,0.0033  0.0033
 4 fy fy   4  420 420 
   

    min OK

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Solution (Contd.)
18

Assume that the tension steel is  a  a

 M n  T  d    As f y  d  
yielding, so fs = fy. Then  2  2
 103.44 
As f y 1884  420  M n  1884  420 423.3  
a   103.44 mm  2 
0.85 f c' b 0.85  30  300
 M n  294.02  10 6 Nmm  M n  294.02 kNm
a 103.44
 a  1c  c    121.7 mm  Design moment capacity M n  0.9  294.02 kNm
1 0.85
 M n  264.6 kNm

Let us perform tension control test at the steel centroid

d c
s  (0.003)
c
423.3  121.7
 s  (0.003)  0.0074
121.7
  s  0.0074  0.005
Section is tension controlled    0.90

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Problem-3
19

Determine the design moment capacity M n of the beam section shown in Figure below
if f c'  30 MPa; f y  420 MPa; Clear Cover  40 mm; and Size of stirrups  10 mm.

Note: Problem-3
and 2 are the
500 same; they differ
6   32 only in the area of
30 tension steel.

300
All dimensions are in mm

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Solution
20
Calculation of dt and d

dt d
d 500
d t  h  Clear Cover  d s  b
2 6   32
 d t  500  40  10  32 / 2  434 mm 30 g
300 40  10  32 / 2  66

Distance of tension reinforcement centroid All dimensions are in mm

from the bottom of the beam ( g ) :

g
A ysi i

As1 y1  As 2 y2
A si As1  As 2

g
4   / 4  32 (40  10  32 / 2)  2   / 4  32 (32 / 2  30  32 / 2  66)
2 2

4   / 4  20  2   / 4  20 
2 2

3215.4  66  1607.7  128

g  86.7 mm
3215.4  1607.7
 d  h  g  500  86.7  413.3 mm

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Solution (Contd.)
21
 
6    32 2 
A 4   4823.04  0.0389
Stee ratio   s 
bd 300  413.3 123990

 f ' 1.4 
 min  Max  c ,   Max  30 , 1.4   Max 0.0033,0.0033  0.0033
 4 fy fy   4  420 420 
   

    min OK

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Solution (Contd.)
22
Note: If section is not tension-
Assume that the tension steel is controlled at the tension steel
yielding, so fs = fy. Then centroid. Then find the strain at
bottom most layer of tension steel
As f y 4823.04  420
a   264.8 mm to calculate the .
0.85 f c' b 0.85  30  300
a 264.8
 a  1c  c    311.5 mm
1 0.85

Let us perform tension control test at the steel centroid

d c
s  (0.003)
c
413.3  311.5
 s  (0.003)  0.0009
311.5
  s  0.0009   y ( 0.002 for Grade - 420 steel)
Tension steel is not yielding  Over reinforced section

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Solution (contd.)
23

Calculation of c, T and Cc d c

T  As f s  As Es  s  As Es   cu
 c 
Since the section is over reinforced,  413.3  260.7 
T  4823.04  2 105    0.003
tension steel stress is not equal to fy  260.7 
 T  1693,891 N  1693.9 kN
    2  4 d
c Cc  0.85 f c'ba  0.85 f c'b1c  0.85  30  300  0.85  260.7
2
where,  Cc  1695,201 N  1695.2 kN
  0.85 f c'b1 ; and   As Es cu  T  1693.9 kN  Cc  1695.2 kN

  0.85 f c'b1  0.85  30  300  0.85  6502.5

  As Es cu  4823.04  2 105  0.003  2.89 106

c
 2.89 10 6  2.89 10 6 2
 4  6502.5  2.89 10 6  413.3
2  6502.5
 2.89 10 6  6.28  10 6
c
2  6502.5
3.39  106
c  260.7 mm (Taking positive sign)
13005

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Solution (contd.)
24
1693.9  1695.2
An average value of T  Cc   1694.6 kN will be used to calculate M n .
2
Then, using a  1c  0.85  260.7  221.6 mm
 a  221.6 
 M n  T  d    1694.6  103   413.3  
 2   2 
 M n  512.6 10 6 Nmm  M n  512.6 kNm

dt  c
t  (0.003)
c
434  221.6
 t  (0.003)  0.0029
221.6
  t  0.002  0.0029  0.005
Section is a transition zone section.
250 250
  0.65  ( t  0.002)  0.65  (0.0029  0.002)  0.73
3 3
 Design moment capacity M n  0.73  512.6 kNm
 M n  374.2 kNm
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
 Effect of Tension Steel ratio
25

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Further Reading
26

Read more about the Flexural analysis of an RC beam

from:
1. Reinforced concrete, Mechanics and Design by
James K. Wight and James G. Macgregor, Fifth
Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, USA.
2. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C.
McCormac and Russell H. Brown, Eighth Edition,
John Wiley & Sons.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Thank You
27

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017