‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬

REINFORCED CONCRETE - II
(An Elective Course)

LECTURE #4
Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns

By

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Contents
2

 Objectives of the present lecture

 Design of biaxially loaded columns
 The equivalent Eccentricity method

 Bresler reciprocal load method

 Problems
 Further reading

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Objectives of the Present lecture
3

 To learn how to design biaxially loaded

columns using
 Equivalent eccentricity method
 Bresler reciprocal load method

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Design of Biaxially loaded columns
4

 The exact methods for design of biaxially loaded

columns are very much involved.
 Design of biaxially-loaded-column can be based on
one of the two widely used approximate procedures.
 The equivalent eccentricity method
 Bresler reciprocal load method

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 The Equivalent Eccentricity Method
5

The biaxial eccentricities, ex and e y , can be replaced by an equivalent

uniaxial eccentricity, eox and the column is designed for uniaxial bending
and axial load.

ex  component of the eccentricity parallel to the side l x

and the x - axis
e y  component of the eccentricity parallel to the side l y
and the y - axis

M uy  Pu ex M ux  Pu e y

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Contd.
6
ex e y y Point where load P is applied
If  u
lx l y
Note : If the inequality is not
ex M ux  Pu e y
satisfied, the definition of the ey
ly
x and yaxes should be x
interchanged.

The column can be

dsigned for Pu and a lx

factored moment M uy  Pu ex
M oy  Pu eox
αe y l x
where eox  ex 
ly
CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
 Calculation of the factor α
7

P  Pu  145 f y  40,000
For ' u  0.4    0.5  

 0.6
f c Ag  f c' Ag 100,000

Pu  Pu  145 f y  40,000
For '  0.4   1.3   0.5
f c Ag  ' 
f c Ag  100,000

Note : f y is in MPa.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Limitation of Equivalent Eccentricity
Method
8

The equivalent eccentricity method is limited in

application:
 To columns that are symmetrical about two axes
 The ratio of side lengths ly/lx lies between 0.5 and
2.0.
 The reinforcement should be in all four faces of the
column.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Trial Section Size
9

 The initial stage in column design involves estimating the required size of column.
There is no simple rule for doing this, because the axial-load capacity of given cross
section varies with the moment acting on the section.
 For very small values of M, the column size is governed by the maximum axial-load
capacity discussed before. Rearranging, simplifying, and rounding down the
coefficients gives the following approximate relationships.
Pu Ast
Tied Columns : Ag ( trial )  where  g 
0.40( f c'  f y  g ) Ag
Pu
Spiral Columns : Ag (trial ) 
0.50( f c'  f y  g )
For the first trial,  g may be assumed from 1 to 2 percent.
 Alternatively, trial column size may be computed by assuming average compressive stress in
the column as 0.6fc’
Pu
Ag required 
0.6 f c'

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Design Problem -1
10

Design a tied column cross section to resist factored loads and moments of
Pu  1125 kN
M ux  77 kN.m
M uy  154 kN.m
Take :
f c'  28 MPa
f y  420 MPa

Use Equivalent Eccentricity Method for the design.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Select a Trial Section
11

Assume : i. A section with bars in the four faces (since column is biaxially loaded) and
ii.  g  1.5%  0.015
Pu
Ag 

0.40 f c'  f y  g 
1125  1000

0.4028  420  0.015

 81997 mm 2 or 286.3 mm square l x  l y  h  81997  286.3 mm 
Because the column is subjected to biaxial bending, try a 400 mm
square column with eight bars, three in each face.
Therefore, Ag  400  400  160,000 mm 2

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Calculation of ex, ey, eox and Moy
12

M uy 154
M uy  Pu ex  e x    0.1368 m  136.8 mm
Pu 1125

M ux 77
M ux  Pu e y  e y    0.0684 m  68.4 mm
Pu 1125

ex 136.8 ey 68.4
  0.342;   0.171
lx 400 ly 400
ex e y
  OK.
lx l y
Pu 1125 1000
'
  0.251  0.4
f c Ag 28  ( 400  400)

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Contd.
13
 Pu  145 f y  40,000

   0.5  '   0.6
 f c Ag  100,000
 1125  1000  145  420  40,000
    0.5  
 28  (400  400)  100,000
   0.751 1.009  0.758  0.6 OK
αe y l x 0.758  68.4  400
 eox  ex   136.8   188.65 mm
ly 400
Equivalent uniaxial moment, M oy  Pu eox  Pu eox  1125  188.65  212231 kN.mm
 M oy  212.2 kN.m
Now design the column for uniaxial bending for :
Pu  1125 kN and M oy  212.2 kN.m
CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
 ρg using Interaction diagram
14

Pn  Pu  1125 kN
 Pn  1125 /   2700 / 0.65  1730.8 kN

M n  M u  M oy  212.2 kNm
 M n  212.2 /   212.2 / 0.65  326.5 kNm

M n 326.5
M n  Pn e  e    0.1886 m
Pn 1730.8
 e  188.6 mm (same as eox )

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

Compute values of Kn and Rn

Pn 1730.8 1000
Kn  '   0.386
f c Ag 28  (400  400)
Pn e 1730.8  1000  188.6
Rn  '
  0.182
f c Ag h 28  (400  400)  400

Let us assume the effective cover as 60 mm. 60 mm

Then we have,

400 mm
Effective cover  Clear cover  d s  0.5d b  60 mm (say) 280 mm

h h  2  Effective Cover 60 mm
 
h h 60 mm 280 mm 60 mm
400  2  60
   0.7 400 mm
400

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 15 May 28, 2017

 K n  0.386
 28 MPa
 420 MPa Rn  0.182
  0.70

 g  0.023
Point is in
the compression zone
   0.65 OK.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 16 May 28, 2017

 Contd.
17

Ast
g   As   g Ag   g bh
Ag
 Ast  0.023  400  400  3680 mm 2
 
Use 8 - 25 mm bars Ast  8  491  3928 mm 2 , three in each face.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Contd.
18

Design of Ties (Assuming 10 mm ties)

Minimum Tie Size  10 mm for long. bars of size

less than 32 mm. OK
Spacing : Vertical spacing (pitch) of ties shall not exceed :
(a) 16  longitudinal bar diameter  16  25  400 mm
(b) 48  tie bar diameter  48 10  480 mm
(c) Least dimension of the column section  400 mm
Use 10 mm ties at 400 mm c/c

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Sketch of the Column Cross section
19

10 Φ ties @ 400 mm
25 Φ steel bars
60 mm

400 mm 280 mm
8- 25 mm bars

60 mm
60 mm 280 mm 60 mm

400 mm

Effective cover  Clear cover  d s  0.5d b  40  10  12.5  62.5  60 mm

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Bresler reciprocal load method
20

 In this method a trial section with steel

reinforcement and ties is selected and then using
Bresler’s reciprocal load method, design capacity
Pn is determined.
 The section for which the design capacity is more
than the required capacity (i.e. Pu), that section
and steel are assumed adequate.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Design Problem -2
21

Design a tied column cross section to resist factored loads and moments of
Pu  1125 kN
M ux  77 kN.m
M uy  154 kN.m
Take :
f c'  28 MPa
f y  420 MPa

Use Bresler Reciprocal Load Method for the design.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Select a Trial Section
22

Assume : i. A section with bars in the four faces (since column is biaxially loaded) and
ii.  g  1.5%  0.015
Pu
Ag 

0.40 f c'  f y  g 
1125  1000

0.4028  420  0.015

 81997 mm 2 or 286.3 mm square l x  l y  h  81997  286.3 mm 
Because the column is subjected to biaxial bending, try a 400 mm
square column with eight 25 mm bars, three in each face.
Therefore, Ag  400  400  160,000 mm 2
Ast  8  491  3928 mm 2

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Bresler Expression
23

1 1 1 1
  
Pn Pnx Pny Pno

Pn  the nominal axial load capacity of the section when the load is placed
at a given eccentricity along both axes.
Pnx  the nominal axial load capacity of the section when the load is placed
at an eccentricity ex .
Pny  the nominal axial load capacity of the section when the load is placed
at an eccentricity e y .
Pno  the nominal axial load capacity of the section when the load is placed
with a zero eccentricity  0.85 f c' Ag  Ast   f y Ast

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Calculation of ex and ey
24

M uy  Pu ex
154M uy
 ex    0.1368 m  136.8 mm
Pu 1125

M ux  Pu e y
M ux 77
 ey   0.0684 m  68.4 mm
Pu 1125

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Determination of Pnx
25

Pnx  the nominal axial load capacity of the section when the load is placed
at an eccentricity ex .

h 280l x
    0.7
h l x 400
Ast 8  (491)
g    0.025
A g 400  400
e ex 136.8
   0.342
h lx 400

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Find the point for which
 28 MPa
Rn e e
 420 MPa   Rn  K n   
Kn h h
Let us take K n  0.6, Rn  0.6  0.342  0.21
Plot a straight line joining the origin (0, 0)
and the coordinate ( Rn , K n  0.21,0.6).

For  g  0.025
Rn  0.178

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 26 May 28, 2017

 Solution (Contd.)
27

For  g  0.025
Pn e Pnx ex
Rn  0.178  
f c' Ag h f c' Ag l x
0.178  f c' Ag l x 0.178  28  (400  400)  400
 Pnx  
ex 136.8
 Pnx  2331695.9 N  2331.7 kN

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Determination of Pny
28

Pny  the nominal axial load capacity of the section when the load is placed
at an eccentricity e y

h l y 280
    0.7
h ly 400
Ast 8  (491)
g    0.025
A g 400  400
e e y 68.4
   0.171
h ly 400

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Find the point for which
 28 MPa Rn e e
 420 MPa   Rn  K n   
Kn h h
Let us take K n  1.0, Rn  1.0  0.171  0.17
Plot a straight line joining the origin (0, 0)
and the coordinate ( Rn , K n  0.17,1.0).

For  g  0.025
Rn  0.135

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 29 May 28, 2017

 Solution (Contd.)
30

For  g  0.025
Pn e Pny e y
Rn  0.135  '  '
f c Ag h f c Ag l y
0.135  f c' Ag l y 0.135  28  (400  400)  400
 Pny  
ey 68.4
 Pny  3536842.1 N  3536.8 kN

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Determination of Pno
31

Pno  the nominal axial load capacity of the section when the load is placed
with a zero eccentricity  0.85 f c' Ag  Ast   f y Ast

Pno  0.85 f c' Ag  Ast   f y Ast

 Pno  0.85  28  (400  400  8  491)  420  (8  491)
 Pno  5364273 N  5364.3 kN

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Determination of Pn
32
Pn  the nominal axial load capacity of the section when the load is placed
at a given eccentricity along both axes.
Using the Bresler Expression :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
     
Pn Pnx Pny Pno 2331.7 3536.8 5364.3
Multiplying through by 5364.3
5364.3 5364.3 5364.3 5364.3 5364.3
     2.30  1.52  1  2.82
Pn 2331.7 3536.8 5364.3 Pn
 5364.3  2.82 Pn  Pn  1902.2 kN
Pn  0.65 1902.2  1236.4 kN  Pu ( 1125 kN) OK
 The column design is adequate.
 Use 8 - 25 mm bars three in each face, Ast  3928 mm 2
CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
 Contd.
33

Design of Ties (Assuming 10 mm ties)

Minimum Tie Size  10 mm for long. bars of size

less than 32 mm. OK
Spacing : Vertical spacing (pitch) of ties shall not exceed :
(a) 16  longitudinal bar diameter  16  25  400 mm
(b) 48  tie bar diameter  48 10  480 mm
(c) Least dimension of the column section  400 mm
Use 10 mm ties at 400 mm c/c

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Sketch of the Column Cross section
34

10 Φ ties @ 400 mm
25 Φ steel bars
60 mm

400 mm
280 mm
8- 25 mm bars

60 mm
60 mm 280 mm 60 mm

400 mm

Effective cover  Clear cover  d s  0.5d b  40  10  12.5  62.5  60 mm

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Further Reading
35

Read more about the design of biaxially loaded

columns from:

1. Reinforced concrete, Mechanics and Design by

James K. Wight and James G. Macgregor, Sixth
Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, USA.
2. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C.
McCormac and Russell H. Brown, Eighth Edition,
John Wiley & Sons.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Thank You
36

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017