


 
 
 

   

 
      
  

   

Our hot defence of out ideas and beliefs does not 
Life and Soul
indicate an established confidence in them but often half   
 
distrust, which we try to hide from ourselves, just as one 
 
who suffers from bashfulness offsets his sense of inferior- 

ity and awkwadness by rude aggression   
- Janes Harvey Robinson   
   
 

 
 



 



 Reason and Unreason

   
Rationalism

Why Rationalism ?
Why Diamat is Unscientific
 




 

 
  
    
   


 



  


 




 





 
 


 
 Ravipudi Rachanalu : Vol. - 6
VISWANVESHANA

 VISWATATHVAM
by : Ravipudi Venkatadri

   

  C  

  


  




   

   
  

 




 



 

       
       
      

       
      
   

      



   
       
       

 


  
       
         
     

     
      
      
       




  
        
 
 





 
       
      

    

 


   
       
       
    
  
  


  

 
  
  

   

 


 

    

   
          
       
      
        
    
  
      

     
   

     
 



  


  
    





   

    
  

    
          
      

    

      


  
   
    
 

 



                              
     
        


    
     
  
  
     



    
 
 
       
     
     

   


       
 
     


    
  
  





   

    
    


       
  

    
  

  
    

     
 
 




  
 
 


     


 
    
     
          




        
                        
    
  
  
  
  

 
 
     


   
  
  
  
         

    
       

        


       
 

 
    
     
   
  
 
       

       


  
      

       


  
 

   
    

 




     
 
     
 
   

  
    
 

 
   
  



        
     

        
   

    
    

   
    

      
      

  


   
     
      
                           
   

   



      
     
  



     
        
      




  

   
       
       


     
 
     
      



  
 
 
  

 
   


          
    
       
    

       

 
        

     



  

 
 

The progress of civilisation is not wholly a uniform

drift towards better things.
- Prof . A.N. whitehead.







      
      
  



      
 
   

    
  
  
      
 
  
      


       

     
          
       



    
       
  
  

       
 

   
   
  

 

   

                                    
       

       

  
 
    




 
 

The great intellectual divison of mankind is not among
      
geographical or racial lines, but between those who under-
 stand and practice the experimental method and those who
    do not understand and do not practice it.
 - Dr. George Sarton.
    
 
       
 
 
      
         
       

 


       

       



     
       

     

       
      
       

      
   
 


    






      
     
¼ 


      


  

   
      
 
   
      



  
       

     

 

      
 
     
 


       

  





  
     
    

  
  
       

      
   

 

There is a wide range of human experience with

which science seems to have nothing to do;
- Benjamin Farrington.




We must not only state the truth, but also the cause of
error.
-Aristotle.

 





 



    
   
   

 
  

  
 
     

      
      
   
     
     
      

      
    
    
 
       
      

     
  

 

       
       
  
     
    
 
    
   

    
 

  
    
  
  
 
     
        
=    
 
      =    
     
=            
       
       
     
            
         
  
            
   
        
     


      
     
 
  
    
      
    
      
     
 75 
The truth is that we are far more likely to underrate the
originality of the Greeks than to exaggerate it, and we do not
always remember the very short time they took to lay down
lines scientific inquiry has followed ever since
- John Burnet

 
         
   

 

There is no old opinion handed down among you

(greeks) by ancient tradition or any science which is hoary
with age.
- Plato
     



The Greeks had no antiquity of Knowledge and no knowledge

of antiquity.
- Roger Bacon.

     






      


 
 

      
   
       

        


   

    
 
   
  


      

   
       *
     
       
  
   


½
  
   


    
     
      
 
    
        
  Helios;Selene
   Hesperos and Phosphoros   
      
             
    
        

 78
         
      

     
  

   
   
               

    


       
     Ether  
       
  
     
       
    
   
   
      
Law of conservation of mass and energy
       

     
     
79 

      
  
     
    
   
                                
    


  
     

     
       
     
        
  
     
Sphere of fixed stars 
    
Counter earth
     

      
      
 
      
 80

   

      
      
 

     
    
        

     


 
  Ret-
rograde motion      
   
 
   
  
      

    
        


  
81 
  
 

    
   
 
  
      
     Epicyclic Sys-
tem          
Circular orbits    
 Elliptic orbits 
  
    
 
   
     
    



      
      
      
      

  
 
 82
     
    
    
   
      
   

 
   
      

      

       
   
     
  
 
  

  
     

  

 
   
       
     
83 
  
      
 
      
    
  
   
  
      

      
      
   



   
      
      

     



       
      
  
   
       
 84 85 
       
              
     
    
               
         
    
 
 
   
 
     
       

    
     
      
   


     

    

       
       
   
  
     
 86 87 

Greek Science was not killed, it died. It had reached

the limit of possible expansion within the mould in which it
was cast.
- Benjamin Farrington, SCIENCE IN ANTIQUITY

 


 88

  
  

   


  
  
                        
 
   
  

 
 

   
     
    
 
      
  

     
 
89 


         


 
    
  
   
       
     Deferent 



     
       

      

       
  
    


     

  

     

 90 91 

Mediaeval life and culture formed a homogenous pat-

tern, unified by the supernaturalism of belief which gave to it
purpose and meaning.
F.H.Amphlett Micklewright
-Rationalism and Culture.

     


     

There exist four supreme obstacles to the comprehen-

sion of truth. They are: the example of a paltry and unworthy
authority, the constancy of habit, the opinion of the ignorant
multitude, and the cloaking of one's own lack of knowledge by
pretentious wisdom.
-Roger Bacon

  


      

  
 92

      
     
   



 

  
   
    
  

   
  
        
 
    

      
       
 

 
      
          

 
    
  
     
      
 

        
 

      
 
       
    

      
 
          
 
    


     
;
 94 95 
  



There is no side to man's nature that is not of some

interest to somebody at some time
-G.N.Ridley Man-The Verdict of Science.


 

 96 97  



                          
 
      
     
       
      
   


      
 


    

       

 
        
  

  
  

 98 99 
                
    
     
   
 
   
    
    
   


     

  


     
    
   
     
      
           

wicked Kalif   
      

     
      
      
 100 101 

In medievl times man was delirious with the belief that

he was the instrument of God's will, and in that capacity was
prepared to root-out the devil of freethought from the human
mind.
-G.N.Ridley -Man: The Verdict of Science

   


  

 102

 
  




 
 II  

      


    
     

   
      


     
     

103 
 


On the Marvellous Power of Art
and Nature

     
   
     


   
      
   Opus
Maius    


    


     
 

    




  
 104 105 
  
Libros del
Seber
   
  

          
  
 Europe took only two centuries to revive all the
beginings of ancient knowledge that had been neglected for
over ten centuries.
-L.Ponomarev




 106 107 


  

  

      
 

    
  

  

 

  

  

    



 108 109 
         
    
                                    
  
         
          
 
    


  
 
   

      
     
Imago Mundi    
    
  
   
    
     

  
 
    

  
 110 111 

The race has always been getting something for noth-

ing, for creative thought is.... confined to a very few. And it has
been the costom to discourage or kill those who prosecuted
it too openly, not to reward them according to their merits.
-James Harvey Robinson

    

      
    




 
      

    
     

   
      
   

   

     

     
      
       


      
    
        

       

Parallax


      
    

     

   
     
 
   

      


      
     
    
    
     

      
 
*

             



   
    

    
  

De Revolutionibus Orbium Celestium
    
 

     
*
      

    
        

   
 

      
Primum Mobile
      
      
           
    

    
                         
      
    
       
  

  
      
       
      
 

     


     
      

      

  

      
    
 
       


     
  
      
 
    
   

 
     


    
      
        

    
 
   

 

   
      
     

      
       
     Epicycles


  

     
        

    

  

    
 
    
      
      

     

   

 



       
     
    
      

 
     
     

          
The iconoclasts did not free us. They therew us into the
         
water, and now we have to swim.

Lippmann-DRIFT AND MASTERLY

             
 
      
    
    In each generation the human race has been tortured
    that their children might profit by their woes. Our own prosper-
 ity is founded on the agonies of the past. Is it therefore unjust
 that we also should suffer for the benefit of those who are to
       come?
  Winwood Reade -THE MARTYRDOM OF MAN


    
      
     
     



    



 


    
   
       
                               

     
   
   
      
       
      
  
    
  
      
  




 
  
 
    
     
   
        
             
    
          
      
       
     
        
    
   (The Plurality of the Worlds) 
   
                      
     


      


    
    *  

*    
    

  


        
       
 
 

With stereotyped ideas about man and god firmly

rooted in our minds, it needs courage to dig them out, to look
squarely at them, and to decide just what value we are to place
upon them.
G. N.Ridley : MAN-THE VERDICT OF SCIENCE

  

     



The development of science involves not only the ap-

pearance of new knowledge, but also the retension of knowl-
edge obtained earlier. To begin the search for new truth with a
dinial of known truths is as a rule a course leading not to new
truths but to old errors. New truths are disclosed not by com-
bating old truths (elements of absolute truth), but by combat-
ing old errors.
-V. Gott

      

   
      





   

   (Tychonic
system
    
        
   
       
     

      
                              
  

      
        
   
  

     
     
      
   

     
      



       
       
 



      
    
     
  


    

     
       
 
     


         
 
     
 
Astrology is the foolish little daughter which must sell
hereself to every bidder in order that her wise mother As-
tronomy should be able to live. - Johannes Kepler

 

Kepler's life work was possible only when he succeeded

in freeing himself to a great extent of the intellectual traditions
into which he was born. This meant not merely the religious
tradition, based on the authority of the Church, but the general
concepts of the nature and limitations of action within the uni-
verse and the human sphere, as well as notions of the relative
importance of thought and experience in science...
He refused to be paralysed or discouraged either by
poverty or by the lack of comprehension among those of his
contemporaries who had the power to shape his life and work.
Yet he was dealing with a subject that offered immediate dan-
ger to him who professed the truth. But Kepler was one of the
few who are simply incapable of doing anything but stand up
opely for their convictions in every field. At the same time he
was not one who took undiluted pleasure in personal contro-
versy, as was plainly the case with Galileo, whose inspired
barbs delight the informed reader even today. Kepler was a
devout protestant, but he made no secret of the fact that he
did not approve of all the decisions by the church. He was,
accordingly, regarded as a kind of moderate heretic and
treated as such.
- Albert Einstein, IDEAS AND OPINIONS.


     
   

  
  

     
  
      
 
    
      
      
  
  
 


     
      
    
    


   



   

   
      
     
      
       
 
  
      


    
    
   
    
     
   
     
     
                                
 


       


  
      
    
      
      
     

 

  


       
    
      
      
      

 
  



  
     

 

      

       


        
  
     
       
       

       
     
   
 


       
       
 
    

     
    

                                     


                          
     

  
    

      


   
       
       
       


           
     

 
     

  
 
   

    







      

     (t2)   
(d3)
     
      
 
     
  

    
    

      
     
       
      
            
     
  
         


 

But the scientific man is a judge as well as a

witness, his own investigations provide him with the evidence
upon which he himself passes judgement; and when he is
asked to accept of which no facts are forthcoming, he declines
to derogate his reason to his desire.
-Sir Richard a. Gregory,

       


 


One cannot claim to have knowledge of Science with-

out knowledge of its hitory. From the first idea that engendered
it to the present time - what ceaseless effort, what groping in
the dark! We light-heartedly use our predecessors' works with-
out stopping to consider the tremendous amount of physical
labour put into them to clear the road for us. How many of
them ruined their health, spent their fortunes and spurned
honurs and pleasure in the name of their passion for knowl-
edge! How many of them died martyrs, upholding the eternal
truth to their last breath!
- Albert Poisson


    
   
                           

  
  
   
  
      
      
        
           

    
  

     
      




     
      
     
     


       
     

   



  
   
 
    

      

   

                                     
                            
   
     
    
  


     
     
 
 

   

   
      
     
     
     



  
 






   
   
   
    


    

    
                         
         
  
   



     

     

     
    
       
   
                      
    
                         

  
 
     
      


        






   
      


    


    
 
 
      

     
 

 
   


     
   

  

     


  
  
   
 
    


      
½


 
  
  

   


    

       
       




     
 
    
      
       
   
       
 



     
    
 
   


   
     
 
       
     
    
        
 
     

 
 
                         
      
      

    

    

       
      

   
   
    
 
      
  
     
  
       
                      
      

     
      

                               


      

  
  

    
       
     

          
           
           
  
                               
 
  
(Pslams)        

   
   
       
      
      
   
   




   
       
  


  
   
 
        
   
     

       
   
   
    

      
  
     
       
 
  
 

     
 
 
       
        
  
                                
     
         
 
 
     
     
     


   
  
  
     
  
    



  
                                   

     
      

 

A body in motion or at rest must be brought into that

state of motion or rest by the action of another body which in
turn is brought into its state of motion or rest by a third body,
and so on ad infinitum.
-- Benedict Spinoza


   


     (Vortex Theory)
   

  
      
    




 
    
(Discourse de la Methode)     

    

    
   



   
             

        
                 (Pricipia
Philosophiae)
    

    
  
  
     
  
    
   
   

 


      
     
       
      (Field theory)



 
        
           
     
       
       
 
     
 
  
   
   


  
   


   
   
  

   
   
   
      
     
 


 

Answers cannot immediately be foundtoevery

question that can be asked, nor can we always tell whether
such a question is sensible or not. For, as we shall see, the
problem of asking sensible questions is no child's astime. It
requires a special technique. It has taken many generations
even to recognise that the frame of a quetion may determine
the kind of picture that will be inserted.
-- H.Levy, The Universe of Science

 


     





    
  

 
   
    
     

  
 

       
    
      

   
      
   





     
 
     
       
    
    
    
     

 

    
    

 
       
  

  


    
 

   
    
        
  

      
   


      
 



   
  


  
   
      
 
                            
    
    
    

     




 


   

  
   (Philosopoiae Noturalis Principia Mthematica).



      
       


  
  
     
   
   

      
       

   
  


     


 

Science, the driving power, has developed at its own

pace without the evolution of a corporate conception of steady
adjustment between the static and dynamic features of soci-
ety as a whole.
-- H.Levy, The Universe of Science

   





   

      

   
       
  
      

 
    
         
  
  

     

 
   
   

   

     
   


        
      

      
 

   


  
   
      


 
  

    

     
       
 

  

  

     

      



      

  

 

     
                          


  


    
 


 

  


     
     


     
       
 
  

      
      
  
   
        
 



 

The inherent incompleteness of scientific interpretation is pre-

cisely the point at which the scientific spirit is most open to
attack by those who distrust its modern trends and fear its in-
fluence.
-G.N.Ridley, Man; The verdict of Science


 
   
  




 

       
     

  
   
 
     


   
   


  
    

 
  
     
   

  
      
 
  
   


      


    


      
      
       
 
       




 
  

   
 
    

  
    
      
        
     



 
          
     
(Theory of Relativity)    
   
(Rela-
tivity Mathematics)   
                             
    
      
       
     
    
       
  


     

   


     
  
 
         
  

       
  

      


                                  
     
      
     


      


     
 

 

      
 
         
       
 
          
      
          
     
       
   Mathematical God Spinoza's
 God (mindless god) Unseen world 
     Godless religion   
          
          
   
 
 

     
   
  




    
  
 
   
 

VISWATATHVAM
by : Ravipudi Venkatadri

  

C 







  
   
       
 
      
 Big Bang

    

 
Big Bang 
 
mass     
       












        
     
  
      

     
   







      
    


       
 
  

   
  


 
  
      
      
    
     






      
   
     
    

    
 

 


 




   
 

       

     
     
   
     
       
  
    
    



        


     

 
      

 
 
      
      
          
 
 
 
 
        
         
 
        
      
 
   

  

 





         

(companion works)
      
   
 

Man's claim to have progressed far beyond his fellow

animals must be supported, not by his search for food, warmth
and shelter (however ingeniously conducted) but by his pen-
etration into the very fabric of the Universe. It is in the world of
ideas and in the relation of his brain to the Universe itself that
the superiority of Man lies. The rise of man may justly be de-
scribed as an adventure in ideas.
- Fred Hoyle

 
 


       




   



       
    
      

     
   
  
       



   
  
                     
 
                    
  


    
       





          

 

   



       
                     

      
       
     

 

      
          

      

    
   Physical Nihilism

     

      

   antecedent and con-
sequent

      Ideas 
concepts

Conceptions and relations are creations of thought, but
what can tell how concepts and relations must be combined if
a picture of the world is to result? Not inner contemplation, but
only the questioning of nature with observation and experiment,
for the judgement of nature alone can utter the final 'yes' or 'no'
- (Atom and Cosmos)


 ;  

 
        
 
    
    


  

    
; 

 
     
      
    

    
  
 
      
 

  
      
         
       

      

                 

     


     



    
     

existencenon-ex-
istence     
  


    

       
entity


        
       
  
  

                          
 
                        
   
         




     

      
Universe Unique
Cos-
mos   Chaos     

 
      
 speculative
                            

  Cosmology 
      
 General Theory of Rela-
tivity

    (paradox).

   
finite


  
   Infinite   

 
fi-
nite but unbounded

uniform


      
 
   
        
      
     
 

Milk way


Man is an integral part of the cosmic process-a bit of
the universe that has become aware of itself.

        
 
                   
anthropocentricism   

      


 dualismnon-
dualism materiality
   consciousness 
      
 
 
non-dualism
mo-
nism
monistic pluralism
       
 
 composition
         consciousness 
      

  
     
      

    
        
solipsism

    
      
  
       




   

     
       

  
      

    







       
       

   
 


 



      



 self - hypnosis   

  
        
     
    
        
 


     
   
 

As a result of a thousand million years of evolution, the uni-

verse is becoming conscious of itself, able to understand some-
thing of its past history and its possible future. This cosmic
self-awareness is being realised in one tiny fragment of the
universe-in a few of us human beings. Meanwhile do not let us
forget that the human species is as radically different from any
of the microscopic single-celled animals that lived a thousand
million years ago as they were from a fragment of stone or
metal. The new understanding of the universe has defined man's
responsibility and destiny-to be an agent for the rest of the world
in the job of realising its potentialities as fully as possible.
-JULIAN HUXLEY

 


    


 
     
 




  
      
    
reality(concept

       
       
  objectivity     
   

   
    
  



curiosity 
      

        



       



     

         
       

    

     



    
      
   
   

      
     
     
      
       
      


 Cos-
mogonyCosmology


 
   
   
    



   
  
 

  
       
 
       
    

Objective
existence       
 

      
Dimensions


      


   

Pointsintervel
     events 
intervel
      
  being
becoming      
       
 

Three- dimensional space


  


 
  
  


Nebulae
 
      

     

      


  Milky way
  




         


   

  
Expansion
ContractionPulsating
     
     sceptrum
redshifts   

     


 


                           
      Coexist  
     
  physical
existenceFunction 

    
 

       

    
 Four Dimensional Continuum
       
   

  


   rest 
     function
    
    

      

    
     

      

       

uniform
  unique
  

  
Agents
   
    



      
     

                          

     
         
    
  
  
        
 
       

   
       


      Law-governed
           

chaos     
       

   


   

   
sky 
      
  


 

We can define only what we know. Exact knowledge is

derived through observation and experiment. The theory of
Relativity.. dispels all mystery about (spatial and temporal
phenomena) showing that, as a realisable reality, they cannot
be independent of, and antecedent to, the physical being, but
are properties thereof, and therefore can be defined, mea-
sured, realised, in relation to the movements of, and changes
in physical objects.
- M.N.ROY


       
 
                   
 

 



      

  
 

    
      
      
      




InfiniteFinite 
 Congnisance  
       
 The only mystery of the world is its cognisability

    


    

  
       
 
       
  
  

       
  
        
Temporal extension of matter
co-exist
                       
functionbeing
     absolute being  non-being 
       
 becoming     
  fourth dimension

 
    
coex-
istence
    
 
        
       
  

  




  


         
  space

    
      
  

 


exis-
tential extension      
       
existential function  



(empty)

     

 
  field
    
      

     co-
exist         
    
     

 






Whatever is universe
   
       

fundamental
particle
  
      
        
     
 

  
      


    



 purpose 
         



    
 

Anthroposophic misconception


  


       
      
 Self Preservation    


  


 

    

      
    non-exitence)   


        

    
  
      
 
      
 


   
      
    
universe
unique
  




      
     

 
Corpuscular theory Wave theory
   
                          
     
     
    
    
      
 
  


      

 
  
    



  




     
  
  
 
     
hypothesis





   
       
     

 

   

 

     
    


     

 


    
  

    
      
    

   


       

                       

  


       
  
  


    
 
     
   


   
       

     
   

       




      

     
   
  
       
     

 

The great stage where the Universe acts out its play is
one on which the twin roles of coincidence and chance have
scarcely any entry. From the vast expanding system of galax-
ies down to the humblest planet, and to the creatures that may
live on it, there seems to be a strongly forged chain of cause
and effect. Accidents there must be sometimes, but they mat-
ter not a jot to the march of larger events.
-Fred Hoyle

     

                          
    
      






      


    


   
   
      
    

      
    

  


 
    
  
    


        
       




 

Mysterious Uni-
verse     



  Laws of Thermodynamics
     
     

   
      
    

 


  

      


   Heat
death     
       
   
     
    

          
      
    
      
 
  
     
Closed Systems
 Open Systems                  
  
Unbounded
    
Equilibrium
   
Pulsating Universe
       Maximun
entropy
    
     



 Nebulae
  Galaxy   
  
       


     
  
    
     

     



   

      
furnace
     
   


  


        


      +   

   
        
  

  
      
     


    Radioactive elements
      

   

    
     

      

    

        


  

Fatalism and the
Physicists
    
    

      

   

  



 
  
    
      
   
 


  

      
Verification     
   

     

     
  

    
 

     
                              
     
         
  




      

  
     
     

    
      

 

   


   
        

  
      
    
       


      
      
 
      
   


     
 
    

      
     
 
 

    

  

   
     
        
      

 


   
      
       
 
      
 
     
       
         
   
 
 
       
      
     



   
       




      
      
      


                    Intertia 
   

     

         
 Prime Mover  
  


      
 
                   
  

      



    

  
 

Modern physics is simpler than the old physics and

seems, therefore, more difficult and intricate. The simpler the
picture of the external world and the more facts it embraces,
the stronger it reflects in our minds the harmony of the universe.
-Albert Einstein








 

                 

      
     
   
   
 
  

    


     

 


 (Unified Field Theory) 

    
     



    
    
        
     
  


    
    
 
  
   


    
    
 (La-
tent)

 
 
     
    
  
      


    
      

  


     
 
         
 
 
      
      

   
  (Absolute
Categories)    
       

                  
 

   (Four
dimensional continuum),    ; 
    

      


      
   
   
They co-exist-

   
     
           



     
 


     
     
     






   
        



 

     
  

 

       
  


                     

       
     
Relative) 
(Absolute rest) 
(Absolute veloeity)    
   
                         
(Dimensions)  
     (Four dimesional
continuum)
   
 Longitude, Latitude and Altitude

      




     


    
     

    
  


Fundamentally time and space represent the selfsame
physical reality-extension or extendedness of matter, geometri-
cal and chronological, respectively. Space is geometrical ex-
tension of matter, and time is its chronological extention.
 
       
 


      

  
 
 
 


 



(Nothing) 
     

     
 
   
  
   
      
    
     
   


       
  
 

  

 
        



 
      


 
 
    


 
 



 


 

What we need to apprehend completely the universe

around us is not a gift of extra senses but the better use of
those we do have so that we may learn to see not only with our
eyes but with all our senses, somewhat like Zarathustra teach-
ing his listners to hear with their eyes.
-Jagjit Singh


      
       
    






        
      
  

   

      

       
 
    
     

      

   
     
      
      
      
  
   

Conformists
   

    
Field
   
  
   
       
 Energy  
Wavy
 

      
                             

       


      
Quarks 
Fundamental Particles    
     
       
     
      

     


  
 

         
      
    
    
    
   


      
      

     

     
      
  

    

   
 




  


       
    
   
  
    
  
      



       
   
   

   


     

    
   


        






  
     



      
  
Particles
waves    



M.N. Roy, Science and Philosophy
     
  

    
      
       
        

Ibid

   

Probability

      
      
  

  


  
 
 
 
  
   Mutations  
   
   


  
    

 

     
                          

    

 



The concept of causalityis not an axiomatic law rep-
resenting the operation of the mysterious agency called force,
which must be accepted ultimately as an elementary undefin-
able. It is a physical relation inherent in the constitution of the
universe..... A causal process is the internal change of an ob-
ject from one state to another ..... (It) is identical with the tem-
poral function of matter. Being realises itself in becoming.
Hence, causality is a fundamental feature of everything that
really exists. Nature is a causal system, because it is a pro-
cess of becoming (Ibid)
    
      

   

      

     
  
 
 
  






    
      
  

                          
      



       
  

   
   
 
 

"Three trees" is something different from "two trees".

Again "two trees" is different from "two stones". The concept
of the pure numbers 2,3,4......., freed from the objects from which
they arose, are creations of the thinking mind which describe
the reality of our world ... The reality created by modern phys-
ics is, indeed, far removed from the reality of the early days.
But the aim of every physical theory still remains the same.
-Einstein and Infeld



     
     
  
      





     

     
   

  
 

     
      
  



      

      
  
      
      

 
    

  


  


   objective
truths

                      
   
   
"The history of science may be full of beautiful theories
slain by ugly little facts, but those theories did not die in vain, if
before their death they had subdued a vast number of jarring
facts into a law-abiding populace. Nor do theories do gener-
ally die a final death; often they are resurrected with some new
feaure which gets over the old difficulty which caused their tem-
porary retirement"
 
 
 
  
    

     
   
     


 
   

 

   
 



    
  
     

     



 
      
   Naked eyes
  
      

  

   
     

        

    
 
     
   
   


         
  


 



      
 
   
  
      
       



 
      


      
     
  



 
 
    

       

      

 
    
       




                               
 


  
      



 
     
                        
    

    
  

      
 
  

                            


    

  
    
       



 

   


 
  
      



   
     
     
 
      
      
 
  
                    


  

 

  



      
 



     

   

      
      




   

     

     

     
 
 
     Evolutionary
Theory
Steady
State Theoery
     
    
      
 


 Eternality    
     

   Finite but un-
bounded universe
 
   
   

    

     
   

                      
    

      
    
  

   
                  
    

 straight   
       

   
      

  
    



 

    
      
 



  



    



                   


        



 
   
  m   c2  
 E      
E=mc2

       

   Radiant energy 

        
     
       
       


     


  

                       
   

   



       
 Big Bang Theory


  

   

      
 
  

       
   
  
Closed
Open
  Conservation
of Energy  
  
Continuous Creation of
Matter     
      
  






  

   
     
       
     
  
  
      

   
     



 
   
     



      fields
    Nuclear field
   
Electro-magnetic field

Gravitational field
    Creation field 
      
        
        
       

 

 

  
 
    
        

The Universe is something more
than its parts   
   




    

   
      






Pulsating Universe 

  
 

     
    


The teachings of ancients were so general and vague
that one can easily fit any meaning into them. Let us, there-
fore, not exaggerate the knowledge of the ancient natural phi-
losophers.
St. Augustine claimed that he had a clear idea of what
time was until he was asked to explain what it was, and ceased
to understand it at all as soon as he began to explain it.
-E.I.Parnov.



  



 


   

    
         
     
     


       
      


      

   
 
   
      
   
       
  
 

       
 
      
      
                  
 
       
  


       
       
  
  
        




  


                   
     


 


       
      
       
  


  


  

    

    
      
  

       
     
          
      
       

   

 


 

 
 
      
  

 



   

        
  

   
      

R.N.Dandekar, Universe in Hindu Thought.
     
      
  
 

     
 
Ibid
 

Ibid

  
 
  
   

   

        
 


      
 

      
 

  
 
     

    
  

   
   


        
      
      


 

   
     
    
     
       
   

  
 

 
 

       
    

  
  naked eye
  


 
       
 
 
     
   

       
 

      
    
     
  


 
      

    
 

     
       
    


      

     
     
  
  

   
   




  
       
   
 
    

      
    



 
        


      


       com-
pass      
   needle
magnet
magnetic field
      

      
Electromagnetic field

  

  

        
   
    
  

  

    

    

      

     

   
       

    
gravitons
     
       masons

    
   
    
    

     
      





immaterial

   
  
      
   



     +  
-  
+
      

     
  
  
    
      
 


   
 

 

  

   
  
      
      

     
     
   


      
  
     

      



     
     
        
 
    

 
 
        
  


    Law of Conservation and
Conversion of Energy 

   
       
     


     
     

    
     


  
  

 
     

      
       
   
      


    
     
Perceptions 


Perceptions
  ideas
    
       

 

        
        


 



                              
  
        
 
       
 


      
 
    
 

    

     
         
                          

 Subjectivity
 
   


     
   

   
   
        
 


       
   

   
     
    






 
Both space and time are terms for characteristics of
the constitution of physical reality which is alone substantia-
tive. ... Time is in the universe and not the universe in time. It is
local and distributed like causality with which it is inseperably
connected. It follows that the unity of the universe is better ex-
hibited by space than by time... Time becomes adjectival in
the sense that it presupposes being, or substance, as eternal
in the sense that it is that which changes and, therefore, that to
which all temporal events must be referred. It has primary en-
durance... The universe is a system in eternal process. Yet it
would always be unbounded in a dynamic sense because there
would be nothing outside it to bound it. It would set its own
boundaries... Space is purely adjectival and intrinsic to the
universe. Beyond the universe there is nothing, not even space,
-Roywood Sellars.

       

  

                                 

    
 
        
      


       
 

    


    

     
      
      

     
 
     



     
  
        

   
       

      
      
    

       

       
     

     
  


      
 
  
  

    
        
 
 
     
    
  


    
     
      
   

      
      
                           
     
       



    

  





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





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
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



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
 


  
  


     
       

   

 
 
       
      








       



     
    



     
        


       

   
   
      

 




    
   

    

       
    


 

    
      
      
        
   



     
 
      
     
  
      
      

        
 

     
                             
      

 
     

      
   
     

 
   
  

      
   

 


      

          

  
  
      
        
    
 
        



 
      



    
  

  
  


   

 

   

  
     
  
      

     

     

     
 
     
    

 


     

   
 
   
  
     
  
  
    
     
 
      


 
   
       
        


  


    

     
       



  
       
  
      

  
 



 
       

    
       
   

       


      



Big Bang




   
     





 Big Bang

                             

     
      
    Static  
        


   
      
  
      


  
Cos-
mic Egg    Super Atom   
Big Bang 
    


  Static universe

   
        

 
Radiant energy
   
       
  

 
     
  Gaseous  
  
      
      

   
  
 
    


H2
   H3
    
      
       

hypothesis
 
    



L.H.E


      


Mass   
   
     
     

 
dark matter   dark energy 
    

gaps
 
                                 
  

dimensions  
    
  
         
   C.E.R.N.  
  
       
 
       
 
There it is
  
         
          
  
     
                            
 
 
 
   
  

       

                          
   
            
   
   
        
  
  
 
 
   
    
   
   
  
    
  
   
   
  
  
    
  
  
  
 
  
     
      
        
          
          
        
   
  
        
  
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      
