TITRATION LAB REPORT

Mahidol University International Demonstration School

Accelerated Chemistry 

Presented To 
Dr. Patraphorn Sanguansat

Members
Sunita  Susamakulwong             (Praenuen)   6161117
Pralin Chongrungsakulroj           (Noon)   6161056
Krittin Chotnoparatpat             (Krit)   6161219
Possathorn Sujipisut                     (Pun)   6161098
Wiphop Klinsukontakul             (Phupha)   6161192
Yanisa  Chanotran (Prim)   6161103
CONTENT

ABSTRACT 2

INTRODUCTION 3

EXPERIMENT 5

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 9

RESULTS 12

CALCULATION 13

POST-LAB QUESTIONS 20

DISCUSSION 23

CONCLUSION 26

SUGGESTION 27

REFERENCES 29
ABSTRACT
In this laboratory experiment, we use the titration method to learn about the acid and base
properties and developing a titration skill. We are experimenting with the reaction between HCL and
NaOH to create NaCl and water. The titrant or reagent is OHNaOH which the concentration is given
as 0.05 M. The titrant or analyte that we are finding its concentration is HCl. In this experiment, we
use three different indicators which are; phenolphthalein, bromophenol blue, and bromothymol blue.
We are performing two trials for each indicator for more accuracy. The experiment that we use
phenolphthalein as an indicator, we drop down about 15.45 ml of NaOH to the HCl until the color
changes to almost transparent light pink. The acid concentration and pH levels are approximately 
0.0773 M and 7 respectively. In the experiment that has bromophenol blue as an indicator, we use
15.86 ml of NaOH as the color of the solution turns to light indigo. The pH level of this solution is
averagely 5.2 and the acid concentration is an average of 0.0793 M. The experiment that we use
bromothymol blue we use averagely 15.875 ml until the solution’s color changes to light cyan. The
pH level measured is an average of 7 and the average acid concentration is 0.0794 M. Therefore, this
lab aims to learn how to calculate the unknown concentration of the substances, given by the
concentration and volume of another substance in the reaction. Moreover, to develop laboratory skills,
especially with the glassware and measurement tools.


INTRODUCTION
In our experiment, we are to produce water and salts from different types of acids and bases.
To do this we used what is called a neutralization reaction. This type of reaction is when the H ions
+

and the OH ions from the acids and bases respectively, combine to form water and salts, depending
-

on the type of acid and base ("Neutralization", 2019). 

Titration is the method in which we slowly add one solution to another via buret and stopcock. We do
this to find the pH and concentration of one of these solutions by adding one solution that we have

information one (Ruff, "How to Perform a Titration", 2019).

The definition of an acid or base generally describes liquids that have certain characteristics. Acid is
usually a corrosive substance while a base has a slippery and bitter taste ("Chemical Properties of
Acids and Bases: Properties, Videos, and Examples", 2019). In the molecular world, acids and bases
have three characteristics that can separate them. 

The first is the Arrhenius method. This states that when an acid reacts, it either releases hydrogen or a
hydronium ion while when a base reacts, it releases a hydroxide ion.

 The second method is the Brønsted-Lowry method. This method involves looking at the reaction to
the hydrogen ion. If a hydrogen ion is transferred from one molecule to another, the original molecule
is an acid, as they are a hydrogen ion donor and if the molecule receives a hydrogen ion, it is a base.
Another curious factor is that when an acid donates its hydrogen ion, the remaining molecule turns
into what is called a conjugate base and vice versa for a base and conjugated acid.

The third method is the Lewis method. It states then when acids react with other chemicals, it is what
is called an electron donor, where the acidic molecule gives out electrons. As for bases, it is what we
call an electron acceptor, where it takes electrons from other molecules.
To detect how acidic or basic a solution is, we need to first know the indicators for detecting pH.
There are many types of techniques to detect pH, ranging from electronic devices to universal paper
indicators to the ones that will be used in our experiment, chemical indicators (Painter, "How to
Identify if a Solution Is Neutral, Base or Acidic", 2019). If using a universal paper indicator, the
resulting color will be based on a color chart depending on whether or not it is an acid or base and
how strong it is. Our experiment will be using three different types of chemical indicators as well as
an electronic indicator to help accurately measure the pH levels. The first chemical indicator we used
is bromophenol blue that can measure pH levels ranging from 3 to 4.6. The second indicator we used
is bromothymol blue which can measure pH levels ranging from 6 to 7.6 making this the only
chemical indicator that can detect whether or not it is acidic or basic albeit at weaker levels. The last
chemical indicator is phenolphthalein, a quite common pH indicator, which can measure pH ranging
from 8.2 to 10, although when combined with other chemical indicators, including bromothymol blue,
can be used as a universal indicator ("Universal Indicator", 2006).

Our objective in this experiment is to learn and practice the process of doing titrations and the
concept of acids and bases. As titrations will inevitably be used in other chemical experiments in the
future, it is of significant importance that we get this training on a simple yet effective chemical
procedure. With the steps on how to proceed with the experiment and warnings about some common
mistakes like overdoing the titration with too many bases (Mott, "Introduction to Chemistry"), we can
start with the experiment itself.
EXPERIMENT

Glassware 
1. Burette 2. Graduated Pipette 3.Erlenmeyer flask

4. Beaker   5. pH meter 6. Wash bottle

   

7. Stand and burette clamp 8. Pipette bulb

Personal protective equipment

1. Laboratory Coat     2.Goggles     3.Gloves
Chemicals
         1.Sodium hydroxide                 2.Hydrochloric acid     3.Distilled water

             

        

 4.Phenolphthalein               5. Bromothymol blue                   6.Bromophenol blue

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 
1. How will you know when your titration is finished?

While slowly dropping titrant from the buret to the acid in the Erlenmeyer flask, the
color is going to gradually be changed. However, the color will be changed temporarily
before permanently. Thus, we have to watch the solution closely while swirling it until we get
the expected color and it remains constant.

2. Label the pH scale below with acid, base, and neutral, indicating numbers for each

3. On the scale above, use an arrow to show where your equivalence point is located

Bromophenol Blue :4

Bromothymol Blue :7

Phenolphthalein :9

4. Write the neutralization reaction that occurs between hydrobromic acid (HBr) and
lithium hydroxide (LiOH)
    LiOH + HBr  → LiBr   + HO 2

The reaction between lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid will have lithium bromide or
salt and water as the products. 

5. What is the concentration of 10 mL of HBr if it takes 16.73 mL of a 0.253 M LiOH

solution to neutralize it?

According to the formula of C V = C V or concentration multiplied by volume will

1 1 2 2

be equal to another concentration times volume.

Change mL to L

16.73 mL / 1000 = 0.01673 L

10 mL / 1000 = 0.01 L

Plug into the equation

CV 1 1 = CV 2 2

C (0.01 L)
1 = (0.253 M) (0.01673 L)

C (0.01 L)
1 = 0.00423269 M x L

C 1 = 0.00423269 M x L / 0.01 L

C 1 = 0.423269 M

C 1 ≈ 0.423 M

For the full and complete step,

    LiOH + HBr  → LiBr   + HO

2

Volume 0.01673 L 0.01 L

Concentration 0.253 M   ?

Sol. M = mol / L

0.253 M = mol / 0.01673 L

0.253 M * 0.01673 L = mol

0.00423269 M x L = mol

Mol ratio = 1:1

M = 0.00423269 mol / 0.01 L

M = 0.423269 M

M ≈ 0.423 M

RESULTS
Concentration of sodium hydroxide : 0.05 M
Balanced Chemical Equation of the titration reaction : 
 HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

Bromophenol Bromothymol
Phenolphthalein
Blue Blue
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2
Initial Buret
Volume (mL) 15.7 0 34.4 32.6 17.65 0.2

Final Buret
Volume (mL) 31.3 15.3 18.58 48.5 33.6 16

Volume of Base
(mL) 15.6 15.3 15.82 15.9 15.95 15.8

Volume of Base
(L) 0.0156 0.0153 0.01582 0.0159 0.01595 0.0158

Moles of Base 7.8x10⁻ 7.65x10⁻ 7.91x10⁻ 7.95x10⁻ 7.975x10⁻ 7.9x10⁻

(mol) ⁴ ⁴ ⁴ ⁴ ⁴ ⁴
Acid to Base
Mole Ratio 1:1

Moles of Acid 7.8x10⁻ 7.65x10⁻ 7.91x10⁻ 7.95x10⁻ 7.975x10⁻ 7.9x10⁻

(mol) ⁴ ⁴ ⁴ ⁴ ⁴ ⁴
Volume of Acid
(L) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Acid
Concentration 0.078 0.0765 0.0791 0.0795 0.07975 0.079
(M)

Average
Concentration 0.0773 0.0793 0.0794
(M)

pH 7 5.2 7

CALCULATION

 Phenolphthalein

TRIAL 1

Initial Buret Volume ( from the record ) : 15.7 mL

Final Buret Volume ( from the record ) : 31.3 mL

 Therefore, Volume of Base :   

Sol. Final Volume  - Initial Volume =

= 31.3 mL   - 15.7 mL

= 15.6 mL

Convert to L ;

15.6 mL / 1000 = 0.0156 L

Find mol of base ;

M  =  mol / L

Mol = MxL

= 0.05 M x 0.0156 L

= 7.8x10⁻⁴

Acid to base mol ratio ; 1 : 1

Find mol of acid ; 7.8x10⁻⁴

Volume of acid ( from the experiment ) ; 0.01 L

Find acid concentration ;

M = mol / L

= 7.8x10⁻⁴mol /  0.01 L

= 0.078 M

TRIAL 2

Initial Buret Volume ( from the record ) : 0 mL

Final Buret Volume ( from the record ) : 15.3 mL

Therefore, Volume of Base :   

Sol. Final Volume  - Initial Volume =

= 15.3 mL   - 0 mL

= 15.3 mL

Convert to L ;

15.3 mL / 1000 = 0.0153 L

Find mol of base ;

M  =  mol / L

Mol = MxL
 = 0.05 M x 0.0153 L

= 7.65x10⁻⁴

Acid to base mol ratio ; 1 : 1

Find mol of acid ; 7.65x10⁻⁴

Volume of acid ( from the experiment ) ; 0.01 L

Find acid concentration ;

M = mol / L

= 7.65x10⁻⁴mol /  0.01 L

= 0.0765 M

Average Concentration : 0.078 + 0.0765 = 0.1545

0.1545 / 2 = 0.0773 ---- divided by 2

pH indicator =   7 ---- from the pH meter

 Bromophenol  Blue

TRIAL 1

Initial Buret Volume ( from the record ) : 34.4 mL

Final Buret Volume ( from the record ) : 18.58 mL

Therefore, Volume of Base :   

Sol. Final Volume  - Initial Volume =

= 34.4 mL   - 18.58 mL

= 15.82 mL

Convert to L ;

15.82 mL / 1000 = 0.01582 L

Find mol of base ;

M  =  mol / L

Mol = MxL

= 0.05 M x 0.01582 L

= 7.91x10⁻⁴

Acid to base mol ratio ; 1 : 1

Find mol of acid ; 7.91x10⁻⁴

Volume of acid ( from the experiment ) ; 0.01 L

 Find acid concentration ;

M = mol / L

= 7.91x10⁻⁴mol /  0.01 L

= 0.0791

TRIAL 2

Initial Buret Volume ( from the record ) : 32.6 mL

Final Buret Volume ( from the record ) : 48.5 mL

Therefore, Volume of Base :   

Sol. Final Volume  - Initial Volume =

= 48.5 mL   - 32.6 mL

= 15.9 mL

Convert to L ;

15.9 mL / 1000 = 0.0159 L

Find mol of base ;

M  =  mol / L

Mol = MxL

= 0.05 M x 0.0159 L

= 7.95x10⁻⁴

Acid to base mol ratio ; 1 : 1

Find mol of acid ; 7.95x10⁻⁴

Volume of acid ( from the experiment ) ; 0.01 L

Find acid concentration ;

M = mol / L

= 7.95x10⁻⁴mol /  0.01 L

= 0.0795

Average Concentration : 0.0791 + 0.0795 = 0.1586

0.1586 / 2 = 0.0793 ---- divided by 2

pH indicator =   5.2   ---- from the pH meter

 Bromothymol  Blue

TRIAL 1
 Initial Buret Volume ( from the record ) : 17.65 mL

Final Buret Volume ( from the record ) : 33.6 mL

Therefore, Volume of Base :   

Sol. Final Volume  - Initial Volume =

= 33.6 mL   - 17.65 mL

= 15.95 mL

Convert to L ;

15.95 mL / 1000 = 0.01595 L

Find mol of base ;

M  =  mol / L

Mol = MxL

= 0.05 M x 0.01595 L

= 7.975x10⁻⁴

Acid to base mol ratio ; 1 : 1

Find mol of acid ; 7.975x10⁻⁴

Volume of acid ( from the experiment ) ; 0.01 L

Find acid concentration ;

M = mol / L

= 7.975x10⁻⁴mol /  0.01 L

= 0.07975

TRIAL 2

Initial Buret Volume ( from the record ) : 0.2 mL

Final Buret Volume ( from the record ) : 16 mL

Therefore, Volume of Base :   

Sol. Final Volume  - Initial Volume =

= 16 mL   - 0.2 mL

= 15.8 mL

Convert to L ;

15.8 mL / 1000 = 0.0158 L

Find mol of base ;

M  =  mol / L
 Mol = MxL

= 0.05 M x 0.01582 L

= 7.9x10⁻⁴

Acid to base mol ratio ; 1 : 1

Find mol of acid ; 7.9x10⁻⁴

Volume of acid ( from the experiment ) ; 0.01 L

Find acid concentration ;

M = mol / L

= 7.9x10⁻⁴mol /  0.01 L

= 0.079

Average Concentration : 0.07975 + 0.079 = 0.15875

0.15875 / 2 = 0.0794 ---- divided by 2

pH indicator =   7 ---- from the pH meter

POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. How would it affect your results if you used a beaker with the residual water in it to measure
out your standardized sodium hydroxide solution?

The pH value will be decreased because sodium hydroxide is considered as a base while
residual water is typically neutral. Hence, after they are mixed, the pH solution will be decreased due
to the process of dilution, the chemical reaction in which the concentration of solute is decreased,
simply by adding it with water. 
2. How would it affect your results if you used a wet Erlenmeyer flask instead of a dry one when
transferring your acid solution from the volumetric pipette?

The wet Erlenmeyer flask can be left with either leftover acid solution or distilled water. The
distilled water has a pH value of seven while the acid solution’s pH value is about one. The acid
solution will be diluted with water. The concentration of the acid will decrease, therefore, increasing
the pH value of the transferred solution. There is no way to be exact with the calculation.

3. How do you tell if you have exceeded the equivalence point in your titration?
The equivalence point is not the same as Endpoint; Equivalence point is the point where pH is
of the mixed solution is seven or the concentration of the hydrogen ion is equal to the concentration of
the hydroxide ion, while the Endpoint is the point where the indicator changes color. We can only
observe the Endpoint by sight. The only indicator we used that we can observe the equivalence point
by sight is Bromothymol Blue. For Bromothymol Blue, the Equivalence point and the Endpoint are
the same. For others, we have to measure by the pH meter.
 
 
 
 
 
4. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid (CH COOH) in water. For quality control purposes, it can
3

be titrated using sodium hydroxide to assure a specific % composition. If 25.00 mL of acetic

acid is titrated with 9.08 mL of a standardized 2.293 M sodium hydroxide solution, what is the
molarity of the vinegar?

According to the formula of C V = C V or concentration multiplied by volume will be equal

1 1 2 2

to another concentration times volume.

Change mL to L

9.08 mL / 1000 = 0.00908 L

25 mL / 1000 = 0.025 L

Plug into the equation

CV 1 1 = CV
2 2

C (0.025 L)
1 = (2.293 M) (0.00908 L)

C (0.025 L)
1 = 0.00423269 M x L

C 1 = 0.02082044 M x L / 0.025 L

C 1 = 0.8328176 M

C 1 ≈ 0.833 M

For the full and complete step,

    CH₃COOH + NaOH   → CH₃COONa  + HO2

Volume 0.00908 L 0.025 L

Concentration 2.293 M   ?

Sol. M = mol / L

2.293 M = mol / 0.00908 L

2.293 M * 0.00908 L = mol

0.02082044 M x L = mol

Mol ratio = 1:1

M = 0.02082044 mol / 0.025 L

M = 0.8328176 M

M ≈ 0.833 M

DISCUSSION
 Neutralization is the method of adding a base solution to acid solution or vice versa. The pH
value is calculated by the equation; pH = -log[H⁺].  As we keep adding the base solution to the acid
solution, the concentration of both hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion shifted to the basic side. Acid-base
indicators are substances that will change the color along with the pH values. This lab consists of
phenolphthalein, bromophenol blue, and bromothymol blue. Each indicator has different endpoints as
9, 4, and 7 respectively. The result of this experiment is based on the approximation made by our
observation on the color of the solution only, hence, what we get will usually not be the same as what
we expected. The color for each endpoint of indicators are the following:

Phenolphthalein - Light pink

Bromophenol Blue - Light indigo 

Bromothymol Blue - Light cyan

All of these colors can be observed after each drop of each indicator. This process should
slowly be done because the color will change suddenly in the last drop or in the situation that the
reaction is quite completed. The color we achieved was the same as the sample in front of the class,
however, when we measured the pH with the pH meter, we got 7, 5.2 and 7 respectively. According to
the statement above, the result was off by more than the range of one meaning that our experiment has
some errors. The possible errors we listed are

1. The indicator might have oxidized with the air. Actually, the indicators themselves
are either weak acids or bases. This means that when they are dissolved in water, their
molecules will dissociate to form ions. The molecular structure of each indicator like
Phenolphthalein contains carbon-carbon bonds---both single and double. These
aforementioned bonds can absorb wavelengths from visible light, making them
appear color. Therefore, when the concentration of H⁺ changes from high to low;
from acid to base, the electron arrangement in the molecule will change causing it to
absorb different wavelengths of light and come up with different colors. In this case,
when the indicator is oxidized with the air---includes oxygen (O2), the color of the
solution will change quicker. 
2. The solution might have been diluted by distilled water when we use the half drop
technique. When a solution is diluted, the molarity of the titrant tends to decrease.
Subsequently, the mol of H⁺ ions will react with less OH- ions but with more water.
This will decrease the pH value than what is expected, and therefore, alter the
calculation.
3. We might not have swirl well or leave the solution for enough time. All the reaction
might not have been completed over a short period of time, thus, the result would be
more acidic than it should be.
4. The pH meter might have not been accurate. There are other ways to indicate pH.
One such example is a universal indicator.

Another thing that we have observed is the slight difference in the value of the acid
concentration. This is because the volume of the base used in this titration is almost the same in every
trial. Therefore, once the mole ratio is 1 to 1, the mole of acid and base will be equal. This, ultimately,
leads to the equal value of acid concentration. This proves that the HCl with unknown concentration is
the same solution for all three experiments.

One of the obstacles we encountered was trying to titrate the solution as accurately as possible
because the pH value increases exponentially as we keep adding the Sodium hydroxide. This means
that if we mistakenly add the hydroxide ion by just a decimal point, the whole solution’s pH value
will change by a lot as seen by the graph. The x-axis is the Hydrogen ion concentration and the y-axis
is the pH value.
 Figure 1. -log graph with the range of -1 to 7

From the titration process, we as a group had a chance to learn and practice doing the titration
lab, a process of determining the concentration of a dissolved substance. We also have known how to
use each lab equipment properly and correctly. For example, how to read burette and pipette precisely
enough by seeing the meniscus at the eye level. Moreover, we learned how to use some indicators and
chemical substances; hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide for indicating each solution pH value
with the correct use of chemical substances as well. Not only this but to achieve and complete our
goals, we as a team have to divide works equally according to each member’s abilities along with
knowing how to solve the problems that we might encounter during the lab experiment.

CONCLUSION
In summary, we use titration to find out the concentration of acid when the reaction reaches a
neutralized state. The titrant is NaOH with the given concentration of 0.05 M. The three indicators
that we use are phenolphthalein, bromophenol blue, and bromothymol blue. In the experiment that we
used phenolphthalein as an indicator, we used an average of 15.45 ml of NaOH. According to the
observation, the color of the solution turned to light pink almost transparent which roughly the same
color as the sample shown in the laboratory. The pH level we measured from the two trials that we did
with phenolphthalein is both 7.0 which is not equal to the expected endpoint. This may be caused by
some errors that occurred in the experiment. The concentration of acid of the two trials is an average
of 0.0773 M. In the experiment that we use the indicator bromophenol blue, we have used an average
of 15.86 ml of NaOH. The solution’s color appears to turn to be light indigo. This color is the same as
the sample judging by the observation we make by eyes. The average pH level we measured in the
two trials is 5.4 which is not equal to the expected endpoint. The acid concentration from the two
trials is approximately 0.0793 M. For the experiment that we used bromothymol blue, we used
approximately 15.875 ml of NaOH until the color of the solution changed to cyan which is the same
color as the sample. However, the pH level is not the same as the expected endpoint. The pH level we
have measured is 7 in both trials. The Acid concentration is 0.0794 M. After all the calculation, we
found out that the concentration of acid in each trial is approximately the same which is averagely
0.0787 mol. This is because, in every trial of every indicator, we use HCl solution from the same
source and the same volume so that the concentration remains constant. 
SUGGESTION
Although the experiment is well designed for educational purposes — to study titration
methods of acid-base properties, there were still some mistakes made during trials. Those mistakes are
to be considered in further experiments in order to obtain more accurate results.

Firstly, the graduated pipette and burette scale were misread due to confusion. Preparing
yourself properly before getting into the laboratory could help prevent the same mistake from
happening. The burette is the apparatus that should always be aware when using because the scale is
not as usual as others. While the number usually increases from the bottom of the top, the burette
scale counts as top-down.

Next, Exceeding endpoint. In order to clarify, endpoints are pH values at which indicators
change their color. The point could be slightly small and hard to detect. Therefore, dropping one to
one drop of NaOH solution might still be too much and it might exceed the endpoint easily. However,
while doing the titration there were some distractions pulling members’ concentration apart, the color
of indicator changed rapidly and already exceeded the point that was aimed. To avoid the situation
from being repeated, the tester must highly pay attention while titration. Stop allowing a full drop of
the base when the color appearance becomes more noticeable, and use distilled water to rinse half
drop down into the conical flask.

However, using distilled water may also mildly affect the result precision as a result of
hydrogen ions yielded in water molecules when they are dissociated. Hydrogen ions will eventually
be included in pH measurement since the pH scale is based on the amount of protons concentration in
the solution (H ). By avoiding using much-distilled water, pH error from this stage could be reduced.
+

Always make sure that color remains for a while before applying the half-drop technique. 

In addition, phenolphthalein is normally easy to get oxidized with the air. The solution might
seem to change its color for at least 30 seconds and then fade, this is due to the oxidation occurred as
mentioned. The titration should be kept going until the color shade is constant even though at the final
stage already. 

Equally important, the pH meter could not dip into the Erlenmeyer flask for the reason that
the body of the pH meter is bigger than the neck of the flask. Hence, it is going to measure the pH
easier if measured from the beaker. Last but not least, do not forget to clean the pH meter’s sensor
with distilled water.

 Then, the next problem might have occurred from the incommensurate amount of drop of the
indicators before we drop some NaOH into the solution’s flask. The solution to this problem is
uncomplicated to solve which is the amount of drop of indicators must be proportionate in every
solution’s flasks, ultimately, the results were not as we expected. The results are caused by errors
during the experiments. For instance, the pH meter might not be accurate, the amount of NaOH was
not proportional to the HCL and distilled water, etc.

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