NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi
CE-321 Construction Engineering
Lecture -01
Overview of Construction Industry
and
Constructional Aspects
CE-321-Construction Engineering
Dr. Farrukh Arif
Construction vs. Manufacturing
• Service industry or goods-producing
industry?
• Designers provide Service
• Contractor provides Product
• Construction Industry vs. Other Product
Industries
– Size of the product
– Cost of the product
– Customized design
– One-of-a-kind features
CE-321-Construction Engineering
Dr. Farrukh Arif
CE-321-Construction Engineering (Dr. Farrukh Arif)
Construction
• Engineering and Construction
– Unique combination of specific need and
design
– Benefit mankind/substantial responsibilities
• Engineering and Construction
CE-321-Construction Engineering
Dr. Farrukh Arif
Construction vs. Manufacturing
• Automobiles Customization
– Color
– Extra features (A/C no A/C, Theft alarm system)
– Complete re-design or customization?
• Product required by any construction contract
is also a manufactured product
• Building road, office buildings etc. but in
response to specific customer needs
– Plans and Specifications
• Contract drawings and written materials description,
which communicate detailed requirements to the
contractor
CE-321-Construction Engineering
Dr. Farrukh Arif
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NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi

The Construction Industry The Construction Industry

• The construction industry is one of the • Construction

Industry Divisions
largest industries
– The major divisions
• For Example; In the United States, of the construction
industry consist of
historically accounting for about 10% of building construction
the nation’s gross national product and (also called “vertical
construction”) and
employing some 10 million workers. heavy construction
• It is widely recognized that construction (also called
“horizontal
as a discipline is a combination of art construction”). Distribution of U.S. new construction volume.
(Source: Bureau of the Census)
and science.
CE-321-Construction Engineering CE-321-Construction Engineering
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Construction Industry of Pakistan Construction Industry of Pakistan

Current Status Historical Highlights

• Second largest sector in Pakistan’s economy after agriculture • 1947 to 1970
• 30-35% of employment is directly or indirectly – Few developers
• The share of construction in industrial sector is 11.48 percent and is – Housing for public sector was developed by Provincial and
one of the potential components of industries. Central works Department
• The construction sector has registered growth of 11.31 percent
against the growth of (-) 1.68 percent of last year. • After 1971
• This is also highest growth level achieved since 2008-09. – Karachi Development Authority (KDA)
• During current financial year 2013-14, NHA executed 83 – Larger funds to House Building Finance Corporation
development projects costing Rs. 615.2 billion – Entrepreneurs, industrialists, businessmen, importers,
• Government of Pakistan has allocated Rs. 63.04 billion in the consultants, etc., entered in the construction industry
Federal PSDP for construction of roads, river bridges, tunnels, – Association of Builders and Developers” (ABAD)
flyovers and interchanges
Source: Highlights Of Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14

CE-321-Construction Engineering CE-321-Construction Engineering

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CE-321-Construction Engineering (Dr. Farrukh Arif) 2

NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi

Construction Industry of Pakistan What does construction Include?

Historical Highlights • More than just building structures on construction site.

• Design-Engineers and Architects
• Until 1975 • Manufacturers and distributer of material and equipment
– Major projects such as Indus Basin Replacement Works, • Construction Managers-Who manage the site work
Warsak Dam etc. was developed by foreign contractors • Unions and trades people-perform work
• Municipal offices-review plans and enforce building codes
– Pakistan Steel Mills generated construction activity for local • Concrete Batch Plant-concrete proportioned for delivery at
construction construction site
• Prefabrication Plants
– MLC (Pvt) Ltd, National Construction Ltd, Imperial • Construction industry is so large and multifaceted that it’s
Construction Company (Pvt) Ltd (now ICC) and Gammon often described as sector of economy
Pakistan Ltd

CE-321-Construction Engineering CE-321-Construction Engineering

Dr. Farrukh Arif Dr. Farrukh Arif

Construction Contractors The Construction Process

• Construction Contractors • For major projects, steps in the project

– Companies and individuals engaged in the business of construction are
commonly referred to as construction contractors because they operate development process include the following:
under a contract arrangement with the owner.
– General Contractor
• Engage in a wide range of construction activity – Recognizing the need for the project.
• Execute most major construction projects
– Prime Contractors – Determining the technical and financial feasibility
• When General Contractors enter into a contract with owner to provide complete construction
services
of the project.
– Specialty Contractor – Preparing detailed plans, specifications, and cost
•
•
Electrical, plumbing, heating, ventilating, or earthmoving etc..
Employed by Prime contractor
estimates for the project.
– Subcontractors – Obtaining approval from regulatory agencies.
• The Specialty contractor hired by the Prime Contractor
• Classifications
– Thus, Sub and Prime terms by the contract arrangement and not by work
classifications

CE-321-Construction Engineering CE-321-Construction Engineering

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NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi

The Construction Process The Construction Process

• Project Development and Contract • How Construction is Accomplished

Procedures – Construction employing an owner
– The major steps in the construction construction force.
contracting process include; – Owner management of construction.
• Bid solicitation – Construction by a general contractor.
• Bid preparation
– Construction using a design/build (turnkey)
• Bid submission contract.
• Contract award
– Construction utilizing a construction
• Contract administration
management contract.
CE-321-Construction Engineering CE-321-Construction Engineering
Dr. Farrukh Arif Dr. Farrukh Arif

The Construction Process The Construction Process

Construction employing owner Owner-managed construction. [Either (a) or

Construction by a general contractor.
construction forces. (b) or both may be employed.]

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NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi
The Construction Process
CE-321-Construction Engineering
Dr. Farrukh Arif
Codes and Regulations
• Building Codes
– Public Safety
– Provide minimum Design
– Construction standards for fire
and safety
• Zoning Regulations
– Zoning controls land use,
size, type and density of
structures
– Commercial, residential,
industrial, office, recreational,
and agricultural
CE-321-Construction Engineering
Dr. Farrukh Arif
CE-321-Construction Engineering (Dr. Farrukh Arif)
Construction employing a
design/build firm.
• Environmental Regulations
– Protect the public and
environment
– Water usage, traffic,
precipitation runoff, waste
disposal
• Other Regulations
– Safety regulations for
protecting public and
construction workers
The Construction Process
Construction utilizing a
construction management
contract.
CE-321-Construction Engineering
Dr. Farrukh Arif
State of the Industry
• Construction Productivity
• Reducing Construction Costs
– Good work planning.
– Carefully selecting and training workers and managers.
– Efficiently scheduling labor, materials, and equipment.
– Properly organizing work.
– Using laborsaving techniques, such as prefabrication and
preassembly.
– Minimizing rework through timely quality control.
– Preventing accidents through good safety procedures.
CE-321-Construction Engineering
Dr. Farrukh Arif
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NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi

Construction Management

• Basic Elements of Construction Management

– Quality Management
– Safety and Health
– Time and Cost Management
• Results of Poor Construction Management
practices
– Delays
– Cost overruns
– Poor stakeholders relationship
– Low profit margin etc.

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Dr. Farrukh Arif

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