Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuation Systems-UNITII

Pneumatic and Hydraulic
Actuation Systems
UNIT – II
MHB303
MECHATRONICS AND PNEUMATICS
Outcomes
• Students are able to
– Understand the working principle of Hydraulic and
Pneumatic, Electric and Electro Pneumatic
Actuators.
– Comprehend different actuators used for control
Applications
– Identify suitable Actuators for mechatronic design
applications
01-08-2018 HITS-MHB303-MP-RMKP-UNITII 2
Actuation Systems
• Actuation systems are the elements of control systems

which are responsible the output of a microprocessor or
control system into a controlling action on a machine or
device.
• Types of Actuators
• Mechanical Actuators
• Electrical Actuators
• Hydraulic Actuators
• Pneumatic Actuators
Example:
In a CNC milling machine, there may be an electrical signal output from the
CNC controller to move the milling table in the x direction for a certain
length. There you need an actuation system.
Pneumatic & Hydraulic Systems
• Pneumatic signal often used to control final control elements,
even when the control system is otherwise electrical.
• This is because such signal can be used to actuate large valves
and other high power control devices and so move significant
loads.
• The main drawback with pneumatic systems is however the
compressibility of air.
• Consists of a compressor, control valves and actuator
• Pneumatic deals with air pressure

• Hydraulic deals with fluid motion and pressure
Contd..
• Hydraulic system of power transmission is preferred over
mechanical or electrical system
1. Compact size.
2. Less moving parts.
3. Less wear and tear & self lubricating.
4. Controlled motion.
5. Adaptability for automatic control.
• Drawbacks of Hydraulic systems
• Oil leak
• Initial cost of hydraulic transmission
• Maintenance problem – improperly filled systems
• High cost of spares
hydraulic presses, fork lifts, hydraulic jacks and hydraulic shaper etc
Contd..
• Basic components of hydraulic system are
1. Reservoir to hold oil,
2. Hydraulic pump normally positive displacement type,
3. Electric motor to drive the pump,
4. Actuator, which may be rotary or linear,
5. Control valves for controlling flow, direction and pressure,
6. Pipe lines and fittings to transmit oil power.
Power Supplies - Hydraulic Supply
 With a hydraulic system, pressurized oil (fluid) is provided by a
pump driven by an electrical motor.
 The pump pumps oil from a sump through a non return valve and an
accumulator to the system, from which it return to the sump.
 The pressure relief valve is to release

the pressure if it rises above a safe
level.
 Non-return valve prevents the oil
returning back to the pump
 The accumulator is to smooth out any
short term fluctuations in the output
oil pressure
Directional Control Valves
• Pneumatic and hydraulic systems use directional control valves
to direct the flow of fluid through a system
• ON/OFF devices either completely open or closed
• Completely either open or closed.
• They might be activated to switch the fluid flow direction by
means of mechanical, electrical or fluid pressure signal
• Two Types of Control Valves
• Spool Valve
• Poppet Valve
SPOOL VALVE
Port 1: Supply Port 1: Closed

Port 3: Closed Port 3 and Port 2 are connected
Port 2: connected to Device
POPPET VALVE
 This valve is normally in closed condition.
 Balls, discs or cones are used in conjunction with valve seats to control
the flow.
 When the pushbutton is

depressed, the ball is
pushed out of its seat
and flow occurs as a
result of port 1 being
connected to port 2.
 When the button is
released, the spring
forces the ball back up
against its seat and so
closes off the flow.
Directional Control Valves
 Directional valves
 Free flow can only occur in one direction through the valve,
which results in the ball being pressed against the spring.
 flow in the other direction is blocked by spring forcing the

ball against its seat
Valve Symbols
• The valve symbol consists of square for each of its switching
positions.
• Thus two positions valve will have two squares, a three
positions valve have three squares.
• Arrow headed lines are used to indicate the directions of flow in
each position
• Closed flow lines; blocked off
Valve Symbols (contd.)
4/2 Valve
It is a 4/2 Valve since it has 4 Ports and 2 Positions
Example: Pneumatic Lift System
 Push Button 2/2 Valve

 Up Valve pressed; Load Lifted.
 Bottom Valve presses, Load Lowered
 Open arrow -> vent to atmosphere
PILOT OPERATED VALVE
• In pilot operated system one
valve is used to control a second
valve.
• In the Fig the pilot valve is small
size and can be operated
manually or by a solenoid.
• Dashed lines indicates the pilot
pressure.
• Used to overcome when the force required to move the ball shuttle
in a valve can often be too large for manual or solenoid operation
Pressure control valve
 Pressure regulating valves – to control the operating pressure
in a circuit and maintain it at a constant value
 Pressure limiting valves – safety devices to limit the pressure
in circuit to below some safe value
 Pressure sequence valves – used to sense the pressure of an
external line and give signal when it reaches some present
value
Pressure regulating valves
• To control the operating pressure in a circuit and maintain it at
a constant value
• Pressure regulator is fitted downstream of the compressed air
filter
• Two types of Pressure regulator
• Diaphragm type pressure regulator
• Piston spool type pressure regulator
Diaphragm type pressure regulator
(a) Without vent hole (b) With vent holes
Diaphragm type pressure regulator (Vent Hole)
• Pressure is regulated by a
diaphragm
• Output pressure acts on one side of
diaphragm
• Spring force acts on other side
• When pressure output increases:
• Diaphragm moves against spring
force
• Outlet area of the valve seat reduces
or closes entirely
• Flow is regulated
• When air drawn of the outlet side, damper spring above the valve
disc to avoid fluttering.
pressure drops and spring force opens
the valve.
Diaphragm type pressure regulator (without Vent Hole)
• Not possible to exhaust the
compressed air
• The spring is pre-stressed by means
of adjusting screw, Thus diaphragm
is also pre-stressed.
• The plunger is raised with the
diaphragm to a greater or lesser
extent from the seat.
• If no air is drawn off on the outlet
side, the diaphragm moves down
• Damper spring moves the plunger
downward to its seat. Thus the flow
of air is closed off at the sealing
seat.
Piston – Spool type pressure regulator
• In the normal piston, the valve is
open and the compressed.
• Air freely flows from inlet A and
outlet B
• Valve spool is kept in equilibrium
by the Spring force on one side
and air pressure on the other
side through secondary circuit
Piston type pressure regulator
• Pressure in the secondary side rises, Pressure on the spool face

increases. Spool moves and partly closes the outlet side.
• This reduces the volume of air going to the secondary side and hence
pressure is reduced.
• Pressure in secondary side increases, outlet port is completely
closed.
Pressure Limiting Valves:
• Used as safety devices to limit the pressure
• Consists of a conical poppet valve, spring and
adjustment screw.
• Pressure limiting/relief which has one orifice
which is normally close
• When inlet pressure overcomes the force
exerted by the spring, the valve opens and
vent to the atmosphere or back to the sump
• When pressure drops below the set valve,
the poppet closes.
Pressure sequence valve:
• Used to sense the pressure of an external line and give a signal
when it reaches some preset value.
• Valve Switching on when inlet

pressure reaches a particular value.
Allows the pressure to be applied to
the following system.
Pressure sequence valve symbol,
Pressure sequence valve:
• When 4/3 valve operates first,
pressure is applied to cylinder 1.
its ram moves right
• When ram moves right, pressure
is too low to switch on the
sequence valve, no pressure
applied to cylinder 2
• When ram1 reaches the end
stop, pressure in the system (b) a sequential system
reaches high, operates the

sequence valve to open
• Cylinder 2 pressure increases
and ram 2 operates
Cylinders
• Hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder is a linear actuator.

• Consists of a cylindrical tube along which piston / ram can slide.
• Single-acting is used when the control pressures is applied to just
one side of the piston
• Double-acting is used when the control pressures are applied to
each side of the piston. A difference pressure between two sides
may effected the motion of the piston.

Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuation Systems-UNITII

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Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuation Systems-UNITII

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Pneumatic and Hydraulic

• Actuation systems are the elements of control systems

• Pneumatic deals with air pressure

 The pressure relief valve is to release

Port 1: Supply Port 1: Closed

 When the pushbutton is

 flow in the other direction is blocked by spring forcing the

 Push Button 2/2 Valve

(a) Without vent hole (b) With vent holes

• Pressure in the secondary side rises, Pressure on the spool face

• Valve Switching on when inlet

Pressure sequence valve symbol,

reaches high, operates the

• Hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder is a linear actuator.

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