6.113 The reservoirs in Fig. P6.

113 are connected by cast-iron pipes joined abruptly, with

sharp-edged entrance and exit. Including minor losses, estimate the flow of water at 20°C if
the surface of reservoir 1 is 14 m higher than that of reservoir 2.

Fig. P6.113

Solution: For water at 20°C, take ρ = 1000 kg/m3 and µ = 0.001 kg/m-s. Let “a” be the
small pipe and “b” the larger. For wrought iron, ε ≈ 0.046 mm, whence ε/da = 0.00184 and
ε/db = 0.00092. From the continuity relation,

For pipe “a” there are two minor losses: a sharp entrance, K1 = 0.5, and a sudden expansion,
Fig. 6.22, Eq. (6.101), K2 = [1 − (1/2)2]2 ≈ 0.56. For pipe “b” there is one minor loss, the
submerged exit, K3 ≈ 1.0. The energy equation, with equal pressures at
(1) and (2) and near zero velocities at (1) and (2), yields

Va2  120 1.0 

or, since Vb = Va /4, Δz = 14 =  240fa + 1.06 + fb +
2(9.81)  16 16 
where fa and fb are separately related to different values of Re and ε/d. Guess to start:
fa ≈ fb ≈ 0.02: then Va = 6.73 m/s, Re a ≈ 168000, ε /d a = 0.00184, fa-2 ≈ 0.024
Vb = 1.68 m/s, Re b ≈ 84000, ε /d b = 0.00092, fb-2 ≈ 0.0223
Converges to: fa = 0.0241, fb = 0.0225, Va ≈ 6.23 m/s,
Q = Va A a ≈ 0.00306 m3 /s. Ans.
6.115 The system in Fig. P6.115 consists of 1200 m of 5 cm cast-iron pipe, two 45° and four
90° flanged long-radius elbows, a fully open flanged globe valve, and a sharp exit into a
reservoir. If the elevation at point 1 is 400 m, what gage pressure is required at point 1 to
deliver 0.005 m3/s of water at 20°C into the reservoir?

Solution: For water at 20°C, take ρ = 998 kg/m3 and µ = 0.001 kg/m⋅s. For cast iron, take ε
≈ 0.26 mm, hence ε/d = 0.0052. With the flow rate known, we can compute V, Re:

Fig. P6.115

The minor losses may be listed as follows:

Then the energy equation between (1) and (2—the reservoir surface) yields
6.120 In Fig. P6.120 there are 40 m of 5-cm pipe, 24 m of 15-cm pipe, and 50 m of 7.5-cm
pipe, all cast iron. There are three90° elbows and an open globe valve, all flanged. If the exit
elevation is zero, what power is extracted by the turbine when the flow rate is 16 m3/h of
water at 20°C?

Fig. P6.120

Solution: For water at 20°C, take ρ = 1000 kg/m3 and µ = 0.001 kg/m-s. For cast iron, ε ≈
0.26 mm. The 5-cm, 15-cm, and 7.5-cm pipes have, respectively,

(a) L/d = 800, ε/d = 0.0052; (b) L/d = 160, ε/d = 0.00173;

(c) L/d = 667, ε/d = 0.00347

The flow rate is known, so each velocity, Reynolds number, and f can be calculated:

16/3600 1000(2.26)(0.05)
Va = 2
= 2.26 m/s; Re a = = 113000, fa ≈ 0.0315
π (0.05) /4 0.001

Also, Vb = 0.25 m/s, Re b = 37500, fc ≈ 0.0267; Vc = 1 m/s, Re c = 75000, fc ≈ 0.0288

Finally, the minor loss coefficients may be tabulated:

sharp 5-cm entrance: K = 0.5; three 5-cm 90° elbows: K = 3(0.95)
5-cm sudden expansion: K ≈ 0.79; 7.5-cm open globe valve: K ≈ 6.3

The turbine head equals the elevation difference minus losses and the exit velocity head:
h t = Δz − ∑ h f − ∑ h m − Vc2 /(2g)
(2.26)2
= 30 − [0.0315(800) + 0.5 + 3(0.95) + 0.79]
2(9.81)
(0.25)2 (1)2
− (0.0267)(160) − [0.0288(667) + 6.3 + 1] ≈ 21 m
2(9.81) 2(9.81)

The resulting turbine power = ρgQht = (9810)(16/3600)(21) ≈ 920 W. Ans.