2/4 B.Tech.

THIRD SEMESTER

ME3T3 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULIC MACHINES Credits: 4

Lecture: 4 periods/week Internal assessment: 30marks

Tutorial: 1 periods/week Semester end examination: 70 marks
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Objectives:

1. Explain the fluid properties, fundamentals of fluid statics and fluid flows.
2. Interpret the concepts of flow measurements, flow through pipes and momentum
principles
3. Acquire knowledge of various turbines and pumps
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of course the student will be able to :
1. Describe the concepts of fluids and its properties, apply fluid mechanics
equations in solving fluid statics such as finding pressure difference in manometers.
2. Express the concept of fluid flows, solve flow calculations in various types of pipes
and apply equation of continuity of mass, energy and momentum equation for any
analysis of dynamic problems.
3. Solve various velocity diagrams for stationary, moving and inclined cases of flat
and curved blades of turbo machinery.
4. Report on the concepts of work done by fluid jets leading to generation of power
and also identify the selection, governing and performance of turbines.
5. Analyze the functions of various hydraulic turbines and pumps with working
proportions and efficiencies.
Pre- Requisites:
Engineering physics, Engineering Mechanics

UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION :
Dimensions and units – Physical properties of fluids specific gravity, viscosity, surface
tension, vapor pressure and their influences on fluid motion pressure at a point,
Pascal’s law, Hydrostatic law - atmospheric, gauge and vacuum pressure-
measurement of pressure. Pressure gauges, Manometers: U-tube and differential
Manometers.
UNTI – II
FLUID KINEMATICS:
Description of fluid flow, Stream line, path line and streak lines and stream tube.
Classification of flows : Steady, unsteady, uniform, nonuniform, laminar, turbulent,
rotational and irrotational flows – Equation of continuity for one, two , three dimensional
flows – stream and velocity potential functions.

FLUID DYNAMICS : Surface and body forces – Euler’s and Bernoulli’s equations for
flow along a stream line, Momentum equation and its application – forces on pipe bend.
Vortex Motion- Free and Forced Vortices.

UNTI – III
CLOSED CONDUIT FLOW:
Laws of Fluid friction – Darcy’s equation, Minor losses – pipes in series – pipes in
parallel –Total energy line and hydraulic gradient line. Pipe network problems, variation
of friction factor with Reynold’s number –Moody’s Chart.

UNTI – IV
MEASUREMENT OF FLOW :
Pitot tube, Venturi meter and orifice meter – classification of orifices, flow over
rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal and Stepped notches - Broad crested weirs.

UNTI – V
IMPACT OF JETS:
Hydrodynamic force of jets on stationary and moving flat, inclined and curved vanes, jet
striking centrally and at tip – velocity triangles at inlet and outlet – expressions for work
done and efficiency – angular momentum principle.

UNTI – VI
HYDRAULIC TURBINES:
Classification- Pelton wheel- Reaction turbines- Inward and outward radial flow reaction
turbines- Francis turbine- Axial flow reaction turbine- Kaplan turbine- Draft tube- Types-
Theory- and efficiency of draft tube.

UNTI – VII
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:
Main parts- Efficiency- Minimum speed for starting- Multi-stage centrifugal pumps-
Specific speed of a centrifugal pump- Priming of a centrifugal pump- Characteristic
curves- Main, Operational and constant efficiency curves- Cavitation- Effects-
Cavitations in Hydraulic machines-NPSH.

UNIT VIII
RECIPROCATING PUMPS:
Main parts- Classification-Discharge-Slip- Velocity and acceleration variation in suction
and delivery pipes due to piston acceleration- Effect of variation of velocity on friction in
suction and delivery pipes- Effect of acceleration in suction and delivery pipes on
indicator diagram- Effect of friction- Maximum speed of reciprocating pump- Air vessels.

Learning resource

Text books:
1. Hydrualics and Fluid Mechanics, (14th edition) by P.N.Modi and S.M.Seth, Standarard
book house, , 2002,New Delhi.
2. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, (9th edition) by R.K.Bansal, Laxmi
publications(P)Ltd., , 2011, New Delhi.

Reference books:
1. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, (4th edition) by R.K.Rajput, S.Chand
limited publications, 2008, New Delhi.
2. Fluid Flow Machines by N.S.Govinda Rao, Tata Mc Graw Hill publishing company
Ltd.
3. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines by K.R.Arora, Standard Publishers
Distributors.
4. Elements of Hydraulic Machines & Fluids by Jagadish Lal, Metropolitan Book Co