Wiley-Blackwell American Anthropological Association

Harry Tschopik, Jr.
1915-1956
Author(s): John Howland Rowe
Reviewed work(s):
Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 60, No. 1, Part 1 (Feb., 1958), pp. 132-140
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HARRY TSCHOPIK, JR.

1915-1956
TSCHOPIK was an ethnologist interested in material culture and

HARRY
in the relationship between ethnology and archeology, a dedicated muse-
um man with a flair for exhibits and a belief in the mission of museums to take
anthropology to the general public, a pioneer student of Peruvian ethnology
who trained the first generation of Peruvian ethnologists, and a scholar who
stood uncompromisingly for the highest standards of recording and interpreta-
tion in anthropology. Into the scant twenty years of productive life which
was all he had, Harry Tschopik crowded more outstanding accomplishments
that most anthropologists manage in twice the span.
Harry Tschopik was born on August 23, 1915, in New Orleans, Louisiana.
His father, Harry Schlessinger Tschopik, was an executive of the American
Radiator-Standard Sanitary Corporation. Harry was named for his father, but
he disliked his middle name and never used it.
At least as early as high school days, Harry became interested in American
archeology and decided to make anthropology his career. As a senior at the
Isidore Newman High School in New Orleans he applied for admission to the
132
Harry Tschopik, Jr.: 1915-1956 133
University of California at Berkeley, but was rejected because some of his

grades were too low. He therefore entered Tulane University in the fall of 1932
and did his first two years of college work there in general subjects. He was
admitted to the University of California as a junior in 1934 and took his A.B.
degree there in 1936 with honors in anthropology and a Phi Beta Kappa key.
He was a member of Kappa Alpha fraternity and led an active social life, but
at the same time he made a brilliant record as a student. He had his first field
experience in the summer of 1935 as a member of an archeological field crew
working near Marysville in the Sacramento Valley unc'er the direction of
Waldo R. Wedel.
Harry's plan was to specialize in the archeology of Central America or the
eastern United States, so he went on to do graduate work at Harvard Univer-
sity where he could get specilaized instruction in these fields. Opportunities
for summer field work in archeology were scarce in those days, so Harry ac-
cepted an invitation from Clyde Kluckhohn to try doing ethnographic work on
Navaho material culture in the summer of 1937. This experience converted
Harry to ethnology and give him a profound respect for Kluckhohn, who be-
came one of the major intellectual influences in his career. Harry continued
his Navaho field work in 1938 and published a series of papers on Navaho
basketry and pottery (1938, 1940, 1941) which are outstanding for their
technological competence, comparative perspective, and sense of theoretical
problem. Equally noteworthy is his distribution study of Southwestern
basketry techniques published as part of the archeological report on the 1937
excavations of the University of New Mexico in Chaco Canyon (1939).
Meanwhile, with Marion Hutchinson, whom he married August 23, 1939,
he assisted in the study of a mummy bundle from the Great Necropolis at
Paracas, Peru. This work, done under the direction of Alfred Kidder II, re-
flected an interest in the Andean area which Harry owed to a course he took
with Ronald L. Olson at the University of California in 1935. Harry wrote a
section on the basketry remains for the still unpublished report on this mummy
bundle.
In 1940 Harry took his M.A. at Harvard and left for Peru with his wife to
undertake a study of a conservative Aymara community near Puno. The
Tschopiks selected the village of Chucuito on the shores of Lake Titicaca for
the proposed study and worked there for two and a half years. The Chucuito
project was an exceptionally difficult one, and it inspired Harry to the finest
field work of his career. The Aymara are proverbially hostile to outsiders, and
the rigid class structure of Peruvian society made it impossible for the Tscho-
piks to attempt to establish familiar patterns of friendly equality with their
informants. Nevertheless, they succeeded in earning the liking and trust of the
townspeople to such an extent that the Aymara were willing to put on their
most sacred ceremonies out of season so that Harry could photograph them.
Harry applied to the Chucuito project the rigorous standards of field recording
and documentation which he had learned under Kluckhohn and collected the
materials for one of the most detailed studies of another culture ever under-
134 American Anthropologist [60, 19581
taken by an ethnologist. He estimated that he had material for at least six
volumes of reports. Unfortunately, his death interrupted the publication of
his Chucuito results. He had published a general summary of Aymara culture
in the Handbook of South American Indians (1946), the texts of four Aymara
folk tales (1948), a study of pottery making at Chucuito in historical perspec-
tive (1950), and a detailed monograph on Aymara magic, written as his Ph.D.
dissertation at Harvard (1951); a second monograph, on Aymara material cul-
ture, was partly written when he died. He also published two popular articles
on his adventures at Chucuito (1955).
In 1942 Harry undertook some intelligence work for the U. S. government,
and the Tschopiks moved to Arequipa. Harry continued to work on the Chu-
cuito project, however, and made several further visits to the town.
Early in 1945 Harry succeeded John Gillin as the Representative in Peru
of the Institute of Social Anthropology of the Smithsonian Institution. The
plans drawn up between Julian H. Steward, the Director of the Institute, and
Luis E. Valcircel, Peruvian Minister of Education, called for a survey of
highland communities in central Peru and an intensive study of one with a
culture of mestizo type. Harry was in charge of the field program, assisted by
Jorge C. Muelle, Gabriel Escobar, and Jose M. B. Farfin. This team spent the
months of April and May, 1945, visiting fourteen communities in the de-
partments of Pasco, Junin, Huancavelica, and Ayacucho to make a survey of
regional cultural variation; Tschopik, Muelle, and Escobar then devoted
about a year to a detailed study of the town of Sicaya near Huancayo. Harry
published a report on the survey (1947) which attracted much favorable atten-
tion; the field work had been done with great skill and a surprising amount of
valuable information collected. It was agreed by the three participants in the
Sicaya study that Muelle and Escobar should write the report on that com-
munity. Muelle and Escobar showed me their notes in Lima in the summer
of 1946 just after the close of the Sicaya work; both were full of enthusiasm
and had found the experience an emotional as well as an intellectual adventure.
Harry found field work exciting, and even to talk over field problems with
him was an inspiration.
During the work at Sicaya Harry was told about two caves nearby in
which stone implements had been found but no pottery. He made a small
excavation in these caves and published an article on them (1946) which is a
model of archeological reporting. These caves were the first preceramic sites
in Peru to be adequately reported.
When the Tschopiks returned to the United States in the summer of 1946
Kluckhohn was deep in culture and personality problems and wanted Harry
to get some background in this field. Then it was decided that Harry should
write his dissertation on Aymara"magic as revealing "the congruity between
personality and the culture pattern" (1951:147). The plan called for a tour de
force. The field work at Chucuito had not been done with problems of culture
and personality in mind,and Harry had to reinterpret his field notes without be-
ing able to go back and check questions with his informants. Few ethnologists
could have met such a formidable challenge, but Harry's field record included
so much detailed case material that he was able to write a very distinguished
monograph along the lines set. Its publication in 1951, the same year his
doctorate was awarded, prompted Kroeber to write a special letter of com-
mendation to the AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST (55:613). Nevertheless, Harry
was not happy with the culture and personality approach and never published
another paper which reflected it.
In March, 1947, Harry became Assistant Curator of Ethnology at the
American Museum of Natural History in New York, filling a vacancy left by
the retirement of Clark Wissler. It was an admirable appointment from every
point of view, and Harry wrote at the time that it was his number one job pref-
erence in the whole United States. His museum duties left him time to com-
plete his dissertation and stimulated him to do research in new fields. An in-
vitation to install an exhibit of North American Indian material at the Museo
Nacional in San Jose, Costa Rica, in 1952 gave him an opportunity to make a
field survey of Costa Rican rural communities. Meanwhile, Harry had devel-
oped an interest in the Montafia tribes of eastern Peru through his research
for the great "Men of the Montafia" exhibit which the American Museum
installed in 1951. In 1953 he spent eight months exploring the Montafia area
and visited the Campa, Conibo, Shipibo, and Cocama. He brought back from
this trip 4,500 feet of color-sound film and 50 rolls of tape recordings in addition
to his own notes. In 1954 he published an album in the Ethnic Folkways Li-
brary containing selections of the music recorded on this trip, and the next
year he published two popular articles on his experiences. He was working on a
paper on Shipibo kinship at the time of his death.
As a result of the Montafia survey, Harry laid plans for a major research
program centering on the Ucayali tribes. It was to involve a combination of
archeological and ethnographic field work, with some background natural
science studies, and was to emphasize the history of the cultures in the area
and a relativistic approach to the cultural systems themselves. Harry wanted
to assume personal responsibility for making a thorough study of the culture
of the Conibo, a people whom he found particularly interesting and congenial,
and he hoped to persuade others to undertake other parts of the general pro-
gram. The first unit of his plan was carried out in 1956; in that year the
American Museum sponsored a season's archeological field work in the
Pucallpa area by Donald W. Lathrap of Harvard University. Lathrap followed
instructions and suggestions provided by Tschopik in this work and returned
home in time to make a personal report on his results shortly before Harry died.
In one of his last popular articles, Harry remarked, "An ethnologist by
profession, I am a photographer at heart" (Natural History, January, 1955, p.
12). This statement reflected the fact that Harry was fascinated by the possibil-
ities of using still photography and film to record ethnographic data in the
field both for research analysis and to make the cultures he studied intelligible
to a wider public. He was a superb photographer in both media. His death
interrupted the final editing of a color film based on his Montaia field work,
but Harry had done enough so that the job could be finished by someone else.
Harry held an appointment as Lecturer as Columbia University from 1949
to 1951 but taught only for one year; he gave a course in 1949-50 on Andean
Indians. He was a good teacher and the students liked him, but he did not like
academic teaching--a reaction that he predicted long before he actually tried
it. The kind of teaching he liked was of an entirely different sort; he enjoyed
reaching a nonacademic public through popular lectures, nontechnical articles
and reviews, television, and strikingly original museum exhibits. He valued his
museum position so highly because he believed that the mission of anthropo-
logical museums is to take the study of man to a public which the universities
will never reach. In this difficult field Harry was one of the greatest teachers of
his generation. One cannot read his articles and reviews for Natural History
without being struck by the artistry with which he made accurate and sig-
nificant anthropological information intelligible and interesting to the general
reader. He brought the same skill to bear on television presentations in his
frequent appearances on the American Museum program Adventure; he in-
sisted on the highest scientific standards but maintained that the scripts did
not have to be dull just because they were accurate. He can ill be spared in a
field which anthropology cannot afford to neglect.
In museum exhibition, Harry's masterpiece was the "Men of the Montafia"
show for which he did the anthropological research (see The New Yorker,
December 8, 1951, pp. 33-34). With regard to this exhibit, Junius Bird writes:
"Since it was opened, I have talked with various Europeans on tour studying
museum exhibition techniques. All were emphatic in agreeing that this hall is
the greatest anthropological exhibit they had ever seen." In the manner of
Harry's popular articles, this exhibit is an emotional experience for the visitor
as well as a monument of scientific accuracy and clear presentation.
Harry was keenly interested in anthropological theory and enjoyed dis-
cussing it with his professional colleagues. In his writings, however, he liked to
make the theory, of which he was fully conscious, emerge from the selection,
arrangement, and interpretation of data. It is a highly sophisticated method of
scientific discourse which was not fashionable during Harry's lifetime-but
Harry made few concessions to academic fashion. He always appeared con-
cerned about other people's reactions, but in his own research his judgment
was independent, original, and sound.
Harry Tschopik died of heart failure in his sleep on November 12, 1956.
He is survived by his wife, a son Harry Tschopik III, and two daughters,
Carolyn and Hope.
JOHN HOWLAND ROWE
University of California, Berkeley
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Harry Tschopik, Jr.

HARRY TSCHOPIK, JR.

TSCHOPIK was an ethnologist interested in material culture and

University of California at Berkeley, but was rejected because some of his

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