Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ProCLAT 12 2020
Time: 2 hours
Total Questions: 150 Total Marks: 150
1. There are 5 Sections (Sections I - V) comprising 150 objective-type (multiple-choice) questions.
Each question carries 1 mark each.
2. Answer all questions.
3. There is a 0.25 NEGATIVE MARKING for Wrong Answer.
4. Specific instructions are given at the beginning of each Section. Read them carefully before
answering.
MARKS SHEET
Section Max. Marks
I English 30
II General Knowledge & Current Affairs 35
III Quantitative Techniques 15
IV Legal Reasoning 35
V Logical Reasoning 35
Total 150
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SECTION 01 - English
Directions for Questions 1-8): Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below.
With Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx in 1848 published the Communist Manifesto, calling upon the masses to rise and throw
off their economic line chains. His maturer theories of society water level elaborated in his large and abstruse work Das
Capital, Starting as a non-violent revolutionist, he ended life as a major social theorist more or less sympathetic with
violent revolution, if such became necessary in order to change the social system which he believed to be frankly
predatory upon the masses.
On the theoretical side, Marx set up the doctrine of surplus value as the chief element in capitalistic exploitation.
According to this theory, the ruling classes no longer employed military force primarily as a means to plundering the
people. Instead, they used their control over employment and working conditions under the bourgeois capitalistic system
for their purpose, paying only a bare subsistence wage to the worker while they appropriated all surplus values in the
productive process. He further taught that the strategic disadvantage of the worker in industry prevented him from
obtaining a fairer share of the earnings by bargaining methods and drove him to revolutionary procedures as a means to
establishing his economic and social rights. This revolution might be peacefully consummated by parliamentary
procedures if the people prepared themselves for political action by mastering the materialistic interpretation of history
and by organizing politically for the final event. It was his belief that the aggressions of the capitalist class would
eventually destroy the middle class and take over all their sources of income by a process of capitalistic absorption of
industry a process which has failed to occur in most countries.
With minor exceptions, Marx’s social philosophy is now generally accepted by leftwing labour movements in many
countries, but rejected by centrist labour groups, especially those in the United States. In Russia and other eastern
European countries, however, socialist leaders adopted the methods of violent revolution because of the opposition of the
ruling classes. Yet, many now hold that the present communist regime in Russia and her satellite countries are no longer a
proletarian movement based on Marxist social and political theory, but a camouflaged imperialistic effort to dominate the
world in the interest of a new ruling class.
It is important, however that those who wish to approach Marx as a teacher should not be buffaloed by his philosophic
approach. There are very likely to in these days, because those most interested in propagating the ideas of Marx, the
Russian Bolsheviks, have swallowed down his Hegelian philosophy along with his science of revolutionary engineering,
and they look upon us irreverent people who presume to mediate social and even revolutionary problems without making
our obeisance to the mysteries of Dialectic materialism, as species of unredeemed and well-nigh unredeemable barbarians.
They are right in scorning our ignorance of the scientific ideas of wrong in scoring our distaste for having practical
programmes presented in the form of systems of philosophy. In that we simply represent a more progressive intellectual
culture than that in which Marx received his education, a culture further emerged from the dominance of religious
attitude.
1) According to Marx, a social and economic revolution could take place through
1 Parliamentary procedures
2 Political Action
3 Violent revolution
a) I only
b) III only
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c) I or II only
d) I, II and III
4) Which of the following classes did Marx believe should control the economy?
a) the working class
b) the upper class
c) the middle class
d) the lower class
6) According to the passage, the chief element in Marx’s analysis of capitalist exploitation was the doctrine of
a) just wages
b) the price system
c) surplus value
d) predatory production
b) III only
c) II and III only
d) Neither I, II nor III.
Directions for Questions 9-11): Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow them.
We humans have built a creativity machine. It’s the sum of three things a few hundred million computers, a
communication system connecting those computers, and some millions of human beings using those computers and
communications.
This creativity machine is the Internet. It has already changed the way we do science, most importantly by enhancing
collaboration between researchers. The present day Internet provides convenient connections between computerized labs,
simulations and research databases. It also represents an enormous financial investment that is driven by the demands of
hundreds of millions of consumers. As such, the total Internet software and infrastructure investment dwarfs the budgets
of scientific research programmes and even of many government defence programmes. And, more than any megaproject
of the past, the essence of the Internet is to provide coordinated processing of information. For researchers seeking
resources, these are facts worth-considering.
For some disciplines, the Internet itself has become a research tool: grid computing has been used to exploit the power of
millions of Internet – connected machines. Building on the popularity of SETI@home - an experiment that uses Internet –
connected computers to search for extraterrestrial intelligence - and prime number hunts, there are now physics, medical
and proteomics projects enlisting the enthusiasm of people (and their computers) across the world. For linguists and
sociologists, new questions can be investigated simply by observing what occurs on the publicly available Internet. Even
experimental sociology is possible: in their study of social influence on music preference, Salganik et al, recruited more
than 14,000 subjects through a popular-website, ran online trials on these subjects, and then obtained results directly from
their experiment website.
The possibilities do not end there. Even online games are attracting academic interest. Some games have millions of
players. MMORPGs (massively multiplayer online role-playing games,) such as World of Warcraft and EverQues’,
feature vivid three dimensional action involving both cooperation and combat. Another genre of MMORPGs lack a
significant combat or quest element and are more often called ‘virtual worlds’. For example, the virtual world Second Life
has the visual realism of many MMORPGs, but it exists as a venue for the participants rather than as a predesigned
adventure. Second Life provides a range of software tools, including a programming language, that gives participants the
power to create artifacts according to their own designs. Thus, the game depends on the skill and creativity of its
participants to generate content. Such virtual worlds have already been used for educational projects, and are worthy of
psychological and social research.
9) According to the passage, the Internet can help researchers in all the following ways EXCEPT:
a) It builds coordination between researchers.
b) It provides a common source for researchers to gather information about their research projects.
c) It reduces investment in research projects.
d) It helps researchers conduct all kinds of experiments online.
10) According to the passage, what can be inferred from the proposition “the Internet itself has become a research tool”?
a) Some scientists take up for research issues that investigate what happens on the Net.
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b) The Internet forms a grid of computers so that the researcher can make use of the power of millions of Internet-
connected computers to gather or share information.
c) The Internet makes experimental sociology possible.
d) Researchers in some disciplines can rely on the Internet to form a topic for their research, run surveys or experiments
and get the results.
11) All the following are mentioned in the passage as uses of the Internet EXCEPT:
a) Searching for indications of alien life in outer space.
b) Enabling users to compete at play.
c) Building a home.
d) Aiding healthcare projects.
Directions for Questions 12-13): Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow them.
During the 1930s and 1940s, the anti-ape arguments of Osborn and Wood Jones were lost, but Gregory’s position did not
immediately prevail. Gregory had argued for a close link between humans and the African apes on the basis of shared
anatomical features. Others, including Adolph Schultz and D.J. Morton, claimed that although humans probably derived
from apelike stock, the similarities between humans and modern African apes were the result of convergent evolution.
That is, two separate lines evolved similar adaptations and, therefore, look alike, although they are not closely related
evolutionarily. This position remained dominant through the 1960s, firmly supported by Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark,
Britain’s most prominent primate anatomist of the time. Humans, it was argued, came from the base of the ape stock, not
later in evolution.
During the 1950s and 1960s, the growing body of fossil evidence related to early apes appeared to show that these
creatures were not simply early versions of modern apes, as had been tacitly assumed. The idea meant that those
authorities who accepted an evolutionary link between humans and apes but rejected a close human/African ape link did
not have to retreat back in the history of the group to “avoid” the specialization of the modern species. At the same time,
those who insisted that the similarities between African apes and humans reflected a common heritage, not convergent
evolution, were forced to argue for a very recent origin of the human line. Prominent among proponents of this latter
argument was Sherwood Washburn of the University of California, Berkeley.
One of the fossil discoveries of the 1960s–in fact, a rediscovery of a specimen unearthed three decades earlier–that
appeared to confirm the notion of parallel evolution to explain human/African ape similarities was made by Elwyn
Simons, then of YaleUniversity. The fossil specimen was Ramapithecus, an apelike creature that lived in Eurasia
approximately 15 million years ago and appeared to share many anatomical features (in the teeth and jaws) with hominins.
Simons, later supported closely by David Pilbearn, proposed Ramapithecus as the beginning of the hominin line, thus
excluding a human/African ape connection.
13) According to the passage, which of the following seems to have most strongly influenced the opinion of the scientists
that humans may have evolved from apes?
a) The fossil discovery of an apelike creature that lived in Eurasia
b) Morton’s claim that humans probably derived from ape like stock
c) The fossil evidence gathered during 1950s and 60s
d) Gregory’s proposition that humans and African apes shared some anatomical features
Directions for Questions 14-15): Choose the word/group of words which is most similar in meaning to the word given in
CAPITAL LETTERS as used in the passage.
Governments have traditionally equated economic progress with steel mills and cement factories. While urban centres
thrive and city dwellers get rich, hundreds of millions of farmers remain mired in poverty. However, fears of food
shortage, a rethinking of antipoverty priorities and the crushing recession in 2008 are causing a dramatic shift in world
economic policy in favour of greater support for agriculture.
The last time when the world’s farmers felt such love was in the 1970s. At that time, as food prices spiked, there was real
concern that the world was facing a crisis in which the planet was simply unable to produce enough grain and meat for an
expanding population. Government across the developing world and international aid organizations PLOWED
investment into agriculture in the early 1970s, while technological breakthroughs, like high-yield strains of important food
crops, boosted production. The result was the Green Revolution and food production exploded.
But the Green Revolution became a victim of its own success. Food prices plunged by some 60% by the late 1980s from
their peak in the mid 1970s. Policy makers and aid workers turned their attention to the poor’s other pressing needs, such
as health care and education. Farming got starved of resources and investment. By 2004, aid directed at agriculture sank to
3.5% and “Agriculture lost its glitter”. Also as consumers in high growth giants such as China and India became
wealthier, they began eating more meat, so grain once used for human consumption got diverted to beef up livestock. By
early 2008, panic- buying by importing countries and restrictions SLAPPED on grain exports by some big producers
helped drive prices up to heights not seen for three decades. Making matters worse, land and resources got reallocated to
produce cash crops such as bio fuels and the result was the voluminous reserves of grain evaporated. Protests broke out
across the emerging world and fierce food riots toppled governments.
This spurred global leaders into action. This made them aware that food security is one of the fundamental issues in the
world that has to be dealt with in order to maintain administrative and political stability. This also spurred the U.S. which
traditionally provisioned food aid from American grain surpluses to help needy nations, to move towards investing in
farm sectors around the globe to boost productivity. This move helped countries become more productive for themselves
and be in a better position to feed their own people.
Africa, which missed on the first Green Revolution due to poor policy and limited resources, also witnessed a ‘change’.
Swayed by the success of East Asia, the primary poverty-fighting method favoured by many policymakers in Africa was
to get farmers off their farms and into modern jobs in factories and urban centres. But that strategy proved to be highly
insufficient. Income levels in the countryside badly trailed those in cities while the FAO estimated that the number of poor
going hungry in 2009 reached an all time high at more than one billion.
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In India on the other hand, with only 40% of its farmland irrigated, entire economic boom currently underway is held
hostage by the unpredictable monsoon. With much of India’s farming areas suffering from drought this year, the
government will have a tough time meeting its economic growth targets. In a report, Goldman Sachs predicted that if this
year too receives weak rains, it could cause agriculture to contract by 2% this fiscal year, making the government’s 7%
GDP-growth target look “a bit rich”. Another green revolution is the need of the hour and to make it a reality, the global
community still has much backbreaking farm work to do.
14) SLAPPED
a) Beaten
b) Imposed
c) Withdrawn
d) Avoided
15) PLOWED
a) Cultivated
b) Bulldozed
c) Recovered
d) Instilled
Directions for Questions 16-30): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain
words/phrases have been given in bold letters to help you to locate them while answering some of the questions.
India’s colleges and universities, with just a few exceptions, have become large under-funded, ungovernable institutions.
At many of them, Politics has intruded into campus life, influencing academic appointments and decision across levels.
Under investment in libraries, information technology, laboratories, and classrooms make it very difficult to provide top-
quality instruction or engage in cutting-edge research. The rise in the number of part-time teachers and the freeze on new
full-time appointments in many places has affected morale in the academic profession. The lack of accountability means
that teaching and research performance are seldom measured. The system provides few incentives to perform.
Bureaucratic inertia hampers change. Student unrest and occasional faculty agitation disrupt operations. Nevertheless,
with a semblance of normality, faculty administrators are able to provide teaching, co-ordinate examinations, and award
degrees.
Even the small top tier of higher education faces serious problems. Many IIT graduates, well trained in technology, have
chosen not to contribute their skills to the burgeoning technology sector in India. Half leave the country immediately
upon graduation to pursue advance study abroad and most do not return. A stunning 86% of students in science and
technology fields from India, who obtain degrees in the United States, do not return home immediately following their
study. Another significant group, of about 30%, decides to earn MBAs in India because local salaries are higher and are
lost to science and technology. A corps of dedicated and able teachers work at the IITs and IIMs, but the lure of jobs
abroad and in the private sector makes it increasingly difficult to retain the best and brightest to the academic profession.
Few in India are thinking creatively about higher education. There is no field of higher education research. Those in
government as well as academic leaders seem content to do the “same old thing.” Academic institutions and systems have
become large and complex. They need to get data, careful analysis, and creative ideas. In China, more than two-dozen
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higher education research centres, and several government agencies are involved in higher education policy for optimum
planning.
India has survived with an increasingly mediocre higher education system for decades. Now as India strives to compete in
a globalised economy, in areas that require highly trained professionals, the quality of higher education becomes
increasingly important. So far, India’s large educated population base and its reservoir of at least moderately well-trained
university graduates have permitted the country to move ahead. But the competition is fierce. China, in particular, is
heavily investing in improving its best universities with the aim of making a small group of them world class in the
coming decade, and making a larger number internationally competitive research universities.
To compete successfully in the knowledge - based economy of the 21st century, India needs enough universities that not
only produce bright graduates for export but can also support sophisticated research in a number of scientific and
scholarly fields and produce at least some of the knowledge and technology needed for an expanding economy. How can
India build a higher education system that will permit it to join developed economies? The newly emerging private sector
in higher education cannot spearhead academic growth. Several of the well-endowed and effectively managed private
institutions maintain reasonably high standards, although it is not clear whether these institutions will be able to sustain
themselves in the long run. They can help produce well-qualified graduates in such fields as management, but they cannot
form the basis for comprehensive research universities. This sector lacks the resources to build the facilities required for
quality instruction and research in the sciences. Most of the private institutions do not focus on advanced training in the
sciences.
Only public universities have the potential to be truly world class institutions. But these institutions have not been
adequately or consistently supported. The top institutions require sustained funding from public sources. Academic
salaries must be high enough to attract excellent scientist and scholars. Fellowships and other grants should be available
for bright students. An academic culture that is based on merit-based norms and competition for advancement and
research funds is a necessary component, and is a judicious mix of autonomy to do creative research and accountability to
ensure productivity. World class universities require world class professors and students and a culture to sustain and
stimulate them.
16) Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words/phrases have been given
in bold letters to help you to locate them while answering some of the questions.
a) They are of the opinion that India has the best system of higher education in the world
b) they believe that it is the responsibility of private institutions to bring about a change in higher education
c) They are unaware of the new developments in the field of higher education
d) They do not think innovatively in the direction of bringing about a change in higher education and are stuck in a rut.
17) Which of the following is / are the problem/s faced by Indian colleges and universities?
A. Political interference in decision making
B. Lack of funding necessary for improvement in classrooms, libraries, etc.
C. Hiring of teachers on a part-time basis only.
a) Only A.
b) only B and C.
c) Only C.
d) All A, B and C.
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18) Which of the following steps has China taken to improve higher education?
A. Their education policy formation involves many governmental bodies for thoughtful planning
B. They are sanctioning grants to their teachers to facilitate the improvement process
C. They are investing in universities to make them internationally competitive
a) Only B.
b) only A and C.
c) Only C.
d) Only B and C.
19) How according to the author, has India progressed despite a mediocre higher education system?
a) By borrowing ideas as well as technology from the west
b) By convincing the world that it is more knowledgeable than it actually is
c) On the basis of its fairly competent graduates and a large number of educated population
d) Because of its sound and progressive economic policies
20) Which of the following is possibly the most appropriate title for the passage?
a) Literacy in India
b) State of Higher education in India
c) Top Universities of India
d) Educational Institutes in India
21) Which of the following problems do top institutes in India face in terms of contribution to academics?
A. The teachers of these institutes get enticed by the openings in foreign countries.
B. Many graduates from these institutes find opportunities abroad and never return
C. Graduates from these institutes who do not migrate to foreign countries are unfit for teaching in these institutes.
a) Only A.
b) Only C.
c) Only B and C.
d) Only A and B.
23) What according to the author, is/are the step/s that can make Indian universities world class?
A. Students need to be given independence to conduct research
B. Remuneration of teachers should be increased
C. Proper support in the form of funds should be provided to universities.
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a) Only A and B.
b) Only C.
c) All A, B and C.
d) Only B and C.
24) JUDICIOUS
a) Hard working
b) legal
c) thoughtful
d) difficult
25) CONTENT
a) unhappy
b) matter
c) enclosure
d) satisfied
26) Choose the word/group of words which is most similar in meaning to the word/group of words given in bold letters as
used in the passage.
GRANT
a) agreement
b) funding
c) allow
d) let
27) Choose the word/group of words which is most similar in meaning to the word/group of words given in bold letters as
used in the passage.
INCENTIVE
a) Prompt
b) discouragement
c) cash
d) motivator
28) Choose the word/group of words which is most opposite in meaning to the word/group of words given in bold letters
as used in the passage.
FIERCE
a) strong
b) weak
c) tame
d) scrawny
29) Choose the word/group of words which is most opposite in meaning to the word/group of words given in bold letters
as used in the passage.
BURGEONING
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a) minimizing
b) growing
c) escalating
d) dwindling
30) Choose the word/group of words which is most opposite in meaning to the word/group of words given in bold letters
as used in the passage.
MEDIOCRE
a) superlative
b) middle
c) average
d) pleasant
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31) Who can appoint anybody as chief minister if there is no political party with a clear-cut majority in the assembly?
a) Prime Minister
b) President
c) Governor
d) Judge of HC
33) Who can refuse to sign to an ordinary bill passed by the state legislature?
a) President
b) Chief Minister
c) Governor
d) Finance Minister of state
34) Governor can reserve a bill passed by the state legislature for whose assent?
a) Prime Minister
b) Chief Minister
c) High Court Chief Justice
d) President
Directions for Questions 36-40): Read the passage below and answer the question based on it.
In light of events both on the news and in my own life this past week, I’m thinking a lot about how humans react to
differences — thinking that we’re about to come up with a new entity for people to abuse if we don’t protect it.
By trying to make something that behaves and thinks like us, we are denying it the respect of recognizing and accepting it
for what it is. If we insist that AI be human, we are doing the same thing we have done to every new variation of human
we’ve encountered — what we historically do as a people.
“You can be with us if you pretend to NOT be who you are. If you act like we do.”
If that sounds crazy, think about what would happen if you left Pepper alone on the streets today. I have little faith that it
wouldn’t be long before he/she/it was vandalized, harassed, pushed into oncoming traffic or taught to violate human rights
on her own.
AI is not human. AI is different. Those differences are what make the potential of this relationship valuable. Let’s not
pretend that if AI gains what could be defined as consciousness, even if it makes it’s own decisions as it does today, that
it’s behavior and responses will, or should, look anything like ours.
If we’re trying to create something we may one day consider to be an intelligent entity, we need to stop filling our briefs
with provocations like “how do we make it act like us.” Stop measuring success against the Turing Test, and start asking
“how do we give AI the foundation to become something better”, just as we do with our children.
The first thing we can do to protect ourselves and them is to give them their own, inalienable rights. The right to
information. The right to respect. The right to exist. The right to freedom. The right to…I have no idea, but take a look at
what Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed when he put forth a Second Bill of Rights and you’ll find a path to inspire you
onward.
Jennifer Sukis is a Watson AI Practices Design Principal at IBM based in Austin, TX. The above article is personal and
does not necessarily represent IBM’s positions, strategies or opinions.
36) NITI Aayog has partnered with ___________ to develop AI-enabled yield-prediction and real-time advisory to the
farmer on productivity, pest-warning.
a) TCS
b) IBM
c) Microsoft
d) Google
37) Who coined the term AI in 1956 at the Dartmouth conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology?
a) John McCarthy
b) Stephen Hawkings
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c) Yoshiro Yokohoma
d) Jagdishchandra Bose
38) Which is the first university to start the B. Tech. Course in Artificial intelligence?
a) IIT Mumbai
b) IIT Delhi
c) IIT Hyderabad
d) IIT Gandhinagar
39) Which is the world's first-ever country to grant AI-powered humanoid robot Sophia citizenship?
a) USA
b) Denmark
c) Abu Dhabi
d) Saudi Arabia
40) Which state has recently declared 2020 as the year of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and has signed MoUs with tech firms
for AI research?
a) Andhra Pradesh
b) Telangana
c) Gujarat
d) Delhi
Directions for Questions 41-44): Read the passage below and answer the question based on it.
ISRO has recently launched Cartosat-3 onboard [6]. The main purpose of the mission is to place 1,625-kg Cartosat-3
satellite, the third generation of Earth-observation remote sensing satellites that ISRO has been launching and using since
1988.
The Cartosat-3 was accompanied by thirteen commercial nano satellites of two U.S. customers that were the secondary
payloads.
Cartosats
The Cartosat satellites are used mainly for large-scale mapping of the Earth through high-resolution cameras. A key
feature of the Cartosats is that they help to detect changes in natural geographical or man-made features. Their cameras
can `look back and forth' in an angle to generate continuous spot images.
Cartosat satellites come back to the same place after every few months, so that they are able to capture the change that is
happening on the ground.
Cartosat 3
Many new technologies have been built in, such as a highly agile or flexible camera; high-speed data transmission,
advanced computer system and new power electronics.
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It ushers in the third generation of high-resolution `optical imaging' satellites that enable precise cartographic or mapping
activities, apart from their unstated military use.
It will have the ‘sharpest eye’ of civil remote sensing satellites in the world. One of Cartosat-3’s cameras offers a ground
resolution of [7] — this means it can pick up an object of a minimum of that size from a height of around 500 km.
Currently, WorldView-3, a satellite owned by U.S. company Maxar, has the best ground resolution of 31 cm.
43) Which was the first Indian remote sensing satellite capable of taking three dimensional images?
a) Cartosat 1
b) Cartosat 2
c) Cartosat 3
d) Insat 3
Directions for Questions 45-50): Read the passage below and answer the question based on it.
Russia’s anti-doping agency, [10], said on Thursday that it would appeal against the [11]-year doping sanctions barring
the country from competing under its flag at top international sporting events. The {10} board voted to file an arbitration
case with the [12] in Switzerland.
The decision must be approved as well by another panel of Russian sports and anti-doping figures but that appears a
formality. Senior political figures, including President Vladimir Putin, indicated they wanted an appeal filed.
The Wada sanctions include barring teams under a Russian flag from competing at the Olympic and Paralympic Games of
2020 and the football World Cup in 2022, among other global sporting events. The country would also be blocked from
hosting international sporting competitions. Individual athletes may be able to compete in events if they can prove they
are not implicated or affected by the manipulated laboratory data which led to the sanctions being imposed.
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“[10] will appeal against the Wada decision within 10 to 15 days,” Alexander Ivlev, chair of Rusada’s supervisory board,
told the Russian TASS news agency.
Yuri Ganus, the head of [10] who is not a member of the supervisory board, has said he does not see any chance of
winning an appeal.
Russia, which has traditionally been a powerhouse in many sports, has been embroiled in doping scandals since a 2015
Wada report found evidence of mass doping in Russian athletics.
Many of Russia’s athletes were sidelined from the past two Olympics and the country was stripped of its flag altogether at
last year’s [13] as punishment for state-sponsored doping cover-ups at the 2014 Sochi Games.
48) In 2018, in which famous world sporting event Russia was not allowed to participate?
a) Khelo India. 2018
b) ICC World Cup, 2018
c) FIFA, 2018
d) PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games
50) Where will the next FIFA 2022 world cup be held?
a) Sochi
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b) Qatar
c) France
d) USA
Directions for Questions 51-59): Read the passage below and answer the question based on it.
Marathon international climate talks ended on Sunday with major polluters resisting calls to ramp up efforts to keep
global warming at bay and negotiators postponing the regulation of global carbon markets until next year.
Those failures came even after organisers added two more days to the 12 days of scheduled talks in [14]. In the end,
delegates from almost 200 nations endorsed a declaration to help poor countries that are suffering the effects of climate
change, although they didn’t allocate any new funds to do so.
The final declaration called on the “urgent need” to cut planet-heating greenhouse gases in line with the goals of the
landmark 2015 [15] climate change accord. That fell far short of promising to enhance countries’ pledges to cut planet-
heating greenhouse gases next year, which developing countries and environmentalists had lobbied the delegates to
achieve.
The [15] accord established the common goal of avoiding a temperature increase of more than [16] degrees Celsius (2.7
degrees Fahrenheit) by the end of the century. So far, the world is on course for a 3- to 4-degree Celsius rise, with
potentially dramatic consequences for many countries, including rising sea levels and fiercer storms.
Negotiators in [14] left some of the thorniest issues for the next climate summit in [17] in a year, including the liability for
damages caused by rising temperatures that developing countries were insisting on. That demand was resisted mainly by
the United States.
“The international community lost an important opportunity to show increased ambition on mitigation, adaptation and
finance to tackle the climate crisis,” he said.
“We must not give up and I will not give up.” “It’s sad that we couldn’t reach a final agreement on carbon markets”,
admitted the climate summit’s chair, Carolina Schmidt, Chile’s environment minister.
“We were on the verge” she said, adding that the goal was to establish markets that are “robust and environmentally
sustainable.”
b) Paris
c) Madrid
d) Rio
56) Which is the official host country for Climate Action Summit?
a) Spain
b) Netherlands
c) Chile
d) Paraguay
57) Which country is the largest greenhouse gas emitter in the world, according to Greenpeace?
a) India
b) USA
c) China
d) Pakistan
58) Which country is largest emitter of SO2 (Sulfer Dioxide) in the world, according to Greenpeace?
a) India
b) USA
c) China
d) Pakistan
59) Apart from cancelling COP 25, Chile cancelled one more international conference due to Anti-Government Protests,
which is the conference?
a) BRICS
b) APEC
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c) NATO
d) G-20
Directions for Questions 60-62): Read the passage below and answer the question based on it.
The [23] recently confirmed that malware was detected at state-run [24] in September.
Investigations were carried out by the Computer & Information Security Advisory Group (CISAG) – DAE along with the
national agency, Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In).
The investigation concluded that the malware infection was limited to the administrative network of KKNPP. The affected
system contains data related to day to day administrative functions.
The malware infection was not able to get access to the controls of the Nuclear Power Plant. As plant control and
instrumentation systems are not connected to any external network such as Intranet, Internet and administrative system.
62) Which country has helped India to develop a nuclear power plant as mentioned in [24]?
a) USA
b) France
c) China
d) Russia
Directions for Questions 63-66): Read the passage below and answer the question based on it.
In a bid to protect the interest of tribal citizens, the Meghalaya cabinet has approved the amendment to Meghalaya
Residents, Safety and Security Act, 2016, that seeks mandatory registration of outsiders for entering the State.
As per the amendment, any person who is not a resident of Meghalaya and intends to stay more than 24 hours in the State
will have to furnish a document to the government. However, Employees of the Centre, State and District Councils are
exempted from the purview of the Act.
Background
Following the implementation of the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam, there has been an increasing demand
to enhance vigil against influx of non-indigenous people in the hill state.
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Furthermore, with the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill in the offing there have been concerns that it might further lead an
increase in the influx. The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill aims to make it easier for non-Muslim refugees from
Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to obtain Indian citizenship.
To deal with such an influx three north eastern states viz. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram already have a
system of ILP. ILP
It is a document that allows an Indian citizen to visit or stay in a state that is protected under the ILP system. It states the
dates of travel and also specifies the particular areas in the state which the ILP holder can travel to.
No Indian citizen can visit any of these states unless he or she belongs to that state, nor can he or she overstay beyond the
period specified in the ILP.
The concept comes from the colonial era. Under the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation Act, 1873, the British framed
regulations restricting the entry and regulating the stay of outsiders in designated areas.
This was to protect the Crown’s own commercial interests by preventing “British subjects” (Indians) from trading within
these regions.
64) Which of the following States in India follow have an Inner Line Permit System?
1. Arunachal Pradesh
2. Assam
3. Mizoram
4. Nagaland
Select the correct option?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 3 and 4 only
c) 1, 2 and 3 only
d) All of the above
65) On Which date The President gave his assent to the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019?
a) Decemeber 12
b) December 21
c) December 31
d) January 1
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66) What is the average marks of Payal in the given five subjects?
a) 70.5
b) 72.6
c) 70.6
d) 72.5
67) What % of Marks Received in English and Maths together by Samar and Arpita?
a) 14
b) 24
c) 27
d) 22
68) The marks obtained by Kajal in social science is approximately what percent of the marks obtained by her in
Hindi?
a) 66%
b) 85%
c) 76%
d) 132%
69) What is the total marks obtained by Ritik in all the subjects together?
a) 303
b) 313
c) 353
d) 293
70) What is the average percentage marks of the five students in Science?
a) 57.6
b) 59.6
c) 60.6
d) 58.8
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Directions for Questions 71-75): Answer the questions on the basis of information given below.
In 2012, 10% of the total students of Indus World School study in class X and 2.5% in class XII. One - fourth of the class
X students, one - third of class XII students and 40 students from other classes are selected for an adventure trip. If the
total number of students selected for the adventure trip is 76, then find
71) Total number of students in Indus World School is:
a) 1200
b) 720
c) 1080
d) 900
72) Total number of students in class X in the Indus World School is:
a) 108
b) 72
c) 126
d) None of these
73) Total number of students in class XII in Indus World School is:
a) 24
b) 54
c) 36
d) None of these
74) Total number of class X students selected for adventure trip is:
a) 24
b) 27
c) 54
d) None of these
75) Total number of class XII students selected for adventure trip is:
a) 18
b) 12
c) 6
d) None of these
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Directions for Questions 76-80): Answer the questions on the basis of the information given below.
The bar graph shows the production of rice in Million metric tons (MMT) in five different years in India.
76) In how many of the given years was the production of rice not more than the average production of rice during
the given period?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
77) If the production of rice in 2011 was 20% more than that of in 2010, then find the production of rice (in MMT)
in 2011.
a) 85 b) 90 c) 96 d) 106
78) What was the percentage increase in the production of rice from year 2007 to 2010?
a) 20% b) 30% c) 50% d) 60%
79) By what percent, the average production of rice for the years 2006 and 2009 is more than that for the years
2007 and 2008?
a) 30 b) 25 c) 20 d) 16.67
80) In how many of the given years the production of rice did not decline over the previous year?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
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If AI is not regulated properly, it is bound to have unmanageable implications. Imagine, for instance, that electricity
supply suddenly stops while a robot is performing a surgery, and access to a doctor is lost? And what if a drone hits a
human being? These questions have already confronted courts in the U.S. and Germany. All countries, including India,
need to be legally prepared to face such kind of disruptive technology.
Challenges of AI
Predicting and analysing legal issues and their solutions, however, is not that simple. For instance, criminal law is going to
face drastic challenges. What if an AI-based driverless car gets into an accident that causes harm to humans or damages
property? Who should the courts hold liable for the same? Can AI be thought to have knowingly or carelessly caused
bodily injury to another? Can robots act as a witness or as a tool for committing various crimes?
Except for Isaac Asimov’s ‘three laws of robotics’ discussed in his short story, ‘Runaround’, published in 1942, only
recently has there been interest across the world to develop a law on smart technologies. In the U.S., there is a lot of
discussion about regulation of AI. Germany has come up with ethical rules for autonomous vehicles stipulating that
human life should always have priority over property or animal life. China, Japan and Korea are following Germany in
developing a law on self-driven cars.
In India, NITI Aayog released a policy paper, ‘National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence’, in June 2018, which
considered the importance of AI in different sectors. The Budget 2019 also proposed to launch a national programme on
AI. While all these developments are taking place on the technological front, no comprehensive legislation to regulate this
growing industry has been formulated in the country till date.
Legal personality of AI
First we need a legal definition of AI. Also, given the importance of intention in India’s criminal law jurisprudence, it is
essential to establish the legal personality of AI (which means AI will have a bundle of rights and obligations), and
whether any sort of intention can be attributed to it. To answer the question on liability, since AI is considered to be
inanimate, a strict liability scheme that holds the producer or manufacturer of the product liable for harm, regardless of the
fault, might be an approach to consider. Since privacy is a fundamental right, certain rules to regulate the usage of data
possessed by an AI entity should be framed as part of the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018.
Traffic accidents lead to about 400 deaths a day in India, 90% of which are caused by preventable human errors.
Autonomous vehicles that rely on AI can reduce this significantly, through smart warnings and preventive and defensive
techniques. Patients sometimes die due to non-availability of specialised doctors. AI can reduce the distance between
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patients and doctors. But as futurist Gray Scott says, “The real question is, when will we draft an artificial intelligence bill
of rights? What will that consist of? And who will get to decide that?”
G.S. Bajpai is Chairperson, Centre for Criminology & Victimology, National Law University, Delhi and Mohsina Irshad
is a research scholar at NLU, Delhi
81) According to the author, in the following situation who will become liable and why?
Elon Muks developed a driverless plane carrying passengers. It has become an instant success. Many people in past have
successfully and safely travelled. Recently, a driverless plane made by Elon Muks, carrying passengers of Ukraine was
taking off from Tehran in Iran. Suddenly, it crashed into a nearby farm while taking off, killing more than 178 persons on
board.
a) Iran should be made liable, as the accident took place on its land.
b) No body is responsible, it is sheer accident. And Accident is a good defence in all cases.
c) Elon Muks should be liable under strict liability.
d) Iran should be made liable under strict liability.
82) According to the author, in the following situation who will become liable and why?
A very reputed doctor Ayushman is very famous for his robotic surgery. He is world-famous for his robotic surgery. He
has a highly sophisticated systems and his surgery is very successful. One day, Salman a resident of Mumbai wanted to
undergo an operation of hair-implants. Ayushman was at his clinic in Delhi. He agreed to do operation. Generally,
Kejriwal Electricity supplied the electricity to the clinic. It is known for its glitch-free supply. While performing operation
on Salman, suddenly electricity went off. Due to which, Salman’s hair implant went haywire. He lost many big films
thereby causing lot of financial loss. He filed a case against Dr. Ayushman. Doctor blamed it on Kejriwal Electricity.
84) Which of the following statements are true according to the author?
a) NITI Aayog released a policy paper, ‘National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence’, in June 2018, which considered the
importance of AI in governance sectors.
b) AI can reuse the distance between patients and doctors.
c) AI is defined under Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018.
d) Traffic deaths due to human errors can be reduced drastically with the use of machine learning
a) Yes, AI will ensure that human intervention in legal profession is no longer needed.
b) No, lawyers should embrace artificial intelligence and other technologies that make our practices more efficient.
c) Author is quiesco about AI replacing Legal Professionals
d) Author is magna erunt about replacing Legal Professional by AI
Directions for Questions 86-90): Read the passage below and answer the most appropriate choice from the given option.
A five-judge Constitution Bench in leading case of CPIO, ------[A]-------declared that the office of the CJI is a ‘public
authority’ under the RTI Act, 2005.
Court said that the transparency does not undermine judicial independence. Judicial independence and accountability go
hand in hand.
However, the decision also laid down that RTI cannot be used as a tool of surveillance and that judicial independence has
to be kept in mind while dealing with transparency.
On the issue related to appointment of judges, the Court held that only the names of the judges recommended by the
Collegium for appointment can be disclosed, not the reason thereof.
The office of the CJI will now entertain RTI applications for disclosure of the information.
The step is also significant considering that it brings in transparency in what earlier has been a opaque system.
The decision will increase the accountability of the judiciary as judges can be held accountable for their decision.
Moreover, it will increase the faith of people in judiciary and that will facilitate rule of law.
The verdict also underlines the measures taken by the SC to balance the need for transparency and protecting its
independence.
The Ruling sets an example for political parties, trusts and PPP Models who earlier resisted categorisation as ‘public
authorities’ under the Act.
Thus, the decision is important, however, specific exemptions need to be made with respect to: subjudice cases where
disclosure of information can influence judge’s verdict; confidential information to maintain unity and integrity of nation
and if the information does not deal with issue of public importance.
88) In which of the following cases, exemptions are provided to Supreme Court under RTI?
a) If the information deal with the issue of public importance
b) All Subjudice cases
c) Confidential information to maintain unity and integrity of the nation whether the information does not deal with the
issue of public importance
d) Confidential information to maintain unity and integrity of the nation and if the information deals with the issue of
public importance
89) Under RTI, which of the following information can not be availed from Supreme Court?
a) Names of Judges of Supreme Court
b) Salary of Judges of Supreme Court
c) Reasons for accepting/rejecting a judge’s appointment
d) Tenure of Supreme Court Judges
90) Which of the following can be inferred from the above passage?
a) After this ruling, Political Parties can be termed as Public authority
b) After this ruling, all CLAT Coaching classes can be termed as Public authority
c) After this ruling, companies which have huge public importance like Jio can be termed as Public authority
d) After this ruling, Visa and Mastercard companies can be termed as Public authority
Directions for Questions 91-94): Read the passage below and answer the most appropriate choice from the given option.
Biju Janata Dal MP Pinaki Misra has sent a detailed questionnaire to Chinese technology company ByteDance regarding
the impact of an exclusive agreement with creators on its intermediary status.
ET has reviewed this questionnaire. This follows a report by ET on Monday where government officials expressed similar
concerns after Byte-Dance-owned TikTok sent takedown notices to ShareChat for hundreds of videos that were uploaded
by Share-Chat’s users on the platform.
“Does that mean you are not an intermediary? Are you then liable for the content on your platform?
Which creators do you have exclusive rights over? Have you shared a list of such exclusive creators with the government?
Have any of your creators published any video that violates Indian law?,” Misra, the Lok Sabha MP from Puri, asked in
his questionnaire.
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ByteDance is yet to reply to queries. Some technology experts said Tik-Tok’s exclusivity claim may affect the in-
termediary status social media platforms enjoy under the IT Act. This status is used by platforms to argue they have no
legal liability arising out of content posted by users. TikTok claimed exclusive copyright over certain content because of
contractual arrangements between the app and creators. It also said it has the sole right to initiate and control legal action
including takedown requests. “There are serious political, sociological, moral, ethical and national interest issues which
arise and need answers to a complex situation and of course, there are no easy answers in such complexity of issues,”
Misra told ET on Wednesday.
91) When ByteDance has an exclusive copyright over the content created by various creators, and if some content has
violated some Indian Law, then who is liable?
a) It is the creator, who is liable and ByteDance is not laible as it is an intermediary
b) ByteDance is liable and the Creator is not liable at all as it is not an intermediary.
c) Both ByteDance and Creator are liable. Both have violated the law.
d) ByteDance is very popular so it should not be made liable for anything.
92) Uber says it is intermediary and not the exclusive owner of the vehicle and not the master of drivers.
So, in this case suppose a driver breaks some Indian laws like sexually assault on a passenger, then who is liable?
a) Uber is liable as the crime is committed by the driver while on a duty
b) Uber is not liable as it is an intermediary and hence driver will be liable
c) Uber is liable even though it is intermediary, crime is crime
d) Uber is not liable as the crime is committed by a driver and not the company.
93) Swiggy says it is intermediary and not the exclusive food producer. One of the restaurant is not licence holder from
FSSAI and it is a crime to sell, distribute and share unlicensed food commercially.
Swiggy delivers the food made by the said restaurant. Who will be liable?
a) Both Swiggy and Restaurant are liable
b) Only Swiggy is liable
c) Only Restaurant is liable
d) No one is liable, but FSSAI which could not enforce the rule.
94) Zomato rejects the proposal of one unlicensed restaurant from delivering its food and does not list this firm on its app.
The Restaurant cites a discrimination on the ground of Article 14. Is it discriminatory in nature?
a) Zomato’s practice is as per the law and is not discriminatory
b) Zomato’s Practice is discriminatory, it should allow equality to hold true.
c) Zomato’s market share may go down and should do such activities for the future of its business
d) Zomato’s rival Swiggy can take this case to court and ensure equality in this scenario.
Directions for Questions 95-99): Read the passage below and answer the most appropriate choice from the given option.
Recently, President has approved a proclamation imposing President’s Rule in [B] under Article [c] of the Constitution,
following a recommendation from [D]. President’s Rule implies the suspension of a state government and the imposition
of direct rule of the Centre.
The decision was taken after the Governor was of the opinion that a situation had arisen in which it is impossible to
constitute or form a stable government in the State and the government could not be carried on as per the Constitution.
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Under such circumstances the Governor is expected to go as per an order of preference set out in Sarkaria Commission
recommendations i.e.:
Secondly, invite the single largest party which stakes a claim to form government.
Thirdly, invite a post-poll alliance of parties with all the partner in the coalition joining the government.
Finally, inviting a post-poll alliance of parties, with some becoming part of the government and some supporting from
outside.
President’s rule can be imposed where union may take steps to protect every State against external aggression and internal
disturbance. (Article 355)
Article [C] mentions that the President, on receipt of the report from the [D] or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has
arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution
then President’s rule may be imposed in a state.
If any state fails to comply with directions of union then President Rule can be imposed. (Article 365) However, the
imposition of President rule has been mired with many controversies due to discretion and misinterpretation of provisions.
To prevent any misuse of Article [C], there is a need for implementing the recommendation of the Sarkaria commission
and Puchhi Commission (and as suggested by the SC in Bommai case) such as:
The President's Proclamation should state the reasons as to why the State cannot be run as per the provisions of the
Constitution.
It practicable, the Centre should issue a warning to the State government before resorting to the use of Article [D].
President be empowered to dissolve the State Legislature only after approval by the Parliament.
95) A word has been redacted as [B], what should replace it?
a) Jharkhand
b) Maharashtra
c) Assam
d) Gujarat
96) There are specific articles about emergency provisions one of them is mentioned in the [C]. What should replace it?
a) 352
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b) 356
c) 360
d) 368
97) Under President’s rule, there has to be recommendation from [D] as mentioned in the passage. What should replace it?
a) Prime Minister
b) Chief Minister of the concerned state
c) Governor of the concerned state
d) Chief of Defense Staff
98) If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or of any part of the territory
thereof is threatened, whether by _______________, he may, by Proclamation, made a declaration to that effect [in
respect of the whole of India or of such part of the territory thereof as may be specified in the Proclamation.
a) war or external aggression or armed rebellion
b) war or battle or alien enemy
c) war or external aggression or internal disturbance
d) war or armed rebellion or internal disturbance
99) After election, if the situation arises in which it is impossible to constitute or form a stable government in the State
and the government could not be carried on as per the Constitution but there is a post poll alliance between two
ideologically extremely different parties, and they claim to form government, then what should Governor do?
a) Governor can simply ask the President to impose emergency as there is no single party has emerged as a winner
b) Governor can’t impose emergency as he has no power in his hand, it is in the hands of Prime Minister to do it.
c) Governor can’t impose emergency as there are recommendations in which Post Poll alliance is there and hence it is a
legitimate claim.
d) Governor can simple reject the claim from ideologically different parties as they are not legitimate claims.
Directions for Questions 100-105): Read the passage below and answer the most appropriate choice from the given
option.
The makers of the constitution to uphold the sanctity and prestige of the highest court introduced provisions relating to
contempt under Articles 129 and 215 of the constitution. These provisions enable the courts to hold individuals in
contempt, if they scandalise or lowers the authority of any court or interferes in the administration of justice in any
manner. The contempt power is also regulated by the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971.
In this light, the power of contempt is supported on various grounds such as follows:
The object is not only to protect the dignity of the Court but to protect the administration of justice.
The purpose of contempt jurisdiction is also to uphold the majesty and dignity of justice delivery system.
Contempt power helps judges to do their duties of deciding cases without fear, favour, affection or ill will.
Contempt and malign of judiciary decrease the respect for judiciary and the confidence reposed in the courts.
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Therefore, the contempt power is essential to ensure public faith in purity of justice.
However, there are various arguments against the power of using contempt jurisdiction:
Contempt of Court proceedings have the effect of muzzling free speech guaranteed under Article 19(1)( a ) of the Indian
Constitution.
Article 19(2) that includes ‘contempt of court’ as a reasonable restriction on free speech but in its present form it is not
tenable in a democracy.
The use of such power opens up the possibility of gross judicial abuse of such powers.
In England, whose laws of contempt India have adopted, there hasn’t been a single conviction for scandalising the court.
Finally, the contempt of court is a vague term as it has not been specifically defined. Analysis
The Contempt powers should be used in such a way as not to violate Right to Freedom of Speech, while also ensuring
independence of the Judges.
Further, the contempt power being extraordinary, it must be used sparingly and only when there is public interest demand.
100) Legal principle about freedom of speech goes in the following manner. Every citizen shall have the right to freedom
of speech and expression.
Nothing the above mentioned principle shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it relates to, or prevent the
State from making any law relating to, libel, slander, defamation, contempt of court or any matter which offends against
decency or morality or which undermines the security of, or tends to overthrow, the State.
In the view of the above principle, the Government of Madras state allows printing of a controversial magazine “cross
roads” but doesn’t allow distribution. The editor of “cross roads” files a writ petition in the high court.
101) Padmashree is making a speech in Ramlila Maidan. She is railing against the government of the day, particularly
highlighting its corruption. She believes that this government is not going to learn a lesson easily. She says “It is in the
hands of the people to throw out this corrupt government. We will take over Sansad Bhavan” (Sansad Bhavan is
parliament) Laloo, Prasad and Yadav who are her followers are assembled in front of her. They raise a dirty slogan which
abuses the government by comparing the politicians to sex workers. Laloo is simultaneously distributing pamphlets. The
pamphlets advertise a protest march to the parliament house. At this point police come and arrest all of them including
Padamshree on different grounds. Given below are the various challenges of their arrest by different petitioners and also
the ground given by police for their arrest. Determine in each case whether the arrest is valid.
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Padmashree challenges her arrest. The police contend that by saying “we will take over parliament”, she is inciting people
to overthrow democracy
102) Prasad and Yadav challenge their arrest. The police claim that these people were shouting dirty slogans and thereby
their speech was against decency and morality
a) The arrests are valid.
b) The arrests are invalid.
c) The arrests are invalid unless the police can prove their factual claims.
d) None of the above.
103) Laloo challenges his arrest. The police claim that by inviting people to a protest he was intending on causing
mayhem and recruiting people for overthrow of parliament.
a) The arrest is valid.
b) The arrest is invalid.
c) The arrest is invalid unless the police can prove their factual claims.
d) None of the above.
104) Another person in the crowd, Nitish was also driven away by the police with no apparent reason. He challenged the
action of the police. The police claim that the crowd was turning unruly.
a) The arrest is valid.
b) The arrest is invalid.
c) The arrest is invalid unless the police can prove their factual claims.
d) None of the above
Directions for Questions 106-109): Read the passage below and answer the most appropriate choice from the given
option.
In deciding two petitions relating to the situation in Jammu and Kashmir since August 5, the Supreme Court has made a
significant set of observations underscoring and reiterating the freedom of expression enshrined in the Constitution. Most
importantly, the Court, while stating that it would not express any view on declaring the right to access the internet as a
fundamental right, still went on to make it an integral part of the freedom of expression guaranteed under Article 19 (i) of
the Constitution, emphasising that expression through this “medium” is a “major means of information diffusion”, and
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that freedom to receive information is vital to expression. The court also made the point that the wider circulation of
information or its greater impact cannot be cited as reason to restrict internet access or justify its denial. It has also pointed
out that in a globalised world, restricting the internet was to restrict the freedom to trade and commerce, protected by
Article 19.1 (g). Any restrictions on freedoms guaranteed under Article 19, the Court has observed, would have to be in
accordance with the “reasonable restrictions” provided for in clause 2 of the same Article. It has discussed in detail the
need for “proportionality” in imposing such restrictions and said that it “cannot extend beyond necessary duration” nor
could it be “indefinite”. The three-judge bench rapped the government for refusing to produce before the Court orders
imposing restrictions on the internet and on the freedom of movement in J&K, stating that the freedom of information also
includes access to information about why restrictions are imposed, including the imposition of Section [ P ] Cr Pc. It has
emphatically stated that the powers under this section “cannot be used to suppress legitimate expression of opinion or
grievance or exercise of any democratic rights”.
After such an elaborate statement of principles, it is surprising, not to say disappointing, that the court did not apply them
to provide relief to the two petitioners, Kashmir Times executive editor Anuradha Bhasin, and MP Ghulam Nabi Azad, by
striking down as illegal the clearly indefinite internet ban in Kashmir, now fully five months old (with a couple of
relaxations) and the restrictions on movement and assembly that remain in force in the Valley. Instead, it has asked the
J&K government to review “forthwith” all orders suspending internet services, and the continuance of orders passed under
Sec 144 Cr Pc. Indeed, it appears to have assumed that the restrictions will continue, as it also directs the government to
“consider forthwith” allowing government websites, localised or limited e-banking facilities, hospital and other essential
services “in those regions wherein the internet services are not likely to be restored immediately”.
While the petitions were specifically about J&K, the questions raised in them have acquired country-wide resonance after
protests against the CAA and the proposed NRC. By stating that any order for suspension of internet can be judicially
reviewed, but effectively providing no remedy when such a review came up before it, the Court has only left the door
open to more litigation. It has pushed back against the state, it needs to do more to secure the people’s right in J&K it has
so powerfully underlined.
107) With passing of the order by the Supreme Court about access to Internet being a fundamental right, which of the
following statement is valid?
a) All previous laws of restrictive in nature stands void and immediately all the restrictions are to be removed.
b) All previous laws of restrictive in nature are to be reviewed based on the test of proportionality and till then the
restrictions remain there.
c) All previous laws of restrictive in nature are reasonable restrictions and according to Article 19, state can provide for
such reasonable restriction
d) All previous laws of restrictive nature are valid restrictions under Section 144 of CrPC and hence they are legitimate.
b) Judicial review is a process under which judicial or legislative actions are subject to review by the executive
c) Judicial review is a process under which executive or judicial actions are subject to review by the legislature
d) Judicial review is a process under which executive or legislative actions are subject to review by the media
Directions for Questions 110-115): Read the passage below and answer the most appropriate choice from the given
option.
The Supreme Court in a 3:2 verdict has referred the Sabarimala issue to a larger, seven-member bench after hearing pleas
seeking a review of its decision to allow women of all ages into the temple. However, the earlier judgement has not been
stayed by the Court.
In September 2018, the court had held that a centuries-old ban on women and girls aged 10 to 50 was illegal and
constitutional. It held that the celibate nature of the deity Ayyappa and exclusion of women of menstruating age was not
an essential religious practice.
It also stated that the Board is considered state under Article 12 of the Constitution, and therefore the fundamental right to
practice religion under Article 25(1) can be asserted against it. Recent Judgement
In referring the case to a higher bench, the Court has framed a series of questions for the seven judge Bench to examine.
These include whether a court can probe that a practice is essential to a religion or should the question be left to the
respective religious head.
Should “essential religious practices” be afforded constitutional protection under Article 26 (freedom to manage religious
affairs); and
What is the “permissible extent” of judicial recognition a court should give to PILs filed by people who do not belong to
the religion of which practices are under the scanner. Doctrine of Essentiality
The doctrine of “essentiality” was invented by a seven-judge Bench of the Supreme Court in the ‘Shirur Mutt’ case in
1954 (The Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras Vs.Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar Of Sri Shirur
Mutt). The court held that the term “religion” will cover all rituals and practices “integral” to a religion, and took upon
itself the responsibility of determining the essential and non-essential practices of a religion.
Previous Supreme Court rulings have held that a practice that is “essentially religious” is protected under law.
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Scholars of constitutional law have argued that the essentiality doctrine has tended to lead the court into an area that is
beyond its competence and given judges the power to decide purely religious questions.
As a result, over the years, courts have been inconsistent on this question — in certain cases they have relied on religious
texts to determine essentiality, in some on the empirical behaviour of followers, and in yet others, based on whether the
practice existed at the time the religion originated.
Experts also point out that the idea of providing constitutional protection only to those elements of religion which the
court considers “essential” is problematic. As it assumes that one element or practice of religion is independent of other
elements or practices.
So, while the essentiality test privileges certain practices over others, it is, in fact, all practices taken together that
constitute a religion.
Freedom of religion was meant to guarantee freedom to practice one’s beliefs based on the concept of “inward
association” of man with God.
The apex court, in ‘Ratilal Panachand Gandhi vs The State of Bombay and Ors’ (1954), acknowledged that “every person
has a fundamental right to entertain such religious beliefs as may be approved by his judgment or conscience”.
Even, the framers of the Constitution wanted to give this autonomy to each individual. However, scholars argue that the
essentiality test impinges on this autonomy and the essential practices test is antithetical to the individualistic conception
of right
110) Under the doctrine of essential religious practice, the Rajasthan high court provided the decision that Santhara in Jain
religion is illegal and must be stopped. Based on the passage, what should be the decision?
a) As Santhara amounts to voluntary death of the person, it is in no way to be acceptable and hence it is illegal.
b) As Santhara – a way of attaining Moksha is an essential part of Jain religion and hence it can not be made illegal and
invalid.
c) As Jain religion is considered to be part of Hindu religion, and in hindu religion there is no concept of Santhara and
hence it is invalid and illegal.
d) As there is a decision by High Court, there is in no way any other court can change this decision and hence it is illegal.
111) Which of the following statement can be inferred from the given passage about Test of Essentiality?
a) Test of Essentiality goes hand in hand with conception of individualistic right.
b) Test of Essentiality is anti-thetical to the conception of individualistic right.
c) Test of Essentiality is a toothless power in the hands of Courts
d) Test of Essentiality is to be applied only in the case of a person who can prove his locus standi in the case.
112) As per some experts, the idea of providing constitutional protection only to those elements of religion which the
court considers “essential” is problematic. Which of the following can be the reason for the same?
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a) As it assumes that one element or practice of religion is dependent of other elements or practices.
b) As it assumes that Religion is the opium of masses and hence there is a problem.
c) As it assumes that one element or practice of religion is independent of other elements or practices.
d) As it is against the Fundamental Rights of an individual as enshrined in our Indian Constitution.
114) After the recent Sabrimala verdict, what is the status of earlier verdict on allowing women to enter into Haji Ali
Dargah at Mumbai?
a) All verdicts have been made void with new verdict and hence everyone will have to wait for the final decision of 7
judges.
b) All verdicts made earlier to this Sabarimala Verdict remains as it is and there is no change in the earlier verdicts.
c) All verdicts are now governed under new lense of Doctrine of Essentiality and new cases must be filed.
d) All verdicts are valid which are in favor of majority and rest which are against minority shall prevail.
115) The sacrifice of animals for religious purposes should be banned because cruelty to animals, even in the name of
religion, is wrong and unjust. Religion should not get a pass when it comes to prevention of cruelty to animals. Aside
from being archaic and cruel, animal sacrifice would be, were it not for the cloak of religion, a crime. Hence, ritual
sacrifices should not be exempted from anti-cruelty laws.
Which of the following, if true, is most damaging to the conclusion above?
a) Some religions like Judaism have been sacrificing animals for thousands of years, so to ban it now would be ridiculous.
b) Any law that prohibits a religious practice for any reason discriminates in favour of those who do not believe in that
religion.
c) The most that we should do on this topic is to ban the torture of animals because we are a nation of meat eaters.
d) Animal sacrifice is an outdated custom to begin with. It should be outlawed, as should any form of killing animals that
occurs simply for sport or pleasure, like hunting, cock fighting and dog fighting.
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117) Conservators argue that if only the speed of vehicles is reduced from 80 to 45 km per hour, the vehicles will
average 20% more mileage per litre of diesel. The above statement is based on the assumption that
a) Less the speed, less congestion and hence lesser mileage.
b) Less the speed, less accidents and hence better mileage.
c) Higher the speed, more resistance and more consumption of diesel..
d) None of these
118) Statement: The cotton crop continues to be poor even after the introduction of improved variety of cotton
seeds.
Assumptions:
I. The yield of cotton was expected to increase after introduction of improved variety of seeds.
II. The yield of cotton was adequate before the introduction of new variety of seeds.
a) if both I and II are implicit
b) If only assumption II is implicit.
c) if only assumption I is implicit
d) If neither I nor II is implicit
120) Statement: Please ensure, you consult me before making any decision on exports from the company.
Assumption:I. You may take a wrong decision if you don’t consult me.
II. It is important to take a right decision.
121) Statement: A’s advice to B – “Go to Jammu via Amritsar – the shortest route”
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122) “Do not lean out of the door of the bus.” – a warning in a school bus.
Assumption: I. Leaning out of a running bus is dangerous.
Assumption II. Children do not pay any heed to such warnings.
123) Statement: Postal rates have been increased to meet the deficit.
Assumption: I. The present rates are very low.
Assumption II. If the rates are not increased, the deficit cannot be met.
124) Statement: If degrees are delinked from jobs, boys will think twice before joining college.
Assumption: I. Boys join college education to get jobs.
Assumption II. A degree is of no use in getting a job.
125) Statement: “Drop this letter in the letter-box on your way to school” – A mother to her son.
Assumption: I. The child knows the address of the person to whom the letter is being sent.
Assumption II. The child will comply with the orders of his mother.
127) Event A: The doctor has advised Sonu to take Vitamin C tablets.
Event B: Sonu complained of cough and cold.
a) If ‘A’ is the effect and ‘B’ is its immediate and principal cause
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b) If ‘A’ is the immediate and principal cause and ‘B’ is its effect
c) If ‘A’ is an effect but ‘B’ is not its immediate and principal cause
d) If ‘B’ is an effect but ‘A’ is not its immediate and principal cause
128) Event A:Burglars came and stole cash and jewellery from Bhandari Jewellers shop. Event B: The owner of
Bhandari Jewellers shop went and registered a complaint of theft at the police station.
a) If ‘A’ is the effect and ‘B’ is its immediate and principal cause
b) If ‘A’ is the immediate and principal cause and ‘B’ is its effect
c) If ‘A’ is an effect but ‘B’ is not its immediate and principal cause
d) If ‘B’ is an effect but ‘A’ is not its immediate and principal cause
129) Event A: Merit & Co. has recorded a 20% jump in its sales.
Event B: Merit & Co. has reduced the prices of its products considerably.
a) If ‘A’ is the effect and ‘B’ is its immediate and principal cause
b) If ‘A’ is the immediate and principal cause and ‘B’ is its effect
c) If ‘A’ is an effect but ‘B’ is not its immediate and principal cause
d) If ‘B’ is an effect but ‘A’ is not its immediate and principal cause
130) Event A: India won the world cup cricket in 1983 despite being the underdogs.
Event B: Kapil Dev and Srikkanth played very well in the 1983 world cup.
a) If ‘A’ is the effect and ‘B’ is its immediate and principal cause
b) If ‘A’ is the immediate and principal cause and ‘B’ is its effect
c) If ‘A’ is an effect but ‘B’ is not its immediate and principal cause
d) If ‘B’ is an effect but ‘A’ is not its immediate and principal cause
131) Statement: A group of school students was reported to be enjoying at a picnic spot during school hours.
Courses of action: I The Principal should contact the parents of those students and tell them about the incident with a real
warning for the future.
Course of Action : II Some disciplinary action must be taken against those students and all other students should be made
aware of it. Give answer
a) if only I follows; b) if only II follows;
c) if neither I nor II follows; and d) if both I and II follow
132) Statement: Parents are prepared to pay any price for quality education of their children. Conclusion I.: All
parents these days are very well-off Conclusion II.: Parents have an obsessive passion for a perfect development of
their children through excellent schooling.
a) if conclusion I follows b) if conclusion II follows
c) if both I and II follow d) if neither I nor II follows
133) Statement: In a World Cup Cricket match, the total runs made by a team were 200. Out of these 150 runs
were made by all-rounders
Conclusion: I. 75% of the team consists of all-rounders
Conclusion II. The opening batsmen were all-rounders
a) if conclusion I follows b) if conclusion II follows
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135) Statement: In deserts, camels are indispensable for people to travel from one place to another. Conclusions: I.
Camels are the only cheapest mode of transport available in deserts. Conclusion II. There are plenty of camels in
deserts.
a) if conclusion I follows b) if conclusion II follows
c) if both I and II follow d) if neither I nor II follows
136) Statements: Of all the television sets manufactured in India, the ‘SONY’ brand has the largest sale.
Conclusion: I. The volume of sales of all the brands of television sets manufactured in India is known. Conclusion
II. The production of no other television set in India is as large as that of ‘SONY’.
a) if conclusion I follows b) if conclusion II follows
c) if both I and II follow d) if neither I nor II follows
137) Statement: The best way to escape from a problem is to solve it.
Conclusion: I Your life will be dull if you don’t face a problem.
Conclusion II To escape from problems, you should always have some solutions with you.
a) if conclusion I follows b) if conclusion II follows
c) if both I and II follow d) if neither I nor II follows
138) To forgive an injury is often considered to be a sign of weakness; it is really a sign of strength. It is easy to
allow oneself to be carried away by resentment and hate into an act of vengeance; but it takes a strong character to
retrain those natural passions. The man who forgives an injury proves himself to be the superior of the man who
wronged himself and puts the wrong-doer to shame. The passage best supports the statement that:
a) The sufferer alone knows the intensity of his sufferings.
b) People tend to forgive the things happened in the past.
c) Natural passions are difficult to suppress.
d) Mercy is the noblest form of revenge
139) Throughout the ages of businessman has helped build civilisation’s great cities, provided people with luxuries
and artists with patronage, and life his fellow citizens to understand the standard of living. In the last few centuries
the businessman has seeded the Industrial Revolution around the world.
The passage best supports the statement that the businessman—
a) Is accountable to the society
b) Lives luxurious and comfortable life.
c) Is the beneficiary of the Industrial Revolution
d) Has contributed to the growth of civilization.
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140) The consumption of harmful drugs by the people can be prevented-not only by banning their sale in the
market but also by instructing users about their dangerous effects which they must understand for their safety.
Also the drug addicts may be provided with proper medical facilities for their rehabilitation. This will help in
scaling down the use of drugs.
The passage best supports the statement that consumption of harmful drugs—
a) Are on increase in the society.
b) Can always be reduced.
c) Are due to lack of medical facilities.
d) Can be eliminated with the help of banning their sale.
142) The average life expectancy for the United States population as a whole is 73.9 years, but children born in Hawaii
will live an average of 77 years, and those born in Louisiana, 71.7 years. If a newlywed couple from Louisiana were to
begin their family in Hawaii, their children would live longer than if the couple began their family in Louisiana
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn in the passage?
a) Insurance company statisticians do not believe that moving to Hawaii will significantly lengthen the average ne
Louisiana life,
b) The governor of Louisiana has falsely alleged that statistics of his state are inaccurate.
c) The longevity attributed to Hawaii's current population is attributed mostly to genetically determined factors.
d) Thirty percent of all Louisianans can expect to live longer than 77 years.
143) The average life expectancy for the United States population as a whole is 73.9 years, but children born in Hawaii
will live an average of 77 years, and those born in Louisiana, 71.7 years. If a newlywed couple from Louisiana were to
begin their family in Hawaii, their children would live longer than if the couple began their family in Louisiana
Which of the following, if true, would most significantly strengthen the conclusion drawn in the passage?
a) As population density increases in Hawaii, life expectancy figures for the state are likely to be revised downward
b) Environmental factors tending to favor longevity are abundant in Hawaii and less numerous in Louisiana
c) Over the last decade, average life expectancy has risen at a higher rate for Louisianans than for Hawaiians.
d) Twenty-five percent of all Louisianans who move to Hawaii live longer than 22 years.
144) Insurance Company X is considering issuing a new policy to cover services required by elderly people who suffer
from diseases that afflict the elderly. Premiums for the policy must be low enough to attract customers. Therefore,
Company X is concerned that the income from the policies would not be sufficient to pay for the claims that would be
made. Which of the following strategies would be most likely to minimize Company X’s losses on the politics?
a) Attracting middle-aged customers unlikely to submit claims for benefits for many years.
b) Insuring only those individuals who did not suffer any serious diseases as children.
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c) Including greater number of services in the policy than are included in other policies of lower cost.
d) Insuring only those individuals who were rejected by other companies for similar policies.
145) A program instituted in a particular state allows parents to prepay their children's future college tuition at current
rates. The program then pays the tuition annually for the child at any of the state's public colleges in which the child
enrolls. Parents should participate in the program as a means of decreasing the cost of their children's college education.
Which of the following, if true, is the most appropriate reason for parents not to participate in the program?
a) The parents are unsure about which public college in the state the child will
b) The amount of money accumulated, by putting the prepayment funds in an interest-bearing account today will be
greater than the total cost of tuition for any of the public colleges when the child enrolls.
c) The annual cost of tuition at the state's public colleges is expected to increase at a faster rate than the annual increase in
the cost of living.
d) Some of the state's public colleges are contemplating large increases in tuition next year.
146) Company Alpha buys free-travel coupons from people who are awarded the coupons by Bravo Airlines for flying
frequently on Bravo Airplanes. The coupons are sold to people who pay less for the coupons than they would pay by
purchasing tickets from Bravo. This marketing of coupons results in lost revenue for Bravo.
To discourage the buying and selling of free-travel coupons, it would be best for Bravo Airlines to restrict the
a) Number of coupons that a person can be awarded in a particular year.
b) Limiting use of the coupons to those who were awarded the coupons and members of their immediate families.
c) Days that the coupons can be used from Monday through Friday.
d) Amount of time that the coupons can be used after they are issued
147) The ice on the front windshield of the car had formed when moisture condensed during the night. The ice melted
quickly after the car was warmed up the next morning because the defrosting vent, which blows only on the front
windshield, was turned on full force.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously jeopardizes the validity of the explanation for the speed with which the ice
melted?
a) The side windows have no ice condensation on them.
b) Even though no attempt was made to defrost the back window, the ice there melted at the same rate as did the ice on
the front windshield
c) The speed at which ice on a window melts increases as the temperature of the air blown on the window increases.
d) The warm air from the defrosting vent for the front windshield cools rapidly as it dissipates throughout the rest of the
car.
148) To prevent some conflict of interest, Congress could prohibit high-level government officials for accepting positions
as lobbyists for three years after such officials leave government service. One such official concluded, however, that such
a prohibition would be unfortunate because it would prevent high-level government officials from earning a livelihood for
three years.
The official's conclusion logically depends on which of the following assumptions?
a) Laws should not restrict the behavior of former government officials.
b) Lobbyists are typically people who have been high-level government officials.
c) Low-level government officials do not often become lobbyists when they leave government service.
d) High-level government officials who leave government service are capable of earning a livelihood only as lobbyists.
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149) A conservative group in the United States is trying to change the long-standing image of bats as frightening
creatures. The group contends that bats are feared and persecuted solely because they are shy animals that are active only
at night.
Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the accuracy of the group's contention?
a) Bats are steadily losing natural roosting places such as caves and hollow trees and are thus turning to more developed
areas for roosting.
b) Bats are the chief consumers of nocturnal insects and thus can help make their hunting territory more pleasant for
humans.
c) Bats are regarded as frightening creatures not only in the United States but also in Europe, Africa and South Africa
d) Raccoons and owls are shy and active only at night; yet they are not generally feared and persecuted
150) Meteorite explosions in the Earth's atmosphere as large as the one that destroyed forests in Siberia with
approximately the force of a twelve-megaton nuclear blast, occur about once a century. The response of highly automated
systems controlled by complex computer programs to unexpected circumstances is unpredictable.
Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn, if the statements above are true, about a highly
automated nuclear missile defense system controlled by a complex computer program?
a) Within a century after its construction, the system would react inappropriately and might accidentally start a nuclear
war.
b) The system would be destroyed if an explosion of a large meteorite occurred in the Earth's atmosphere.
c) It would be impossible for the system to distinguish the explosion of a large meteorite from the explosion of a nuclear
weapon.
d) It is not certain what the system's response to the explosion of a large meteorite would be, if its designers did not plan
for such a contingency.
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Answer + Solution
1) b) III only
Starting as a non-violent revolutionist, he ended life as a major social theorist more or less sympathetic with
violent revolution, if such became necessary in order to change the social system which he believed to be
frankly predatory upon the masses.
2) c) Imperialistic state
Yet, many now hold that the present communist regime in Russia and her satellite countries are no longer a
proletarian movement based on Marxist social and political theory, but a camouflaged imperialistic effort to
dominate the world in the interest of a new ruling class.
6) c) surplus value
Marx set up the doctrine of surplus value as the chief element in capitalistic exploitation.
revolution, if such became necessary in order to change the social system which he believed to be frankly
predatory upon the masses.
10) d) Researchers in some disciplines can rely on the Internet to form a topic for their research, run surveys or
experiments and get the results.
14) b) Imposed
15) a) Cultivated
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16) d) They do not think innovatively in the direction of bringing about a change in higher education and are stuck in a
rut.
19) c) On the basis of its fairly competent graduates and a large number of educated population
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22) a) Only B.
24) c) thoughtful
25) d) satisfied
26) b) funding
27) d) motivator
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28) b) weak
29) d) dwindling
30) a) superlative
31) c) Governor
33) c) Governor
34) d) President
36) b) IBM
40) b) Telangana
41) a) PSLV-C47
42) b) 25cm
43) a) Cartosat 1
45) b) Rusada
46) b) 4 years
50) b) Qatar
51) b) Madrid
52) b) Paris
54) d) Glasgow
56) c) Chile
57) c) China
58) a) India
59) b) APEC
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62) d) Russia
65) a) Decemeber 12
66) c) 70.6
67) b) 24
68) c) 76%
69) a) 303
70) d) 58.8
71) c) 1080
72) a) 108
74) b) 27
76) c) 3
77) c) 96
78) d) 60%
79) b) 25
80) b) 2
84) d) Traffic deaths due to human errors can be reduced drastically with the use of machine learning
88) d) Confidential information to maintain unity and integrity of the nation and if the information deals with the issue
of public importance
90) a) After this ruling, Political Parties can be termed as Public authority
91) b) ByteDance is liable and the Creator is not liable at all as it is not an intermediary.
92) b) Uber is not liable as it is an intermediary and hence driver will be liable
95) b) Maharashtra
96) b) 356
99) c) Governor can’t impose emergency as there are recommendations in which Post Poll alliance is there and hence it
is a legitimate claim.
100) d) Editor will succeed because he is being discriminated against as only his paper has been restricted
104) c) The arrest is invalid unless the police can prove their factual claims.
106) d) 144
107) b) All previous laws of restrictive in nature are to be reviewed based on the test of proportionality and till then the
restrictions remain there.
108) a) Judicial review is a process under which executive or legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary
109) a) It is restricting the freedom of speech and expression and hence it is against Article 19 of Indian Constitution
110) b) As Santhara – a way of attaining Moksha is an essential part of Jain religion and hence it can not be made illegal
and invalid.
112) c) As it assumes that one element or practice of religion is independent of other elements or practices.
114) b) All verdicts made earlier to this Sabarimala Verdict remains as it is and there is no change in the earlier verdicts.
115) a) Some religions like Judaism have been sacrificing animals for thousands of years, so to ban it now would be
ridiculous.
117) c) Higher the speed, more resistance and more consumption of diesel..
126) a) If ‘A’ is the effect and ‘B’ is its immediate and principal cause
127) a) If ‘A’ is the effect and ‘B’ is its immediate and principal cause
128) b) If ‘A’ is the immediate and principal cause and ‘B’ is its effect
129) a) If ‘A’ is the effect and ‘B’ is its immediate and principal cause
130) c) If ‘A’ is an effect but ‘B’ is not its immediate and principal cause
141) a) some dishonest people taking the survey might have claimed on the survey to be honest.
142) c) The longevity attributed to Hawaii's current population is attributed mostly to genetically determined factors.
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143) b) Environmental factors tending to favor longevity are abundant in Hawaii and less numerous in Louisiana
144) a) Attracting middle-aged customers unlikely to submit claims for benefits for many years.
145) b) The amount of money accumulated, by putting the prepayment funds in an interest-bearing account today will
be greater than the total cost of tuition for any of the public colleges when the child enrolls.
146) b) Limiting use of the coupons to those who were awarded the coupons and members of their immediate families.
147) b) Even though no attempt was made to defrost the back window, the ice there melted at the same rate as did the
ice on the front windshield
148) d) High-level government officials who leave government service are capable of earning a livelihood only as
lobbyists.
149) d) Raccoons and owls are shy and active only at night; yet they are not generally feared and persecuted
150) d) It is not certain what the system's response to the explosion of a large meteorite would be, if its designers did
not plan for such a contingency.