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SCREW THREADS

• Screw thread is formed by cutting a continuous helical


groove on a cylindrical surface.
• Single threaded (or single-start) screw
• Double threaded (or double-start) screw
• Triple and quadruple (i.e. multiple-start)
• Screw may be cut either right hand or left hand.
• A screwed joint is mainly composed of two elements
• bolt and
• nut
• Screwed Joints are threaded fasteners which are used
to hold together machine members which require easy
dismantling
Important Terms Used in Screw Threads 1. Major diameter: the
largest diameter of an
external or internal screw
thread; also known as
outside or nominal
diameter.
2. Minor diameter: the
smallest diameter of an
external or internal screw
thread; also known as core
or root diameter.
3. Pitch diameter: the
4. Pitch. It is the distance from a point on diameter of an imaginary
one thread to the corresponding point on cylinder, on a cylindrical
the next. screw thread, the surface of
This is measured in an axial direction which would pass through the
between corresponding points in the same thread at such points as to
axial plane. make equal the width of the
Mathematically, thread and the width of the
1 spaces between the threads.
Pitch  It is also called an effective
No. of threads per unit length of screw
diameter
Important Terms Used in Screw Threads

5. Lead. It is the distance


which a screw thread
advances axially in one
rotation of the nut. Lead is
equal to the pitch in case of
single start threads, it is twice
the pitch in double start, thrice
the pitch in triple start and so
on.
6. Crest. It is the top surface
9. Flank. It is the surface joining the crest of the thread.
and root. 7. Root. It is the bottom
10. Angle of thread. It is the angle surface created by the two
included by the flanks of the thread. adjacent flanks of the thread.
11. Slope. It is half the pitch of the thread. 8. Depth of thread. It is the
perpendicular distance
between the crest and root.
Some Common Forms of Screw Threads

Square thread. The square threads are


widely used for transmission of power in
either direction. Such type of threads are Acme thread. It is a modification
usually found on the feed mechanisms of of square thread. It is much
machine tools, valves, spindles, screw stronger than square thread and
jacks etc. can be easily produced. These
threads are frequently used on
screw cutting lathes, brass
valves, cocks and bench vices.
Buttress thread. It is used for
transmission of power in one direction
only. The spindles of bench vices are
usually provided with buttress thread.

Metric thread. It is a standard


thread which has an included
angle of 60°.
Common Types of Screw Fastenings
1. Through bolts. A through bolt (or simply a bolt) is shown. It is a cylindrical
bar with threads for the nut at one end and head at the other end. The
cylindrical part of the bolt is known as shank.
2. Tap bolts. It is screwed into a tapped hole of one of the parts to be
fastened without the nut.
3. Studs. A stud is a round bar threaded at both ends. One end of the stud is
screwed into a tapped hole of the parts to be fastened, while the other end
receives a nut on it. Studs are chiefly used instead of tap bolts for securing
various kinds of covers e.g. covers of engine and pump cylinders, valves,
chests etc.
4. Cap screws. The cap screws are similar to tap bolts except that they are
of small size and a variety of shapes of heads are available as shown below.
5. Machine screws. These are similar to cap screws with the head slotted
for a screw driver. These are generally used with a nut.
6. Set screws. These are used to prevent relative motion between the two
parts. A set screw is screwed through a threaded hole in one part so that its
point (i.e. end of the screw) presses against the other part.
Stresses in Screwed Fastening due to Static Loading
1. Internal stresses due to screwing up forces,
2. Stresses due to external forces, and
3. Stress due to combination of stresses at (1) and (2).
Initial Stresses due to Screwing up Forces
The following stresses are induced in a bolt, screw or stud when it is
screwed up tightly.
1. Tensile stress due to stretching of bolt.

Fi  2840 d , N for making a joint fluid tight like steam


Fi  initial tension in the bolt engine cylinder cover joints, etc.

d  nominal diameter of bolt in mm

Fi  1420 d , N when the joint is not required as tight as


fluid-tight joint
If the bolt is not initially stressed, then the maximum safe axial
load which may be applied to it, is given by

F  permissible stress X cross - sectional area(stress area)

  d p  dc 
2

Stress area   
4 2 
d p  pitch diameter
d c  core or minor diameter

2. Torsional shear stress caused by the frictional resistance of


the threads during its tightening.

Tr 16T
Ss  
J d c 3
3. Shear stress across the threads. The average thread shearing
stress:
F
Ss   for screw
d c bn F
Ss   for the nut
d c  core or root or minor diameter dbn
n  no.of threads in engagement d  major diameter
b  width of the thread section at the root

4. Compression or crushing stress on threads. The compression


or crushing stress between the threads may be obtained by using the
relation :

P
Sc 

4
d 2
 dc n
2

Stresses due to External Forces
1. Tensile stress. The bolts, studs and screws usually carry a load in
the direction of the bolt axis which induces a tensile stress in the bolt.
F 4F
St   dc 
 2 St n
dc n
4
d c  root or core diameter of the thread
St  permissible tensile stress for the bolt material
n  no.of bolts
2. Shear stress. Sometimes, the bolts are used to prevent the
relative movement of two or more parts, as in case of flange coupling,
then the shear stress is induced in the bolts.
Fs 4 Fs
Ss  d 
 2 S s n
d n
4
d  major diameter of the bolt
S s  permissible shear stress for the bolt material
n  no.of bolts
3. Combined tension and shear stress. When the bolt is subjected
to both tension and shear loads, as in case of coupling bolts or
bearing, then the diameter of the shank of the bolt is obtained from
the shear load and that of threaded part from the tensile load.

1
 St  4S s
2 2
Maximum shear stress, S smax
2
and maximum principal tensile stress,

St 1
  St  4 S s2
2
Stmax
2 2
Sample Problem:
An eye bolt is to be used for lifting a load of 60 kN. Find the
diameter of the bolt, if the tensile stress is not to exceed 100
MPa. Assume coarse threads.

F  60000 N
Stmax  100 N
mm 2
F
Stmax 
 2
dc
4
60000 N
100 N 
mm 2  2
dc
4
d c  27.64mm
Sample Problem:
A flange coupling connects two shafts used to transmit torque
of 25 N-m. The flanges of the coupling are fastened by four
bolts of the same material at a radius of 30 mm. Find the size
of the bolts if the allowable shear stress for the bolt material is
30 MPa.
T  25000 N  mm
n4
Rb  30mm
S s  30 N
mm 2
T 25000 N  mm
Fs    833.3 N
Rb 30mm
Fs 833.3 N
Ss    30 N
Ar  2
d n mm 2

4 c
d c  2.97 mm
POWER SCREWS
A power screw is a mechanical device used in machinery
to convert a rotary motion into a linear motion for power
transmission.
Common applications of power screws are jack screws,
lead screws of a lathe, screws for vices, presses etc.
Dr  root diameter or minor diameter of the screw
Dm  mean or pitch diameter of the screw
Do  outside or major diameter of the screw
(nominal diameter of the screw)
W  total axial load of the screw
P  pitch of screw
  lead angle of screw
N screw  angular speed of screw
vload  linear speed of the load attached to the
head of the screw
D  Dr
h  tooth depth  o  Do  Dm
2
Forms of Thread and the Commonly Used Proportions

7
h P h  0.5 P
16
  14.5(for standard ACME)
  15(for trapezoidal metric)

2  thread angle
  pressure angle

h  0.663P
Equivalent Diagram of Load Concentration in One Thread of
Power Screw
Mx  0

Tr  Q m   eq.1
D
 2
where :
Tr  torque to raise the
load up the screw
Q  horizontal force
needed to raise the
load up the inclined
surface
Diagram of Loaded Screw Unwrapped from the Body of the
Screw
• Although the load is distributed over several threads, lifting a load by screw is
analogous to moving the load up an inclined plane.

F f  frictional force
N  normal reaction

• Note: This diagram is only


applicable to square-threaded
screws
F f  fN
f  coef. of thread friction
similarly,
Ff
 tan   f
N
  friction angle

 
R  resultant of F f and N  F f2  N 2
Lead  axial distance that a thread advances in one revolution
Pitch axial pitch , P  axial distance from a point on one thread
to the corresponding point on an adjacent tthread
1
P , inch
no.of threads per inch
For single - threaded screw, Lead  Pitch
For double - threaded screw, Lead  2 x Pitch
For triple - threaded screw, Lead  3 x Pitch
Lead
tan  
Dm
 FH  0
Q  R sin      eq.(2)
 FV  0
W  R cos     eq.3
Divide eq.(2) by eq.(3) :

 tan      eq4 
Q
W
Substitute eq.(4) into eq.(1) :
Equation for Torque needed
to raise the load up the
screw (square thread)
D
Tr  Q m 
WDm
tan    
2 2
Torque Needed to Overcome Collar Friction
• When the axial load is taken up by a thrust collar as shown in figure below, so
that the load does not rotate with the screw, then the torque required to
overcome friction at the collar,
Dc  mean diameter of collar
F f c  resultant frictional force
TC  torque to overcome collar friction
 M y 0 
Dc
TC  F f c ; Ffc  f c N c
2
f c  coefficient of collar friction
N c  normal reaction at collar  W
Dc Dc
TC  f c N c  f cW
2 2
WDc
TC  fc
2
Total torque required : Efficiency of Screw
TT  Tr  TC Poutput W vload 
e  x100
Power input to screw : Pinput Tr  N screw 
Pinput  TT  N screw  Torque w/o friction T0
e 
Torque w/ friction Tr
Efficiency of Screw & Collar or if friction is zero,   0, F f  0
Combined Eff. of Screw & Collar :
tan     
WDm WDm
T0  tan 
Poutput W vload  2 2
e'   x100
Pinput TT  N screw  WDm
tan 
T0 T0 Thus, e  2
e'   x100
tan    
WDm
TT Tr  TC
2
tan 
The preceding formulas are e x100
derived primarily for square- tan    
threaded screws
For Power Screws Other Than Square Threads
From square thread formula :
tan   tan 
Tr 
WDm
tan    ; but, tan    
2 1  tan  tan 
and tan β   f  coefficient of friction
Thus,
WDm  tan   tan   WDm  f  tan   For Buttress Thread ;
Tr  1  tan  tan    2 1  f tan   can also be applied for
2     Square Threads

For other thread forms :


WDm  f  cos  tan  
Tr   cos   f tan   General Equation for Tr
2  
where :   14.5 for ACME
  0 for square thread
  15 for trapezoidal metric
Torque Needed to Lower the Load
 FH  0
Q  R sin    
 FV  0
W  R cos   

 tan    
Q
W
D
TL  Q m 
WDm
tan    
For other thread forms : 2 2
Equation for Torque needed
WDm  f  cos  tan  
TL  to lower the load (square
2  cos   f tan   thread)

where :   14.5 for ACME if TL   , screw is self - locking


  0 for square thread if TL   , screw is not self - locking
  15 for trapezoidal metric
Sample Problem 1
• A single-threaded power screw of square form is to raise
a load of 90000N at the rate of 360mm/min. Other data
are as follows:
Nominal Diameter of screw=36mm
Pitch=6mm
Coefficient of thread friction=0.13
Coefficient of collar friction=0.10
Friction radius at collar=30mm
Determine:
a. the power input to the screw;
b. Efficiency of the screw; and
c. Efficiency of screw and collar.
W  90000 N load 
Do  36mmnominal
P  6mm
f  0.13
f c  0.10
Rc  30mm  Dc  60mm
vload  360 mm
min
For square thread : h  7 P  0.43756mm   2.625mm
16
Dm  Do  h  36  2.625  33.375mm

a. Pinput  TT  N screw   Tr  TC  N screw 

tan    
WDm
Tr 
2
; Lead  P  6mmsingle thread 
Lead
tan  
Dm
 6mm 
  Arc tan    3.275
  33.375mm  
tan   f    Arc tan f  Arc tan 0.13  7.41
90000 N 33.375mm 
Tr  tan7.41  3.275  283375 N  mm
2
90000 N 60mm 
TC 
WDc
fc  0.10  270000 N  mm
2 2
TT  283375  270000  553375 N  mm

N screw , rev
min

 vload , mm  1rev 
min  Lead , mm 
 mm  1rev 
N screw   360    60rpm
 min  6mm 
Pinput  TT  N screw 
 rev  2  1 min  1kN  m 
 553375 N  mm 60    6   3.477 kW
 min  rev  60 s  10 N  mm 
tan 
b. e for square thread 
tan    

e
tan 3.275
100  30.33%
tan 7.41  3.275
Or
90000 N 33.375mm 
WDm
tan  tan3.275
To
e  2  2 100
Tr Tr 283375 N  mm


85940.08
100  30.33%
283375
Or
 mm 
90000 N  360 
e
Wvload
  min 
100  30.33%
Tr N screw  rev  2 
283375 N  mm 60  
 min  rev 
 o for square thread 
To T
c. e' 
Tr  TC TT

e
85940.08
100  15.53%
553375
Or
 mm 
90000 N  360 
e
Wvload
  min 
100  15.53%
TT N screw  rev  2 
553375 N  mm 60  
 min  rev 
Sample Problem 2
• The C-clamp shown in the figure below uses a 10 mm square thread
screw with a pitch of 2 mm. The frictional coefficient is 0.15 for both
the threads and the collar. The collar has a frictional diameter of 16
mm. The handle is made of steel with allowable bending stress of 165
MPa. The capacity of the clamp is 700 N.
(a) Find the torque required to tighten the clamp to full
capacity.
(b) Specify the length and diameter of the handle such that it
will not bend unless the rated capacity of the clamp is exceeded. Use
15 N as the handle force.
Do  10mmnominal
P  2mm
f  f c  0.15
Dc  16mm
W  700 N load 
For square - thread : h  7 P  0.43752mm   0.875mm
16
Dm  Do  h  10  0.875  9.125mm

WDm  f  tan  
a. Tr  1  f tan  
2  
; Lead  P  2mmassume single start 
Lead
tan  
Dm
 2mm 
tan      0.06977
  9.125mm  
700 N 9.125mm   0.15  0.06977 
Tr     709.31N  mm
2 1  0.150.06977  
WDc
TC  f c ; Dc  16mm
2
700 N 16mm 
TC  0.15  840 N  mm
2
TT  709.31  840  1549.31N  mm  1.55 N  m

b. F  handle force  15 N ; S f allow  165MPa


Equate the TT with FL, where L is the length of the handle :
1.55 N-m  15 N L; L  0.103m  103mm
The stress that may be induced to the handle is flexural, where
M  TT  1.55 N  m
Mc 32 M
Sf  
I d h3
 1000mm 
321.55 N  m  
165 N   m   d  4.57 mm  5mm
mm 2 d h3
h
Sample Problem 3
• The torque needed to overcome collar friction is 120 N-m.
The collar has a mean radius of 65 mm and the collar
friction amounts to 0.12. Determine the weight that can be
lifted by the power screw.
Tc  120 N  m
Rc  65 mm
f c  0.12
WDc
TC  fc
2
1201000   W 650.12 
W  15384.6 N
Sample Problem 4
• A square-threaded power screw has an efficiency of 32%
when thread friction coefficient is 0.13 while collar
frictional is negligible. Determine the lead angle of the
screw.
Given : e  32%; f  0.13
Efficiency of Screw
tan  tan   tan 
e x100; but, tan     
tan     1  tan  tan 
tan  1  tan  tan  
e ; tan   f
tan   tan 
tan  1  0.13 tan  
0.32 
0.13  tan 
  0.061843  3.54

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