SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The study was pertained with the development called solar powered radio that would
serve as the alternative for the radio available in the market. The research study set the scope
and delimitation as follows:

SCOPE:

1.) LED indicators are included as to show if there is voltage running in the system and if the
radio is charging during expose by a sunlight.
2.) The solar powered radio is powered by photovoltaic panels.
3.) Solar radio features a signal range of AM 520-1700 KHz and FM 88-108 MHz and it is also
have PAG-ASA weather channels.

DELIMITATION

1.) Solar panel installed in a radio cannot use during night unless the dc sources are fully
charge to support the voltage needed by the radio.
2.) The prototype is able only required only 9.5v 100 mA solar panel, pressed off from a
Solar Light.
3.) And required only 2 or 3 NiMh rechargeable batteries minimum capacity 800 mAh per
battery.

This study is focuses on the design and construction radio in which stores energy using
photovoltaic system. The project would be test in an open field area in the in the university
where sunlight is directed to the solar cells.
PROBLEM STATEMENT

As of today, the most common problem that the people faces especially in remote location is
the electrification because no electricity available. Hence, they cannot easily have an access by means of
information despite of no electricity and outlets to plug in to. Radio is the primary sources of
information of the folks in remote areas they use this for their up to date on the news and they run it
into dc sources which is the batteries .As the battery use for several days they would have to carry a lot
of battery and it will be cause the cost very high .Due to with the price increase, people resort to
alternatives to make the cost of living cheaper. Given this premise, the research team desired to help
people cheapen their cost of living by introducing solar powered radio as an alternative electrical energy
in some cases.

Solar energy is a great alternative for power because it is renewable and free. With the device
that the researcher created, solar energy could now partially resolve the problem in electricity usage.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

SOLAR POWER AND SOLAR GENERATION

Solar power is the Earth's most important source of energy .It is responsible for the
biomass on the Earth and the fossil fuels within it as well for driving the weather systems
responsible for rain and wind. The sun can be used to generate electricity in two ways, either by
using its heat as a heat source, or by utilizing in a solar cell .Solar power is an intermittent source
of energy and cannot alone provide a continuous source electrical power .The development of
both solar cells and solar thermal power generation can be traced back to the 19th century at the
end of 2014 there were close to 180 GW solar generating capacity around the world[1].

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES

The solar photovoltaic cell is a solid-state device that exploits properties inherent in
semiconducting materials to capture photons of light and use them to generate an electric current. They
are constructed using microchip technology and have the same efficiency, whether in a tiny pocket
calculator or in a central power station generating hundreds of megawatts. Economies of scale in the
production process have seen prices fall continuously since the 1980s. They are likely to become one of
the cheapest forms of electricity generation within a decade, and probably offer the best long-term
renewable source of energy and replacement for fossil fuel generation on the planet. Much of the global
power generation capacity based on solar cells is found in rooftop installations on domestic and
commercial buildings. Silicon crystalline solar cells dominate the market while some alternative thin film
materials take a small market share[2].

RADIO SYSTEMS
The use of radio waves (or radiated electromagnetic waves) makes possible a wide and diverse
range of communication services. These can be divided broadly into two groups: (a) broadcast services;
(b) point-to-point communications. Within these broad divisions there are numerous subdivisions. For
example, broadcasting covers sound and television and standard frequency transmissions, while point-
to-point includes telephone and telegraph services, fixed to mobile private communications systems,
and radio links. Other services are radar and radio-navigational aids[3].

Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, producing
alternating current of a desired frequency of oscillation. The transmitter contains a system
to modulate (change) some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This
modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle properties
such as amplitude, frequency, phase, or combinations of these properties. The transmitter sends the
modulated electrical energy to a tuned resonant antenna; this structure converts the rapidly
changing alternating current into an electromagnetic wave that can move through free space
(sometimes with a particular polarization).

An audio signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave.

Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the transmitted signal in
proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the signal strength can be used to
reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker, or to specify the light intensity of television pixels.
It was the method used for the first audio radio transmissions, and remains in use today. "AM" is
often used to refer to the medium wave broadcast band ,but it is used in
various radiotelephone services such as the Citizen Band,amateur radio and especially in aviation,
due to its ability to be received under very weak signal conditions and its immunity to  capture effect,
allowing more than one signal to be heard simultaneously. Frequency modulation varies
the frequency of the carrier[4].

RADIO PROPAGATION

Between the emission of radio photons by a transmitting antenna and their capture by a
receiving antenna (or reflection by a radar target) they move from one location to the next with the
speed of light. There are many different modes of propagation, and deciding which one should be
adopted for the solution of any particular challenge to the radio engineer depends on matching its
characteristics to the problems to be solved. Once the mode of propagation has been chosen it is
generally straightforward to select the optimum radio band in which to work, and the best receiving and
transmitting antennas. Identifying the manner of propagation is thus the first step in radio system
design. The following chapters review the various processes of radio propagation. We begin with
propagation in free space, without atmosphere, the proximity of Earth or any intervening objects. This is
of practical importance in communication between space vehicles, and is generally a good
approximation to the radar case, but in addition forms the basis for understanding more complex
situations. Next, the effects of the atmosphere are considered, both refraction and absorption,
increasingly important above 30 GHz. The effects of proximity of the Earth's surface are then taken into
account. Surface waves can propagate over the Earth, and this is important in the MF and LF bands. At
higher frequencies reflections from the Earth's surface and terrain features such as hills give rise to
multipath propagation, which results in complicated interference phenomena. Diffraction effects also
occur[3]