Eliment-1 Workplace Hazards And Risk Control

1.1 Health, welfare and work environment requirements

Health, Welfare and Environment Requirements

Employers have a responsibility to ensure that workers have access to:
 Adequate space.
 Seating, with adequate backrests, should be stable and adjustable, to meet the needs of
individual workers.
 Suitable ventilation from windows or mechanical ventilation systems, which are regularly
cleaned, tested and maintained.
 A comfortable temperature.
 Suitable and sufficient light to work by, from a natural source, so far as is reasonably practicable,
or by means of artificial lighting.
 Noise – provision of controls to reduce excessive noise, if necessary.

Health and Welfare provisions

 Sanitary Conveniences
 Washing Facilities
 Drinking Water
 Accommodation For Clothing
 Facilities For Changing Clothing
 Facilities For resting and Eating Meals

Health & Safety Effects Of Inadequate Lighting:-

 Eye Strain
 Headaches
 Poor Posture
 Tripping Over Unseen Objects
 Increased Likelihood Of Error
 Increased Time To Evacuate

Factors To Consider In The Provision Of Adequate Lighting:-

 The Task Being Undertaken
 The Layout And Size Of Work Area
 The Equipment Being Used
 Availability Of Natural Lighting
 Suitability Of Artificial Lighting
 The Shift Patterns
 Glare From Computer Screens
 Areas In Shadow
 Maintenance/Replacement Of Faulty Lighting
 Requirement For Emergency Lighting
Working In Hot Environment:-
Health Effects
 Skin Burns
 Dehydration
 Heat Exhaustion
 Heat Cramps
 Heat Cataracts
 Heat Strokes
 Heat Stress
 Radiant Heat Burns

Protective Measures
 Medical Pre-Selection
 Acclimatisation
 Cold Drinks
 Mininise Exposure
 Shielding And Refuges
 Regular Work Breaks
 Ventilation
 Control Of Humidity
 Suitable Clothing
 Heat Surveillance
 Reducing Hot/Cold At Source
 Mechanical Aids

Working In A Cold Environment:-

Health Effects
 Onset Of Fatigue
 Shivering
 Loss Of Dexterity
 Cold Burns
 Frostbite
 Hypothermia

Precautions
 Thermal Clothing
 Reduced Exposure
 Monitoring
 Follow Safe Mechanisms
 Alarms For Cold Stores

Workstations And Seating

The Health Effects Of Working In A Seated Position:-
 Vertebral And Muscular Damage
 High Blood Pressure
 Circulation Problems E.G. Thermobasis
Suitable Seat For Sedentary Work:-
  Good Lumber Support
 Ability To Adjust The Seat Back And Seat Height
 Provision Of Foot Rest
 Stability Of The Seat Base
 Swivel Ability
 Provision Of Arms Rest
 Suitable Seat Material For The Environment

Working Environment Factors That Can Cause Stress:-

 Inadequate Lighting
 Cramped/Dirty/Untidy Conditions
 Poor Layout(Privacy/Security)
 Glare, Temperature/Humidity
 Inadequate Ventilation/Stale Air
 Noise, Vibration
 Inadequate Welfare Facilities
 Inclement Weather Conditions

Prevention of Falling Materials - Safe Stacking and Storage

Workplaces can become untidy if housekeeping is not managed. Spoil heaps, piles of new
materials, debris and waste can accumulate very quickly, and can:
 Hinder or prevent safe movement of pedestrians and vehicles around the workplace.
 Block light or access to essential services such as fire equipment.
In some instances, stacks and piles of materials can present an immediate danger of
collapse. Stacked materials in particular can topple over if they are not stacked correctly.
Good housekeeping starts with the design and layout of the workplace:
 Storage areas should be clearly defined, with separate areas used for different items.
 Certain materials and substances should be segregated during storage, or purpose built secure
storage may be required.
 Areas should be kept clean and tidy and should be routinely inspected.
 Warning signs should be displayed where necessary (e.g. flammable materials).
 Storage areas should not be used for work activities.
Stacking materials is also an efficient way to utilise space.

Storage Of other Materials

 Sand And Aggregate
 Bricks, Blocks, Rooftiles
 Roof Trusses
 Various Pipes
Hazards:-
 Falling From Lorries
 Tripping Hazards
 Obstructing Traffic/Walkways
 Materials Falling From Piles
 Causing Dust Hazards
Precautions
 Minimum Quantities
  Effective Storing
 Low Or Possible
 Clearly Marked Areas
 Ensure Good Housekeeping

Storage Of Flammable Materials (Precautions)

 Keep Quantities To A Minimum
 Secure Storage Area
 Storage Area Properly Ventilated
 Containers And Cylinders Returned To Storage At End Of Day
 Prohibit Smoking And Other Ignition Sources From Storage Area
 Suitable And Properly Labelled Containers For Decanted Materials
 Protection Of Storage Area From Vehicle Impact
 Inspection Of Gas Cylinders To Ensure Valves Fully Closed
 Correct And Right Number Of Fire Extinguishers
Safe Practices For The Use, Collection And Removal Of Skips From Site:-
 Suitable Skip From Reputable Supplier/Contractor
 Hazardous Waste Stored Separately
 Skip In Good Condition
 Skip Not Overloaded
 Located On Firm Level Ground
 Adequate Room For Delivery/Removal
 Chutes For Filling
 Netting Or Sheeting For Removal
 PPE For Staff

1.2 Violence at work

Violence At Work Definition:-
Any Incident In Which A Person Abused, Threatened Or Assaulted In Circumstances Relating To Their
Work.

Risk Factors for Violence

 Cash handling
 Lone working
 Representing authority
 Wearing a uniform
 Dealing with people under stress
 Dealing with people under the influence of alcohol or drugs
 Censuring or saying "no"
 Dissatisfaction with the treatment/service received
 Bullying & harassment
 Terrorism is now included

Groups/occupations at risk of violence

 Healthcare / social care providers  Firefighters and paramedics
 Police  Traffic wardens
 Social workers  Railway staff
 Bus and taxi drivers  Estate agents
OR
Persons At Risk(Violence)
 Work Involving Direct Contact With Public(Hospitals/Shops)
 Work Where Money Or Valuables Stores
 Stressful And Emotive Circumstances Exist
 Retail Petrol And Late Night Shopping Mall And Other Similar Operations
 Work With People Suffering Mental Impairments(Illness, Injury)
 Working Alone(Taxi Drivers, Police And Security Guards)

Preventing Measures:-
 Organizations to enforce zero tolerance violence policy
 Queue Management And Information
 Physical barriers to ensure less Face To Face Contact
 Use “Cashless Systems” I.E. Direct Debit Or Card Payment
 Check Credentials And Locations
 Avoid Lone Working In High Risk Areas
 Call In Systems For Lone Workers, video Cameras, Alarms
 Arrangements For Staff Working Late And Employee Training
 Change Public Waiting Areas, Wider Counters
 Provide Staff With Escape Routes And Protective Screens/Security Codes
 Means of communication: cell phones, alarms, radios… etc.
 Strict security and surveillance measures e.g. ID, finger print access, no visitors… etc.
 Provide adequate training & information; negotiation skills, stress management… etc.
 Report, investigate & record all incidents of aggression.
1.3 Substance misuse at work
Types of substances misused at work, e.g.
 alcohol
 legal/illegal drugs
  solvents

Signs Of Drug Misuse Which You Might Look For Include:-

 Sudden Mood Changes
 Unusual Irritability Or Aggression
 A Tendency To Become Confused
 Abnormal Fluctuations In Concentration And Energy
 Impaired Job Performance
 Poor Time Keeping
 Increased Short Term Sickness Absence
 A Deterioration In Relationships With Colleagues, Customers Or Management
 Dishonesty And Theft

Establishing Drugs And Alcohol Policy At Work:-

 All New Applicants Will Be Screened
 Random Testing Will Be Applied Automatically
 Test Will Apply To All Staff
 Testing Will Be Carried Out After Specific Incidents
 Training For Supervision To Recognise The Problem
 What Help The Employer Will Make Available To The Employee
 If An Employee Brings To The Attention Of The Employer They Have A Problem It Will Be
 Treated With Confidence
 What Are The Disciplinary Actions The Employer Will Take

Control Measures
Establishment of a clear drugs and alcohol policy which might contain the following:
 Assess the risk & the size of the problem
 Drugs and alcohol policy:
 Non-statutory requirements set by the employer
 Random drugs and alcohol testing
 Rules restricting access to alcohol in the workplace or during working hours.
 Statutory legal requirements prohibiting workers from being under the influence of drugs and
alcohol and non-statutory requirements set by the employer.
 Rehabilitation and treatment programmes for workers if they admit to having a problem.
 Disciplinary procedures for those who refuse assistance, to be tested or who fail a test.
 Provision of information, instruction and training to workers, supervisors and managers.

1.4 Safe movement of people in the workplace

Hazards to Pedestrians
 Slips, trips and falls on the same level
 Falls from height
 Collision with moving vehicles
  Striking by moving, flying or falling objects
 Striking against fixed or stationary objects
 Maintenance activities

Factors Contributing To Slips, Trips:-

 The Floor Surface:-Slippery Surface, Holes, Uneven Surface Etc.
 Contaminations:-Spillages, Leaks
 Obstructions:-Rubbish, Trailing Cables, Rugs Etc.
 The Task:-Carrying Loads, Space To Work
 Environment:-Lighting
 Footwear:-Unsuitable Foot Wear
 The People:-Unaware Of The Dangers

Slips And Trips Precautions:-

 Designated Walkways Where Possible
 Ensure Walkways Are Level
 Ensure Walkways Are Non Slip
 Well Lit And Clearly Marked Walk Ways
 Procedures To Identify Problems Quickly
 Eliminate Need To Carry Loads
 Make Employer Aware Of The Hazards

Employees Precautions To Avoid Slips:-

 Follow Designated Walking Routes
 Wear Appropriate Footwear
 Avoid Walking On Uneven Surfaces
 Avoid Areas Where Spillages Have Occurred
 Avoid Poorly Lit Areas
 Report Any Problems Immediately

Trip Hazards
 Uneven or loose floor surfaces;
 trailing cables;
 objects on the floor;
 loose carpets;
 floor holes;
 cables across walkways;
 rubbish and uneven floor.

Control measures for the safe movement of people in the workplace:

Risk Assessment is crucial to be done for all work activities & controls will be set per the level of risk
following the Hierarchy of control.
 Slip resistant surfaces;
 spillage control and drainage;
 designated walkways;
  fencing and guarding;
 use of signs and personal protective equipment;
 information, instruction, training and supervision
 good housekeeping,
 keeping a safe place of work,
 cleaning aisles & passage ways,
 consider introduction of slip resistant surfaces.
 Follow a Safe System of Work & issue PTW.
 Ensure a safe place of work in the design phase if possible.
 Suitable maintenance systems, reporting & procedures to follow up on corrective actions.

Control of Collision with mobile equipment like vehicles:

 Pedestrian walkways that require pedestrians to walk in vehicle traffic routes;
 Pedestrian crossing points;
 Exits that open onto vehicle traffic routes;
 Areas where people must work adjacent to moving vehicles;
 poor lighting;
 over speeding of vehicles;
 no clear separation between pedestrians & vehicles;
 lack of warning signs & barriers.

Housekeeping
A Place For Everything, Everything In Its Place.

Hazards:-
 Someone Could Trip Or Fall
 Increased Risk Of Fire
 Fire Exits Could Be Blocked
 There Is A Risk Of Infection
 Chemicals Are Being Used
 Infestation(That Allows Breeding Of Rats, Cockroaches Etc.)
 Vehicle collisions
 Falling Materials

Precautions:-
 Identify Housekeeping Requirements
 Responsibilities For Housekeeping
 Resources For Good Housekeeping
 Train Staff In Use Of Equipment
 Regular Inspections
1.5 Working at height
Examples of Working at height:
 All work activities where there is a risk of falling a distance liable to cause personal injury
 Working on scaffold or a mobile elevated working platform MEWP
 Working on top of a container & using ladders or stepladders
 Working with high trees & forestry
 Climbing permanent structure e.g. phone pole
  Painting & working near excavation in which worker could fall
 Roof & chimney working

The basic hazards of working at height include:

 The vertical distance involved.
 Fragile roofs, roof-lights and voids.
 Deteriorating or unsound materials may collapse under a person’s weight.
 Unprotected edges on access platforms/scaffolds.
 Unstable access equipment, such as ladders, lifts and hoists.
 Weather and air flow may cause materials and people to be blown off a roof or scaffold.
 Loose building materials (i.e. tiles, bricks and timbers) and waste materials may fall from a
height because they have been poorly stored or stacked or because structures are crumbling.

Methods of avoiding working at height:

 Using extendable tools from ground level to remove the need to climb a ladder
 Installing cables at ground level
 Lowering a lighting mast to ground level
 Ground level assembly of edge protection

Working At Height Hierarchy

 Avoid Working At Height Wherever Possible
 Use Work Equipment Or Other Measures To Prevent Falls Where Working At Height Cannot Be
Avoided
 Where The Risk Of Falls Cannot Be Eliminated Use Work Equipment Or Other Measures To
Minimise The Distance And Consequences Of A Fall Should One Occur

Preventing Falls and Falling Materials

When applying the hierarchy collective protection measures should be preferred over
personal protection.
The following measures should be taken where there is a risk of people or materials
(i.e. tiles, bricks, timbers) falling:
 Ensure adequate planning and supervision of the work to be carried out.
 Avoid adverse weather conditions, such as ice, rain or wind.
 Provide physical safeguards to prevent falls such as toe-boards (scaffold planks laid on their
edges at right angles to the working platform), guardrails or fencing.
 Construct means of access and working platforms of sound and stable materials to support
weight of people and equipment.
 Provide properly constructed working platforms. Use cradles (large suspended working
platforms) where required (e.g. for window and other cleaning work).
 Use suspension equipment (i.e. boatswain’s chair) if work is short-term or erection of a working
platform is not practicable.
 Use fall arrest harnesses particularly when open edges have to be approached, e.g. during steel
erection.
 Full training must be given to operators of such equipment.
 Ensure arrangements are in place to deal with an emergency rescue if required.
 Ensure that head protection is worn to protect from falling objects or materials.
Emergency rescue
Before work at height on site begins:
 Identify emergencies that could affect your work site.
 Establish a chain of command.
 Document procedures for responding to emergencies.
 Post emergency-responder phone numbers and addresses at the work site.
 Identify critical resources and rescue equipment.
 Train on-site responders.
 Identify off-site responders and inform them about any conditions at the site that may hinder a
rescue effort.
 Identify emergency entry and exit routes.
 Make sure responders have quick access to rescue and retrieval equipment, such as lifts and
ladders.
During on-site work:
 Identify on-site equipment that can be used for rescue and retrieval, such as extension ladders
and mobile lifts.
 Maintain a current rescue-equipment inventory at the site. Equipment may change frequently
as the job progresses.
 Re-evaluate and update the emergency-response plan when on-site work tasks change.
 When an emergency occurs first responders should clear a path to the victim.
 Others should direct emergency personnel to the scene.
 Make sure only trained responders attempt a technical rescue.
 Prohibit all nonessential personnel from the rescue site.
 Talk to the victim; determine the victim’s condition, if possible.
 If you can reach the victim, check for vital signs, administer CPR, attempt to stop bleeding, and
make the victim comfortable.
After an emergency:
 Report fatalities and catastrophes to regulatory bodies.
 Identify equipment that may have contributed to the emergency and put it out of service.
 Have a competent person examine equipment. If the equipment is damaged, repair or replace
it. If the equipment caused the accident, determine how and why.
 Document in detail the cause of the emergency.
 Review emergency procedures. Determine how the procedures could be changed to prevent
similar events; revise the procedures accordingly.
 Make sure a competent team carries out a thorough accident investigation and identifies root
causes.

Management Of Significant Construction Project

Precautions For Preventing Children To Gain Access Include:-
 Fencing
 Hoardings
 Warning Signs
 Security Boards
 Visiting Schools
 Viewing Panels
Precautions To Be Taken Should Access Be Gained By Unauthorised Trespassers:-
 Covering Or Fencing Excavations
 Removing Ladders
 Immobilising Plant/Machinery
 Locking Away Chemicals/Tools
 Reducing Height Of Materials
 Isolating Services
 Clearing Away Rubbish And Debris
Construction Hazards:-
 Falls From Height  Vehicles
 Fragile Roofs  Traffic Movements
 Falling Objects, Slips, Trips  Plant And Equipment
 Excavations  Doors And Gates
 Demolition  Lighting And Weather Stability
 Explosives  Fire
 Working In Or On Water  Material Storage
 Working In Tunnels

Hazards Of Roof Work:-

 Fragile Roof Materials
 Roof Edges
 Slippery Sloping Roof Surfaces
 Materials Falling From Roof
 Contact With Overhead Electricity Cables
 Hot Bitumen
 Liquified Petroleum Gases
 Manual Handling
Types Of Roofs:-
 Pitched Roofs
 Flat Roofs
 Fragile Roofs
Roof Work
Falling Off Falling Through
 No Edge Protection Fragile Materials
 Slippery Surfaces No Crawling Boards
 Handling Materials
Pitched Roof Precautions:-
 Carry Out Survey
 Safe Means Of Access
 Roof Edge Barriers
 Roof Ladders/Crawling Boards
 Facilities To Raise And Lower Materials
 Protection For Persons Below
 Provision Of Harness
  No Work In Severe Weather
 Competent Workers
Bitumen Flat Roof Precautions:-
 Safe Use Of Bitumen Boilers
 Safe Use Of Burning Gases
 Training In Manual Handling
Fragile Roof Precautions:-
 Crawl Boards
 Running Line And Safety Harness
 Barriers Or Covers To Roof
 Roof Edge Protection
 Covers To Roof Lights
Fall Arrest Equipment:-
 Harness And Running Line
 Netting
 Safety Belt
 Fall Arrester
 Full Body Harness

Ladder’s Hazards:-
 Over Reaching From Ladder
 Unsecured/Unstable Ladder
 Ladder Not Extended Above Step Off Point
 Using A Damaged/Worn Ladder
 Metal Ladder Contact With Electrical Cables
 Falling Material Being Carried Up Ladder
 Vehicle Collision With Base Of Ladder
 Manual Handling

Unsuitable Use Of Ladder:-

 Don’t Use Make Shift Ladder
 Don’t Use A Ladder Which Is Too Short
 Don’t Stand A Ladder On A Drum, Box Or Other Unsteady Base
 Don’t Overload A Ladder
 Over Reaching
 Don’t Use Ladders With Cracked Or Broken Rungs
Minimise Hazards Of Ladder Use:-(Preventions)
 Ladder Rested On A Firm Level Base
 Use Of Stabilization Devices Or Otherwise Footed
 Secure Ladder By Correct Angle 75* Or 1:4 Ratio
 Tied Off At Top
 Extend Suitable Distance Above Step Off Point (1 Metre Min)
 The Top Of The Ladder Against A Solid Surface
 Use Wooden Ladder Near Overhead Cables
 Provide Equipment Raise Materials
  Provide Holsters To Carry Loads
 Only One Person At One Time On A Ladder
 Rungs Should Be Clear Of Grease, Oil Or Other Slippery Substance
 Barriers Of Base And Display Warning Signs
 Use Of Ladder By Only Trained Users
 Assistance When Moving/Erecting Ladder
 Inspection And Maintenance Of Ladders
 Ladder Register

Step Ladder Precautions:-

 Inspected For Defects Before Use
 Correctly Positioned On Even Ground
 Suitable For Task
 Footed If Necessary
 Avoid Over Reaching
 Not Overloaded
 Positioned On Even Ground
 No Work Carried Off Top Step
 Worker Maintains Three Point Contact
 Properly Erected And Legs Fully Extended

Tied Scaffold
 Through Tie
 Reveal Tie
Reasons For Scaffold Collapse:-
 Wrong Materials
 Unstable Foundations
 Improperly Designed
 Improper erection
 Overloading
 Modified Incorrectly
 Undermined By Excavations
 Hit By Machinery
 Excessive Winds/Rain

Inspection Of Scaffold:-
 Base-Firm Ground And Sole Plates
 Line Of Standards And Ledger
 Spacing Of Transoms To Support Boards
 Boards Good Condition
 Guardrails And Toe Boards
 Bracing
 Means Of Access
 Ties-Number And Position
 Correct Couplers
  Joint Staggered

Scaffold Towers
Hazards
 Overturning
 Collapse
 Fall From Height
 Falling Objects
 Overhead Obstructions

Scaffold Tower Stability

Affected By:-
 Sheeted In Strong Winds
 Overload With Equipment Or Materials
 Used To Hoist Heavy Materials Or Support Rubbish Chutes
 Used For Operations Such As Grit Blasting Or Water Jetting
 Climbed From The Outside
 Used To Support Ladder

Precautions Scaffold Tower:-

 Mobile Towers Only Be Used On Firm And Level Ground
 Towers Only Be Moved By Pulling Or Pushing At Base
 Working Platform Be Clear Of Men And Materials When Scaffold Is Being Moved
 Wheels Be Turned Outwards And Locked When Tower Being Used
 Correct Height To Width Ratio
 Diagonal Bracing
 Platform Must Be Fully Boarded With Guardrail And Toe Boards
 Not Overload
 Access Be On The Inside Of The Narrowest Side
 Inspected Every 7 Days

Mobile Elevating Working Platforms

Hazards
 Equipment Failure
 Unsuitable Ground Conditions
 Defective Or Unused Outriggers
 Overloaded Carrier
 Carrier Struck By A Slung Load
 MEWP Struck By Another Vehicle
 Falls from height
 Objects falling from height
  Collapse of the equipment
 Overturn (toppling) of the equipment
 Contact with live overheads during work
 Unauthorised use of the equipment
Precautions:-
 Trained And Competent operators
 Isolation or cordoning off work area
 Outriggers Extended
 Procedures If Machine Fails
 Ensure equipment is used on a firm, stable ground
 Clearance of obstructions and overheads before use
 Installation of barriers to exclude vehicles, etc.
 Ensure the that guardrails and toe boards are installed on the cradle
 Controls inside the cradle
 Ensure that it’s not driven with the cradle raised
 Observe the SWL so as to avoid overload
 Ensure its inspected regularly and prior to its use
 Only trained, authorised staff should be allowed to use
Suspended Access Equipment
Precautions:-
 Regular Inspection
 Safe Working Load
 Competent Staff
 Safety Equipment Working
 Platform Edge Protection
 Guard Rails And Toe Boards Fitted
 Adverse Weather Rules
 Protected Electricity Supplies
 Communication
 Emergency Procedures

1.6 Hazards and control measures for works of a temporary nature

The impact on workplaces from hazards associated with works of a temporary nature (including building
maintenance, renovation, demolition and excavations)
The Impact of Temporary Works
The hazards associated with temporary works will vary depending on the nature of the
work, but can include:
 Hazards associated with the work environment, such as extreme outdoor temperatures.
 Hazards associated with safe movement through the temporary work site (such as slips, trips
and falls).
 Working at height (such as falls form height and falling objects).
  Vehicle hazard (such as vehicle overturn).
 Manual handling (such as lifting of components during maintenance activities).
 Lifting operation hazards (such as collapse of a mobile crane).
 Tools and equipment hazards (such as mechanical hazards).
 Fire hazards associated with work activities (such as cutting and grindings) and flammable liquid
and gas use (such as propane).
 Excavations (such as collapse of the excavation).
 Demolition hazards (such as premature collapse of structures).
 Chemical and biological hazards (such as asbestos disturbed during refurbishments works).
 Noise and vibration hazards (such as those generated by machinery, such as a disc cutter).
Control Measures Relating to Management of Temporary Works
The control measures for management of temporary works include the following:
 Communication and Co-operation: Effective communication and cooperation between the
various parties undertaking the work and all those affected by the work is essential.
 Risk Assessment: The temporary works and its impact on the existing workplace must be fully
risk assessed.
 Appointment of Competent People: All of the people involved in temporary works must be
competent.
 Segregation of Work Areas: The area where the temporary works are to take place must be
effectively segregated from the existing workplace.
 Emergency Procedures: Consideration must be given to the emergency procedures that may
have to be established because of the nature of the temporary works
 Welfare Provision: Adequate welfare provision just be made for the workers engaged in the
temporary works.

Demolition
Hazards Of Demolition:-
 Falling Debris, Masonry  Manual Handling
 Premature Collapse Of Building  The Use Of Explosives
 Falls From Height Or On Same Level  Collision With Heavy Plant
 Services E.G. Electricity, Gas And Water  Noise and vibration E.G. Pneumatic
 Explosion And Fire Drills, Power Tools
 Chemical Contamination E.G. Lead Dust,  Live overheads
Silica Dust,  Explosives
 Exposure to Asbestos  Sharps e.g. broken glass
 Biological Hazards
Safe System Of Work (Demolition):-
1. Protection Of Public
 Restricted Areas
 Safe Distances
 Airborne Contamination
2. Protection Of Workforce
 Sequence Of Demolition
 Permit Systems
 Existing/Temporary Services
 Flammables
  Segregation
 PPE
Precautions During Demolition:-
 Careful assessment and planning of the work. Full site investigation by a competent person
 Arrangements to protect workers & public from hazardous substances e.g. Asbestos
 Safe system of work; PTW, Isolation… etc.
 Emergency arrangements; first aid, fire… etc.
 Identification And Isolation Of Services
 Barriers, Fences Restricted Access
 Means Of Preventing Falls
 Means Of Suppressing Dust
 Identification/Removal Of Hazardous Substances
 Competent Staff-Clear Responsibilities
 Preventing Premature Collapse
 Sequence Of Demolition Followed
 Properly Maintained Equipment
 Post relevant warning signs
 Provide adequate PPE
Excavation
Excavation Hazards
 Collapse Of The Sides
 Over Running Of Vehicles
 Persons Falling Into The Excavation
 Materials Falling Into Excavations
 Underground Services
 Access And Egress
 Hazardous Atmospheres
 Undermining Adjacent Structures
 Flooding - Influx of ground or surface water & drowning or entrapment
 Buried Services
 Equipment e.g. pneumatic drill

Excavation Assessment
 Soil Types And Conditions  Surcharge Loads
 Existing Structures And Tools  Access And Egress
 Underground Services  Lighting
 Flooding  Experienced Operations
 Protection Of Public  PPE
 Depth-Support

Precautions & Controls for safe excavation:

 Arrangements to prevent sides of excavation from collapsing e.g. shoring, trench box, battering
 Safe system of work; PTW
  Provide Access means or ladders extending 5 rungs above edge of excavation
 Isolate mains of water supply to avoid flooding
 Barriers, fencing and hoarding to prevent falls of people, materials and vehicles.
 Crossing points of sound construction and with guardrails and toe boards.
 Lighting and warning signs.
 Personal protective equipment.
 Location, identification and marking of buried services.
 Careful positioning and routeing of vehicles, plant and equipment.
 Inspection by a competent person before first use, at start of each shift and after any event
likely to have affected the strength or stability of the excavation.

When to carryout Inspection & reporting for excavations:

 After any event affecting the strength or stability of excavation (ex: climate)
 Before work at the start of every shift
 After accidental fall of any material
 Inspections & reports to be done by competent personnel
 Reports should be done periodically per legal and/or other requirements
 A copy of the report to be given to the manager, kept on site & retained for an adequate period
after work is completed

Main risks associated with vehicles & traffic routes near excavations
 Overturning on slopes & at edges of excavations
 Poor maintenance of vehicles & braking systems
 Driver error due to lack of training / experience

Controls for risks associated with vehicles & traffic routes near excavations
 Designated traffic routes & signs
 Speed limits & speed monitoring
 Proper inspection & maintenance
 Wheel chocks when vehicles are parked
 Provision of roll-over protection & seat belts
 Visual & Audible warning
 Refer to "Element Seven" for more information

Maintenance
It involves a wide range of activities, including:
 maintenance of lighting units
 Cleaning activities
 Maintenance of heating and ventilation systems
 Maintenance of services
 Maintenance of lifts
 Repair of the building structure
Maintenance hazards
 Mechanical: Entanglements, machinery traps, contact, shearing traps, in-running nips, ejection,
unexpected start-up
 Electrical: Electrocution, shock, burns
  Pressure: Unexpected pressure releases, explosion
 Physical: Extremes of temperature, noise, vibration, dust
 Chemical: Gases, vapours, mists, fumes
 Structural: Obstructions, floor openings, voids
 Access: Work at heights, confined spaces

Maintenance precautions
 Work is carefully planned and controlled: May be several people working.
 Hazards are communicated.
 Services are isolated and locked off.
 Ensure stored energy is released, cover live parts with insulating material, and use additional
PPE
 Ensure that all workers are competent.
 If dangerous moving parts are accessed, ensure they run at very slow speed OR fit purpose-
made maintenance guards
 Precautions for safe access
 Use manual handling aids

Construction Health Hazards

 Noise
 Vibration
 Solvent And Cleaners
 Fumes And Radiation
 Biological Hazards
Dusts:-
 Saw Dust
 Lead Dust
 Silica Dust
 Asbestos Fibres
Cement:-
 Irritant Dermatitis
 Allergic Dermatitis
 Skin Burns And Ulcers
Safe Use Of Portable Tools On Site:-
 Ensuring Suitable Equipment
 Reduced Voltage 110 Volt Supply System
 Extra Low Voltage For Wet Locations
 Use Of Residual Current Devices (RCD)
 Double Insulated Tools
 Battery Operated Tools
 Suitable Connections
 Pre-Use Inspections
 Inspection, Testing And Maintenance
 Competence Of Workers

Precautions For Electricity On Construction Site:-

  Use Cat Scanner (Cable Detector Scanner Up to 3m)
 Use Of Crossing Parts
 Use Of Goal Posts

Overhead Power Cables

The Minimum Recommended Safe Working Distance Is 6 Metres From The Nearest Part Of The Crane. If
The Minimum Distance Cannot Be Maintained The Electricity Supply Should Be Disconnected.
Overhead Electrical Services(Precautions):-
 Isolation Of Power If Possible
 Safe Path Marked (Use Of Barriers, Fencing)
 Height Restrictions Marked By Goal Posts
 Working Notices
 Ban Equipment Capable Of Reaching Overhead Lines
 Limiters Fitted To Cranes
 Supervision

Underground Services Controls:-

 Planning The Work
 Locating The Services
 Identifying The Services
 Safe Digging Practices

Power lines safety

All Services Should Be Assumed Live Unless Proven Otherwise.

Safe Digging Practice:-

 Trial Holes Using Suitable Hand Tools
 Special When Digging Above Or Close To The Line Of A Service
 No Non-Held Power Tools Or Mechanical Excavators Close To Underground Services
 Excavations Along Side The Service Rather Than Directly Above It
 Final Exposure By Horizontal Digging Using Hand Tools
 Shovels With Curved Edges/Gentle Foot Pressure
 Proprietary Air Digging Tools
Element-2 Transport Hazards And Risk Control
2.1 Safe Movement of Vehicles in the Workplace
Hazards and Factors Affecting the Level of Risks From Workplace Transport Operations
 Driving too fast – often associated with driver error.
 Reversing – limits a driver’s vision and puts the whole length of a vehicle in the direction of
travel.
 Silent operation of machinery – vehicles and equipment may not be heard by pedestrians or
other drivers.
 Poor visibility – especially around loads, wide or long vehicles, or while vehicles reverse – causes
many collisions.
Vehicle Movement-Related Hazards
 Loss of control – due to driver error (driving too fast), mechanical failure (brakes fail) or
environmental conditions (mud on the road).
  Overturning – tipping over onto the vehicle’s side or onto its front or back. Instability,
particularly of high sided vehicles, may be due to speed of travel, steepness of slope, height and
stability of the load, tyre pressure and road conditions.
 Collisions with other vehicles, pedestrians or fixed objects due to driver incompetence; adverse
ground and weather conditions; poor lighting or site layout; congestion.
 Non-Movement-Related Hazards
 Loading/unloading – both manual and mechanical loading and unloading of vehicles can create
risk (e.g. manual handling risk, risks created during tipping operations, etc.).
 Overloading – exceeding the safe working limit of the vehicle can result in significant risks.
 Securing and sheeting – when workers have to climb onto a vehicle in order to secure the load.
 Coupling – when vehicles are attached to trailers or other towed equipment, there is potential
for collision and crushing.
 Maintenance work – when mechanics have to access various parts of the vehicle and may have
to work at height or under the vehicle.

Control Measures for Safe Workplace Transport Operations

After a risk assessment has been carried out to determine the extent and types of controls needed, the
necessary measures can be grouped in three main categories:
Safe Site (the Workplace Environment)
 Vehicle-free zones and/or pedestrian free zones – eliminating the hazard.
 Good vehicle traffic route layout – keeping vehicles at a distance from pedestrian walkways and
other vehicles; use of one-way systems.
 Segregation of vehicles and pedestrians – with separate walkways and possibly safe havens for
pedestrians. Use of barriers or markings for walkways.
 Separate site and building entrances for vehicles and pedestrians.
 Enforced speed limits and traffic calming measures (e.g. speed bumps) where necessary.
 Ensure good visibility; eliminate any blind spots; provide vision aids such as mirrors.
 Use appropriate signage to warn drivers of hazards.
 Traffic route surface to be suitable for the vehicles using it and gradients avoided where
possible.
All these control measures should be maintained in good order with routine inspection, cleaning and
repair/replacement as necessary.
Safe Vehicles
Vehicles should be:
 Suitable for their intended use.
 Suitable for the environment and conditions in which they are used.
 Maintained in safe working order.
 Only driven by suitably trained, qualified staff.
 Inspected routinely before use.
Where necessary, vehicles should be fitted with a:
 Seat for the driver (and any passengers).
 Seat belt.
 Roll bar or roll cage to protect the driver in the event of overturn.
 Guard to protect the driver in the event of falling objects.
 Horn.
 Audible reversing alarm.
 Beacon or flashing light.
Safe Drivers
The driver should be:
 Competent to drive the vehicle: proof of qualification may be required.
 Medically fit to drive.
 Provided with specific information, instruction and training appropriate to the workplace and
site where they will be driving.
 Supervised: to ensure that they follow safe systems of work, obey site rules and do not lapse
into bad practices.
Site Vehicles (Qualities)
 Suitable For The Environment
 Suitable For The Task
 Provided With Warning Aids
 Protection From Falling Materials
 Checked Daily
 Properly Maintained
Precautions When Organising Traffic Routes:-
 Segregation If Possible  Alerting People To Hazards
 Separate Routes  Precautions When Pedestrians Working
 High Visibility Clothing In Areas Where Vehicles Are Moving:-
 Clearly Marked/Signed Routes  Segregation Of Vehicles And
 Gangways Suitable Width And Pedestrians
Clearance  Appropriate Road Markings
 Speed Limits  Maintaining Good Visibility
 Adequate Lighting (Mirrors/Lighting)
 Clear Direction Signs And Door Marking  Audible Warning On Vehicles
 Sharp Bends Avoided  Drawing Up And Enforcement Of Site
 Good Floor Conditions/Gentle Rules
Gradients  Wearing Of High Visibility Clothing
 Sufficient Parking  Good Standard Of Housekeeping
 Avoid Reversing  Training And Supervision
Reversing Of Vehicles:-
Avoid Reversing
 One-Way Systems
 Drive Through Systems
 Turning Circles
If Must Reverse
 Separation  Adequate Lighting
 Suitable Design  Banksmen
 Audible Alarms  High Visibility Clothing
 Mirrors  Site Rules/Training
Driver Selection factors :-
 Reliable And Mature
 Pre-Employment Medical
 Physically Fit
 Routine Medicals
  Licensed
 Trained And Competent
 Supervised And Monitored
 Given Refresher Training
Training Programme For Vehicle Drivers In Workplace:-
Should Include:-
 Personal Responsibilities
 Safe Working Load Estimations
 Pre-Use Vehicle Inspection
 Suitable Maintenance
 Safe Parking And Security
 Speed Restrictions
 Safe Rules And Signs
 Floor Conditions
 Vehicle Reversing
Reasons Of Fork Lift Truck’s Overturn:-
 Travelling On Gradients Too Steep
 Travelling Towards When Descending Slopes
 Being Overloaded, Unevenly Loaded Or Carrying Unsuitable Loads
 Travelling On Soft/Uneven Ground
 Travelling Too Fast Especially Around Corners
 Travelling Over Curbs, Steps Etc.
 Poor Maintenance Of Trucks/Roads
 Poor Driving/Driver Training
 Not Suitable For The Task
 Carrying Loads At Dangerous Heights

Hazards To Drivers:-
 Fumes (Diesel/Petrol)
 Fire/Explosion
 Collision With Building
 Manual Handling
 Falling Objects
 Noise
 Vibration
 Ergonomics
 Electrical Hazards

Pre-Use Check On Fork Lift Trucks:-

 Condition And Pressure Of Tyres
 Functioning Of Lights, Horns, Brakes
 Warning Devices Working
 Suitable Mirrors
 Engine For Oil Leaks
  Water Leaks
 Seat Securely Fixed/Suitable Restraints
 Damage To Bodywork/Lifting Mechanisms
 Security Of Equipment Fitted I.E LPG Tank

Parking Of Fork Lift Trucks:-

 Designated Parking Area
 Applying Brakes
 Controls In Neutral Position
 Switch Off Engine
 Removing Key And Returning To Responsible Person
 Forks Resting On Floor
 Mast Titled Slightly Forward
 Not Obstructing Walkways
 Not Obstructing Fire Exits/Fire Points

Examination Of Fork Lift Trucks:-

Fork Lift Trucks Should Be Inspected:-
 Before Its First Use
 Daily By The Driver
 12 Monthly Intervals (6 Months If Carrying Persons) By A Competent Person
 Comply With Schedule
 Circumstances That May Compromise Safety Of The Truck

2.2 Driving at Work

Managing Work-Related Road Safety
Road safety should be treated as another aspect of health and safety.
Policy – should cover work-related driving and recognise the employer’s duty to manage the risk.
Responsibility – top-level commitment to policy to ensure resources are available.
Organisation and structure – work-related driving will often involve different groups of workers, so
policy should be developed with all of those groups in mind and often involves interested parties from
across the organisation.
Systems – arrangements must ensure that vehicles are maintained, inspected and tested and driver
qualifications and fitness are checked.
Monitoring – various methods can be used.
Legal responsibilities –individuals driving whilst at work are bound by the national laws governing road
safety and road traffic offences.

Risk Assessment
Work-related driving should be risk assessed in the same way as other work-related activities. The
standard five-step approach can be tailored to suit work-related driving.
Evaluating and Controlling the Risk
Evaluation of risks should look particularly at:

The Driver
 Competency – drivers should hold the relevant driving licence for the vehicle to be driven. They
might also be required to demonstrate relevant experience, skill and knowledge.
 Training – drivers may have to undertake specific training on safe driving.
 Fitness and health – drivers may have to undergo a medical examination and be passed as fit to
drive.

The Vehicle
 Suitability – the vehicle must be suitable for its intended purpose.
 Condition – the vehicle must be in a roadworthy condition.
 Safety equipment – the vehicle should carry suitable safety equipment.
 Safety critical information – certain information must be understood by the driver.
 Ergonomic considerations – adjustability of seat position and driver posture to achieve comfort.

The Journey
 Routes – route planning allows for hazards to be avoided and risks minimised.
 Scheduling – scheduling journeys at the right time of day.
 Time – allowing sufficient time for the journey.
 Distance – travel distances must be reasonable.
 Weather conditions – weather forecasts and adverse conditions must be taken into account.

Incident reporting
 Record information about all incidents
 Report “near-misses”
 Emphasis in training on how to recognise, analyse and learn from such events
 Data provided should be analysed
 Any changes or improvements noted
 These should be communicated to those concerned and the work-related road safety
procedures updated

Workplace Transport Accidents

Majority Involve:-
 People/Vehicle Collision
 Collisions With Other Vehicles
 Falling From Vehicles
 Being Struck By Insecure Loads
 Vehicles Overturning
 Associated Activities, Battery Charging
Vehicle Fuels Hazards:-
 Petrol, Diesel, LPG Hazards
 Flames Or Sparks
 Exhaust Fumes Including Carbon Monoxide
 Surface Temperature Of Exhaust System/Hot Surfaces
 Noise
 Manual Handling Of LPG Cylinders

Battery Charging:-
Hazards
 Give Off Hydrogen Gas
 Electrical Short Circuits
 Corrosive Effect Of Acids
 Manual Handling
Precautions
 Ensure Good Ventilation
 No Sources Of Ignition/Smoking
 Suitable PPE
 Insulated Tools
 Lifting Equipment

Long Distance Delivery Vehicles

1. The Job:-Duration Of Journey, Road Condition, Means Of Communication, Security
2. The Driver:-Physical And Psychological Capabilities, Level Of Training
3. The Vehicle:-Suitable For The Load, Design And Layout Of Cab, Maintenance
4. The Load:-Properly Labelled If Hazardous, Spillages Procedures, Weight, Value

Element 3 Musculoskeletal Hazards And Risk Control

3.1 Work-related upper limb disorders
Ergonomics:-
Ergonomics is the interaction between workers, their work and their environment. It involves knowledge
of their physical and mental capabilities in addition to their understanding of the job.
OR
Study Of Relationship Between A Worker And The Working Environment.
 People Vary Enormously In Height, Weight, Strength Etc.
 The Equipment Designed To Avg. Man
 This Leads To Physical Injuries
Ergonomic Assessment
 Organisation:- Supervision, Procedures, Breaks, Shift Patterns.
 Equipment Or Process:- Human Limitations, Analyse Task Etc.
 The Individual:- Physical Capabilities, Knowledge Attitude.
 Environment:- Temperature, Noise, Space, Lighting Etc.
Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders
  Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) affect muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves. MSDs
usually affect the back, neck, shoulders and upper limbs (termed WRULDs).
Typical forms of ill-health associated with poor ergonomic design are:
 Back injuries and back pain – associated with repetitive manual handling or poor posture and
movement whilst standing or sitting for long periods of time.
 Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs) – conditions that affect the arms and hands, e.g.
carpal tunnel syndrome tenosynovitis.
 Other chronic soft-tissue injuries – Collectively these conditions can be referred to as
musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).
Causes Of WRULDs:-
 Repetitive Finger, Hand Or Arm Movements, E.G. Assembly Line Work, Keyboard Operators
 Twisting Movements, E.G. Meat And Poultry Preparation
 Squeezing, E.G. Using Pliers, Scissors
 Pushing, Pulling, Lifting Or Reaching Movements, E.G. Assembling Packing Boxes
 Work On A Production Line
 Bricklaying
Examples of Repetitive Operations
 Display Screen Equipment (DSE) use.
 Factory assembly of small components.
 Bricklaying.
 Supermarket checkout operation.
Symptoms Of WRULDs
 Numbness Or Tingling In Fingers Etc.
 Pain
 Restriction In Joint Movement
 Soft Tissue Swelling
 In Addition To Symptoms:- Redness, Swelling And Limitation Of Movement.
WRULDs Prevention:-
 Identify Of Risk Jobs
 Reduce The Force Frequency And Duration
 Design Of The Equipment
 Automate The Process
 Design Of The Work Station
 Job Rotation
 Regular Breaks
 Training Employees In Correct Use Of Tools
 Medical Surveillance
 Assessment Of Individual For The Task

Health Effects Of DSE:-

D=Display
S=Screen
E=Equipment

 Musculoskeletal Disorders (Hand, Arm, Shoulder)

  Eye And Eyesight Problems
 Fatigue And Stress
 Epilepsy
 Facial Dermatitis
 Radiation
 Effects On Pregnant Women

D.S.E Assessment
 Organisation:- Job Rotation, Breaks.
 Individual:- Physical Characteristics, Training.
 Environment:- Noise, Lighting, Glare, Temperature, Space Etc.
 Equipment:- Height/Position Of Keyboard And Screen, Seating Posture, Design Of Chair, Screen
Definition And Colour, Adjustability Of Equipment.

DSE Workstation Layout

 Good Lighting
 No Glare, Distracting Reflection
 Noise To Minimum
 Ample Legroom To Allow Postural Movement
 Minimise Glare (Windows)
 Suitable Software
 Screen Suitable Position
 Ample Work Surfaces
 Suitable Chair/Adjustable
 Footrest If Necessary
 Suitable Environment

Other D.S.E Requirements

 Plan Work With Breaks -Provision Of Eye/Eyesight Test
 Training And Information -Risks From DSE Work; Importance Of Good Posture
Laptops(Design, Usage)
Frequent breaks
Eye tests
Docking stations
Mouse
Factory Assembly Line:
Risks
Assembling small components on a factory production line will have many of the same health effects as
DSE use, which are:
• WRULDs - associated with repetitive handling of parts for long periods of time.
• Back pain - and other MSDs associated with sitting or standing for long periods of time, over-
reaching, twisting and stooping to reach parts.
• Eye strain - temporary eye fatigue associated with having to focus on small parts.
• Fatigue and stress - associated with infrequent rest breaks and a demanding work rate.
Control Measures
 • Automate the process to eliminate the MSD risk entirely.
• Re-lay out the workstation to allow comfortable posture and to minimise over-reaching,
stooping, twisting, etc.
• Provide seating if not already available.
• Provide comfortable shoes and floor mats to relieve foot pressure if sitting is not possible.
• Allow short, frequent breaks or introduce job rotation to prevent long duration on one task.
• Ensure lighting is appropriate to the task.
• Introduce ergonomically designed hand tools.
• Provide information and training to workers on the potential MSD health risks and the
preventive measures; in particular, ergonomic use of the workstation.
Checkout Operators Controls
• Make checkouts as adjustable as possible - provide chairs and give operators flexibility.
• Provide hand scanners for large items.
• Mechanise conveyors.
• Provide training in manual handling.
• Provide rest breaks and job rotation.
• Design checkouts so not all operate from the same side and rotate staff.
• Provide staff with training in customer service and management.
• Ensure supervisors are available to help deal with queries/complaints.
• Ensure that the checkouts are well manned.
Bricklaying: Control Measures
• Provision of suitable gloves and PPE to protect against wet and cold weather and to maintain
good circulation.
• Ensuring workers are trained in good handling techniques.
• Provision of lifting aids to improve manual handling.
• Provision of rest breaks or use of job rotation.
• Use manual handling equipment to prepare the bricks and bring them to the worksite
3.2 Manual Handling Hazards and Control Measures
Manual Handling
Supporting Or Any Transport Of A Load By Hand Or Bodily Force, Including:-
 Pulling
 Putting Down
 Pushing
 Lifting
 Carrying
 Moving
 Holding

Manual Handling Aids

 Pallet Jack
 Pallet Jack Scissor Lift
 Coil Lifting Jig
 Tilting Barrel Lifting
 Hydraulic Jack
 Conveyer
Causes Of Accidents From Manual Handling
 Slips, Trips And Falls
 Poor Lifting Techniques
 Loads Which Are Too Heavy For The Individual Undertaking The Task
 Unexpectedly Heavy Loads
 Poor Posture
 The Environment

Employees At Risk Of Manual Handling Injuries

 Construction Workers
 Ware House
 Care And Health Workers
 Postmen, Refuse Collectors, Furniture Movers Etc.

Common manual handling injuries

 Back injury
• Tendon and ligament injuries.
• Muscle injuries - overloaded muscle tissue can tear.
• Hernias - when the sheet muscle that surrounds the gut is overloaded it can distort and tear.
• WRULDs - chronic soft-tissue injuries to the arms, wrists and hands
• Cuts, burns, dislocation and broken bones – injury if the load is hot, sharp or dropped on feet.

Types Of Injuries Caused By Manual Handling

External
 Cuts And Abrasions, Mostly Involving The Upper Body And Libs
 Bruises, Crush Injuries, Lacerations
Internal
 Fractures, Either As A Result Of Falls Or Dropping Heavy Objects Onto The Body
 Strains And Muscle Injuries Involving The Spine
 Strains And Muscle Injuries Involving Other Parts Of The Body

Manual Handling Assessment

L=Load
I=Individual
T=Task
E=Environment
 Outside Surfaces (Sharp)
Load Factors:-  Stability Of Contents (Unstable)
 Physical Weight (Heavy)  Other Hazards (Hot/Cold/Sharp Etc.)
 Size (Bulky)
 Shape (Difficult To Grasp)
 Rigidity (Contents Liable To Shift)
Individual Factors:-  Strenuous Pulling And Pushing Loads
 Sex  Repetitive Handling
 History of back problems  Unpredictable Movement Of Load
 Stature (Physique, Height Etc.)  Insufficient Rest Or Recovery Period
 Chronic illnesses e.g. heart disease  A Work Rate Imposed By The Process
 Level Of Training
 Hazards To Pregnant Women Environment Factor:-
 Person’s Perception Of Their Ability  Lighting (Poor)
 Ventilation (Strong Air)
Task Factors:-  Obstacles
 Holding Loads Away From Trunk  Height Of Work Surface
 Twisting/Stooping/Reaching  Temperature (Hot/Cold)
 Large Vertical Movements  Floor Conditions
 Distances Involved  Space Available

Practical Measures To Avoid Manual Handling Injuries:-

 Avoid Manual Handling
 Risk Reduction
 Automation And Mechanism
 Team Handling
 Training
 Smaller/Lighter Load
 Selection (Individual And Mechanical Aid)
 Good Environment (Spacing, Flooring, Temperature)

3.3 Manually Operated and Powered Load-Handling Equipment

Hazards and Controls for Manually Operated

Hazards associated with this type of equipment include:

• Manual handling risk associated with pushing or pulling the truck.
• Instability of the load causing the load to fall.
• Moving up, down or across slopes causing loss of control.
• Poor parking of the truck causing obstruction in a traffic route.
• Other pedestrians possibly being struck during manoeuvring.
• Trapped feet under the wheels or when lowering the load.
• Entrapment of the person being handled.

Precautions for safe use of manually-operated equipment include:

• Restricting use to trained workers only.
• Following manufacturer’s recommendations.
• Avoidance of uneven ground and slopes.
• Use of ramps over steps.
• Observing the safe working load limits of the truck.
• Securing the load if necessary.
• Using the brakes (if fitted) whenever the truck is stationary.
 • Care when moving or lowering the load.
• Safe parking and storage to avoid obstruction.
• Routine inspection and maintenance.
• Use of safety shoes or boots to avoid crush injuries.

Elements Of Mechanical Handling And Lifting Equipment:-

 The Load
 The Workplace
 The Handling Equipment
 The Employees Involved

Control Measures On Use Of Hoist:-

 Regular Maintenance
 Training And Refresher Training For All Operators
 Carry Out Hoist Operation From One Position
 Driver Must Have Good Visibility Of Landings
 Clear Signals/Audible Warning Be Given Prior To Lifting Operation
 Goods Properly Secured, No Loose Items Of Material In Goods Lift
 Gates Correctly And Properly Secured Before Lifting

Precautions When Using Hoist:-

 Controls Only Operated From One Position
 Clear Visibility Of Landings
 Clear Signals
 Secure Objects Being Carried On Goods Hoists
 Items Not Overfilled
 Do Not Carry Loose Items
 No Passengers On Goods Lift
 Safe Working Loads Clearly Marked
 Hoist Properly Examined And Tested
 Suitable Fencing And Gates At All Levels
 Training Staff In Use Of Hoists

People Hoists and Handling Aids

Patient hoists
These can be manual (where the hoist is lifted by operating a manual crank handle) or powered, and
may be mobile or permanently mounted in a ceiling track.
Hazards
 Manual handling
 Trapped feet
Precautions
 Hoists should only be used by trained personnel
 Observe the safe working load of the hoist.
 The suitability of the equipment for the working environment must also be considered, e.g.
pushing a mobile hoist on a carpet or over rugs may be difficult.
 Hoist should be inspected regularly to ensure it remains in good working order.

Other people handling aids include

 slide sheets and transfer boards
 Wheelchairs

Powered Load-Handling Equipment

Examples include
 Forklift trucks (Diesel, LPG and battery powered)
 Cranes (Tower, Mobile, Crawler, Gantry, Overhead)
 Conveyors (Belt, Roller, Screw)
 Hoists and lifts

Forklift Trucks
The hazards associated with forklift trucks are:
• Overturn of the truck
• Fall of the load from the forks
• Striking of pedestrians
• Fall or entrapment of a person riding on the forks
• Fall from loading dock
Precautions In Mobile Crane:-
 Crane Suability For The Task  Properly Tested And Maintained Lifting
 Stable Ground Conditions Tackle
 Outriggers Fully Extended  Use Of Correct Slinging
 Avoid Obstructions  Competence Of Personal
 Consider Overhead Power Lines  Load Near Ground If Travelling
 Assign Designated And Protected Area  Good Visibility, Communications
 Monitoring Wind Speed
Main Hazards In Crane Operations:-
 Crane Overturning
 Overloading
 Collision With Other Crane, Overhead Cables
 Crushing B/W The Load And Another Object Or B/W The Sling And The Load Or The Sling And
The Hook
 Failure Of Support I.E. Outriggers Not Fully Extended
 Loss Of Load Due To Rope, Chain Or Sling Failure
 Failure Of Load Bearing Part I.E. Jib Breaking
 Heavy Wind And Rain
Precautions Needed For Employees Safety During Lifting:-
 Not Exceed Safe Working Load
 Trained Person (Operator, Slinger)
  Good Communication B/W All Operatives
 Properly Maintained Equipment
 Equipment Has Undergone Statutory Inspection
 All Lifting Accessories Free From Defect
 Make Sure Load Is Secured And Lifted Vertically Up To Correct Hight
 Warning Of Lift Taking Place
 Moved At Appropriate Speed Ensuring Path Free From Obstacles
 Consider Overhead Power Lines
 Put Down In Safe Position And Tension Released Under Close Supervision
 Wear Your Helmets, High Visibility Cloth
Lifting Accessories (Tackle) Hazards:-
 Overloading
 Incorrect Slinging Arrangements
 Damaged Attachments
 Textile Slings Damaged, Cut, Abraded Or Stretched
 Chains-Deformed, Cracked Or Stretched Links
 Broken Wires Or Kinks
 No Examination Or Pre-Use Inspection
 Damage To Accessories During Use
 Lack Of Training

Conveyor System And Its Hazards:-

Types:-
1. Belt 2. Roller 3. Screw Conveyors
Hazards:-
 Trapping  Items Falling Off
 Contact  Slips
 Entanglement  Manual Handling
 Striking  Noise And Vibration
 Impact  Sharp Edges

Precautions When Using Lifting Accessories:-

 All Accessories Properly Certified/Tested
 Properly Inspected By A Competent Person
 Safe Working Load Clearly Marked
 Inspection Prior To Use
 No Repair To Accessories On Site
 Not To Be Used For Unintended Purpose
 Packing B/W Accessory And Load
 Properly Stored After Use
 Training For Staff In Safe Use

Hazard Control Measures (Conveyor)

  Fixed/Interlocked Guards On Drum
 Side Guards, Enclosing Items To Be Conveyed
 Trip Wires With Conveyor For Full Length
 Emergency Stop Buttons
 Safe Access At Regular Intervals
 Avoiding Loose Clothing, Rings Etc.
 Restricted Access To The Running Conveyor
 Head Protection
 Regular Maintenance By Competent Person

Safety In Lifting Operations:-

Lifting Equipment:-
 Sufficient Strength, Tested  Inspected At Regular Intervals
 Through Examination  Suitably Marked
Lifting Operations:-
 Planned And Supervised
 Correctly Positioned
 Loads Not Carried Over Persons
 Good Visibility And Communication
Hoist:-
 Chain Hoist
 Goods Hoist
 Patient Hoist

Element-5 Electrical Safety

Ohms Law:-
The Higher The Electrical Pressure (V) Or The Lower The Circuit Resistance (R),The Higher Is The Current
That Flows In An Electric Circuit.

I=V/R
I=Is Measured In Amps (A),Which Is The Electron Flow Or Current
V=Is Measured In Voltas (V),Potential Difference Or Pressure
R=The Resistance Is Measured In Ohms
Electrical Power=Voltage*Current

Main Dangers Of Electricity:-

1. Electric Shock:-Contact With Live Parts.
 Direct Contact:- Coming into contact with a conductor that is supposed to be live.
 Indirect Contact:- Coming into contact with a conductor that is not live in normal conditions but
has become live due to a fault.
2. Arcing
3. Fire And Explosion
4. Burns

Severity Of Electric Shock:-

  Current In Amperes
 Length Of Contact Time
 Path Through The Body
 Conductivity/Resistance Of The Body
 The Voltage
 Conductivity Of The Environment
 Nature Of The Current
 Nature Of Contact
 Age And Health Status Of Victim

If A Person Hass Received An Electric Shock:-

 Don’t Touch Injured Person Until The Current Is Switched Off
 If The Current Cannot Be Switched Off, Stand On Some Dry Insulating Material And Use A
Wooden Or Plastic Implement To Remove The Injured Person From The Electric Source
 Administer First-Aid If Qualified
 Call Professional Help

Causes Of Electric Fire:-

 Inadequate Circuits For The Current  Loose Connections
 Overloaded Circuits  Overheating Of Cables
 Incorrect Fuses  Overheating Due To Thermal Insulation
 Damaged Wiring And Insulation  Overheating Due To Lack Of Ventilation
 Flammable Materials Too Close To Electrical Equipment

Effects Of Electricity On Body:-

 Damage To The Nervous System
 Fibrillation (Irregular Heartbeat)
 Tissue Burns At Entry And Exit
 Damage To Internal Organs
 Muscular Contractions
 Physical Trauma
 Stopping Breathing
 Stopping The Heart

Secondary Effects:-
 Falls From Height
 Unintentional Movement Of Machinery
 Failure Of Control Measures And Security Systems
 Corporate Reputation
 Throw Off

Electricity Protection Devices:-

 Fuses
 Circuit Breaker
 Earthing
 Isolation
 Reduced Voltage
  Battery Operated Tools
 Residual Current Devices (RCD)
 Double Insulation

Fuse:-
A Specially Designed Weak Link Which Is Designed To Melt At A Predetermined Value Of Current.

Advantages:-
 Cheap And Rapidly Available
 Protects Equipment
Disadvantages:-
 Will Not Protect Individuals
 Slow To Operate
 Inaccurate
 Unsuitable Or Wrong Fuse May Be Used
 Easy To Overwide
 Needs Tool To Replace

Circuit Breakers:-
Electromagnetic devices which perform the same function as fuses but operate faster.

Advantages:-
 Automatically trip under fault conditions
 No tools required to reset
 Not easy to defeat
 Protects equipment from overload

Disadvantages:-
 May Be Mistaken For An RCD
 Do Not Protect The Individual

Earthing:-
Electricity will always try to reach earth and earthing is means of providing a low resistance path to
Earth.

Advantages:-
 Prevent indirect electric shock
 Readily identified
Disadvantages:-
 Specialist testing and maintenance, professional installation
 No protection if removed
Isolation:-
Shutting off the electric supply to an item or equipment and preventing the system from being
Mistakenly reconnected.

Advantages:-
 Safest option as it eliminates electricity
 May be physically locked off
Disadvantages:-
 May be isolate other equipment
 May be reconnected without lock off
 Prevents live fault finding

Reduced voltage system:-

Reducing the mains voltage by means of a transformer to a lower safer voltage e.g. 110 volts or 55
Volts.

Advantages:-
 At 55v-injury is highly unlikely
 Colour coded cabling system for easy recognition
Disadvantages:-
 Specialist equipment e.g. transformer required
 Lead from supply to transfer at higher voltages, needing protection with RCD
Battery operated tools:-
Advantages:-
 Little risk during normal use
 Not restricted by cable
 Not trailing cable
Disadvantages:-
 Limited use
 Low power output
 Constant charging required

Residual Current Device (RCD):-

Compares the electricity flow to the equipment with the return flow and if a difference is detected
The equipment is isolated.

Advantages:-
 Rapid and sensitive
 Difficult to defeat
 Easy to use, test and reset
 Cannot be reset with a fault on the circuit
Disadvantages:-
 May isolate crucial equipment if one RCD covers a number of distribution points e.g. freezers
and computers
 Mechanical device which could fail
 No overload protection
Double Isolation:-
Two separate layers of insulation are provided which allows for fault detection where one layer has
Failed the other still provides protection.

Advantages:-
 Two layers of insulation prevent user contact with any live parts
 No earth required
Disadvantages:-
 Physical damage may defeat double insulation
 No earth therefore no protection if used with equipment that requires earth

Portable Electrical Equipment:-

Accidents caused by:-
 Using unsuitable apparatus
 Inadequate maintenance or misuse
 Using defective apparatus
 Modifications by unauthorised person
 Modifications whilst the appliance is live
 Using equipment in unsuitable environments
 No system of inspection or removal of damaged equipment

Precautions (Portable Equipment):-

 Reduced voltage operation
 Use of residual current circuit breakers
 Protected against overload
 Cables insulated
 Sufficient socket outlets
 Use of cable drums
 Properly trained staff
 Regular inspections and checks
 Correct sheathing
Types Of Inspection:-
 User checks
 Formal visual inspection
 Combined inspection and test (pat)

Frequency Of Inspections And Test:-

 Manufacturer’s recommendations  Extent of use
 Age of equipment  Users of equipment
 Robustness of equipment  Environment
 Double insulated or earthed  Abuse or misuse
 Type of cable  History of equipment

Reasons To Keep Records Of Inspection And Testing Of Electrical Equipment:-

  Inspection by authorised person
 In case test label removed
 Test frequencies maintained
 Record actions of faults rectified

Electrical Safety In Office Environment:-

 Equipment of approved standard  No overloading of sockets
 Maintenance of fixed electrical  Appliances switched off when not in use
installations  Pat testing in date
 There is a means of isolation  Cables correctly routed
 Connections, wiring free from defects  RCD used
 Correct fuses  System for reporting of defects
 Plugs correctly wired
Precautions For On Working Live Parts:-
 Trained And Competent Staff
 Accompanied By Another Person
 Adequate Information About The Risks
 Suitable Insulated Tools
 Insulated Barriers On Screens
 Suitable Instruments And Test Probes
 PPE
 Permit To Work
 Restricted Access
Element 6 - Fire Safety
Fire Triangle Of Fire
Oxygen (Smothering)
Heat/Source Of Ignition (Cooling)
Fuel (Starving)

Sources Of Ignition:-
 Naked Flames  Friction (Inadequate Lubrication)
 Electricity (Overheating/Arcing)  Static Electricity
 Smoking Materials  Lightning
 Hot Work (Welding, Burning)  Improper Storage Of Flammable
 Chemical Appliances (Hot Surfaces) Materials
 Lack Of Supervision And Inspection

Harm To Persons From Fire:-

Main Effects
 Being Burnt
 Inhaling Toxic Fumes
 Effects Of Smoke Inhalation
 Depletion Of Oxygen Supply
Other Effects
 Collapse Of Building
 Crush Or Other Injury Sustained While Escaping
Some Important Definitions:-
 Flash Point
 Fire Point
 Auto-Ignition Temperature:-Temperature At Which Gasses Or Vapour Will Ignite Without Any
External Source Of Ignition.
 Flammable:-Which Flash Point B/W 32 Degree Celsius And 55 Degree Celsius
 Highly Flammable:-Liquids With A Flash Point Below 32 Degree Celsius

Principle Causes Of Spread Of Fire:-

1)Conduction
2)Convection: Movement Of Heat Movement Of Hotter Gasses Up Through Materials Through The Air
3)Radiation
4)Direct Burning: Transfer Of Heat Through Combustible Materials In Contact The Air With Naked Flame

Causes Of Fire:-
 Deliberate(Arson)  Heating Equipment
 Electrical Faults  Unsafe Storage Of Materials
 Misuse Of Electrical Equipment  Flammable Liquids/Gases
 Smoke Materials  Welding/Hot Work
 Smoking In Prohibited Areas  Mechanical Heat(Friction)
 Loss Of Control Burning Rubbish
Classification Of Fires:-
 A:-Combustible Solids
 B:-Flammable Liquids Or Liquified Solids
 C:-Flammable Gases
 D:-Flammable Metals
 F:-Combustible Cooking Media
 Fires Involving Electrical Equipment:-
Electrical Classified According To The Source Of Ignition Rather Than Fuel Source.

Class Types Of Extinguishers

A Water, Dry Powder, Co2, Foam
B Foam,Co2,Dry Powder
C Dry Chemical Powder, Water Mist, Foam
D M28 and L2 Powder extinguishers
F Wet Chemical extinguisher
Electrical Co2,Dry Powder

Minimising Risk Of Electrical Fire:-

 Pre-Inspection By Users
 Suitability Of Equipment
 Inspection/Maintenance By Competent Person
 Avoid Misuse Of Equipment
  Prevent Overloading Of Circuit
 Correct Design And Rating For Task
 Isolate If Not In Use
 Improved Means Of Protection E.G. RCD
 High Standards Of Housekeeping
 Staff Awareness Training

Fire Risks Assessment:-

1. Identify Hazards:- The Three Elements Of Fire Triangle.
2. Identify Who Could Be Harmed:- Persons At Risk Particularly The Disabled Etc.
3. Evaluate The Risk And Adequacy Of Precautions:- Considering Prevention, Protection And
Precautions.
4. Record Finding:- Prepare An Emergency Plan
5. Review:- If No Longer Valid.

Factors To Consider In Fire Risk Assessment:-

 Construction And Use Of Building  Means Of Raising The Alarm
 Flammable Materials  Means Of Fighting Fire/Maintenance Of
 Sources Of Ignition Equipment
 Work Activities Generating Heat  Evacuation Routes/Protection Of
 Methods Of Control Routes
 Means Of Fire Detection  Numbers Of Persons At Risk
 Pre-Prevention Trailing/Fire Drills.
Terms:-
 Fire Prevention:-Control Measures To Reduce The Risk Of Fire.
 Fire Protection:-Structural Measures To Reduce The Risk Of Fire Spreading.
 Fire Precautions:-Measures Taken To Reduce The Risk In The Event Of Fire.

Fire Preventions:-
Aim To Keep The Three Sides Of The Fire Triangle Apart:-
 Eliminate Or Reduce The Storage Of Flammable Materials
 Control Of Ignition Sources
 Control Smoking Materials
 Good Housekeeping
 Lubrication Of Machinery To Prevent Friction
 No Overloading Of Electrical Systems
 Ventilation Outlets Not Obstructed
 Controlling Hot Work With Permits Etc.
 Proper Storage Of Flammable Materials
 Segregation Of Incompatible Chemicals
 Security To Prevent Arson
 Regular Inspection And Supervision

Storage Of Highly Combustible (Flammable) Liquids And Gases:-

 Minimum Quantities  Clear Making Of Containers
 Suitable Fixed Storage Tanks  Clearly Marked Storage Area
 Keep Upright In Well Ventilated Area  Spillage Controls
  Adequate Ventilation  Trained Competent Staff
 Suitable Fire Fighting Equipment  Adequate Warning Signs

Fire Protection:-
Compartmentation:-Splitting A Building Into Separate Sealed Areas Made Of Fire-Resisting Materials.
Restricts The Spread Of Fire And Smoke Within A Building Depends Upon:-
 The Use Of The Building
 Building Height
 Floor Area
 Compartment Volume
Fire Resistant Materials:-
 Primary Construction:-The Main Fabric Of The Building.
 Secondary Construction:-Internal Partitioning
1. Bricks
2. Concrete
3. Structural Steel

Fire Precautions:-
 Fire/Smoke Detection
 Fire Alarms
 Means Of Escape
 Means Of Fighting The Fire
 Emergency Evacuation Procedures
Fire Alarms:-
 Gongs, Bells Etc.
-Break Glass Points
 Automatic Systems
-Continuous Detection
-Alarm Sounding
 Call The Fire Brigade
-Indicate Location Of Fire
-Trigger Extinguishers

Means Of Escape
Definition)
A Means Of Escape Is A Continuous Path Along Which A Person Can Travel From Wherever He / She May
Be In The Building And Reach Safely By His Own Unaided Efforts.

Suitability Of A Means Of Escape:-

 Number Of Employees To Use It
 Any People With Special Needs
 Fire Resistance Of Structure
 Position/Number Of Escape Routes
 Contents Which Are Readily Ignitable
 Open Wheels, Open Staircases
 Use Of Building
Means Of Escape-Main Requirements:-
 Multiple Exits  Final Exit Door
 Fire Resistance Of Structure  Unblocked Openings Outwards
 Adequate Size Of Numbers  Fire Smoke Doors Self Closing
 Travel Distance  Fixed Stairs To Upper Floors
 Clearly Marked Exits  Exit To Safe Place
 Emergency Lighting  Suitable Assembly Point
 Exit Free Of Obstructions

Fixed Fire Fighting Equipment

 Hose Reel
 Sprinkler

Hose Reel:-
Permanently Connected To The Main Water Supply. Should Be Sited In A Location Which Covers The
Whole Area.
Advantages:-
 Inexpensive, Effective
 Harmless To Health
 Unlimited Supply Of Water At Good Pressure
 Greater Force Than Sprinkler
 Operators Need Not To Be Too Close To The Fire
Disadvantages:-
 Only Suitable For Class A Fires
 Poor Sitting May Cause Inadequate Coverage
 Hose Could Be Kinked
 Could Stop Fire Doors Closing
 May Create Trip Hazards

Automatic Sprinkler Systems:-

A Network Of Water Pipes With Spray Heads Normally At Ceiling Height Is Installed In Vulnerable Areas.

Advantages:-
 Large Coverage Of Water To Prevent The Spread Of Fire In Large Open Plan Buildings Where
Compartmentalisation Is Not Practical.

Disadvantages:-
 Only Suitable For Class A Fires
  Causes Damage To Equipment And Furnishings

Total Flooding Systems:-

 A High Concentration Of An Extinguishing Gas (Usually Co2) Is Automatically Dumped In An
Enclosed Area.
Advantages:-
 Extinguishes Fire Without Causing Unnecessary Damage To Important Equipment Such As
Electrical Equipment And Computer Rooms
Disadvantages:-
 Harmful To Health
 System Must Be Disconnected When People Enter The Protected Area

Fire Extinguishers:-
1. Water:-Class A
 Lowers The Ignition Temperature
 Prevents Re-Ignition
 Only To Be Used On Class A Fires
2. Foam:-Class B
 Excludes Oxygen-Blanket Effect
 Suitable For Class B Fires
 Aqueous Film Forming Foam

3. Dry Powder:-Class A,B,C

 Powder Has A Smothering Effect But No Cooling Properties
 Can Be Used On All Types Of Fire
4. Carbon dioxide:-Class B,E
 High Pressure Cylinder Containing Liquified Co2
 Liquid Vapourises In Contact With Air
 Safe To Use On Electrical Fires And Burning Liquids

Inspection And Maintenance Of Fire Extinguishers

Inspection:-
Routine (Perhaps Monthly) Visual Check To Ensure Extinguishers Are Place, Not Been Discharged Or
Damaged.

Maintenance:-
Involves An Annual Examination By A Competent Person With The Removal And Replacement Of
Equipment Found Faulty And The Date of The Inspection Recorded.
 Daily Checks (Fire Warden)
 Weekly Inspection (Fire Warden)
 Annually Serviced (Competent Person)
 Five Yearly Extended Service/Discharge

Sitting Of Fire Extinguishers:-

 Accessibility
 Proximity To Exits/Escape Routes
 Visibility And Signage
  Locate Off Ground With Adequate Support
 Suitable Type
 Protection Against Damage And Weather

Emergency Evacuation Procedures:-

 Means Of Raising The Alarm
 Contacting The Emergency Services
 Fire Evacuation Routes
 Fire Evacuation Signs
 Who Are And The Role Of Fire Marshals
 Type Of Fire Extinguishers
 Not To Use Lifts
 Evacuation In An Orderly Fashion

Practice Drills:-
Practice Drills Should Be Undertaken To:-
 Checking Alarm Can Be Heard Throughout The Premises
 Testing The Effectiveness Of Evacuation Procedure
 Familiarising Employees With The Alarms Etc.
 Giving Fire Awards To Practice Their Roles
 Satisfy A Legal Requirement

Element-8 Physical And Psychological Health Hazards And Control

Noise:-sound is propagated by compressions and rarefactions in the air.
 Pressure changes are detected by the human ear
 Speed of sound is around 330m/s in air

Unwanted sound:-
Sound travels a pressure wave which has two characteristics.
 Intensity
 Frequency
Db (decibel)=unit of measure of loudness
Lepd=daily personal noise exposure

Health effect of noise:-

Chronic
 Tinnitus
 Permanent threshold shift
 Loss of frequency
Acute
 Trauma from loud noise
 Temporary threshold shift
 Short term tinnitus
 Secondary effects

How does noise get to us:-

  Direct:-through the air from noise source to receiver.
 Reflected:-via walls, ceilings and other structures.
 Ground and structure:-structure borne through wall or floor.

Noise control techniques:-

1. Source:-design, maintenance/lubrication, reduce speed, energy.
2. Path:-location,enclosure,silencers,absorption,damping,isolation,screens.
3. Receiver:-ear protection, job protection.

Source reduction on plant:-

 Tighten loose equipment
 Regular lubrication
 Eliminate unnecessary leaks
 Properly adjust machinery
 Padded containers for catching components
 Switch equipment off especially fans
 Use rubber or plastic bushers
 Specify noise emissions levels in orders
 Check conditions and performance of installed noise control equipment

Path Of Noise Prevention Techniques:-

 Location  Damping
 Enclosure  Isolation
 Silencers  Lagging
 Absorbers  Screens

Practical Measures To Reduce Exposure To Excessive Noise:-

 Lubrication and maintenance
 Change the process/design
 Reduce energy
 Isolation
 Silencing
 Enclosure
 Absorption
 Damping
 Reduce time of exposure
 PPE
Types Of Hearing Protection:-
 Ear Plugs
-Comfort
-Hygiene
 Ear Defenders
-Comfort
-Reusable
Reasons For Lack Of Wearing Of hearing Protection:-
 Poor fit  Resistance to use
  Uncomfortable  Supervision
 Incompatibility  Deterioration
 Interference  Abuse
 Hygiene

Health Effects Of Vibrating Tools

1. Acute:-Tingling Or Pins Needles In Hands And Extremities
2. Chronic:-
 Numbness And Balancing Of The Fingers
 Swollen Painful Joints
 Reduction In Manual Dexterity
 Reduction In The Sensation Of Touch
Risk Factors Of Vibrating Tools
 Frequency Of The Equipment
 Magnitude Of The Energy
 Strength Of The Grip And Other Forces
 Time Of Exposure
 Frequency Of Exposure
 Low Temperature
 Individual Factors
Control Measures For Vibrating Tools
 Eliminate The Use Of Vibrating Tools
 Select The Low Vibration Equipment
 Maintenance Of Equipment And Tools
 Reducing Grip Force Required
 Reducing Exposure Time
 Introducing Health Surveillance
 Provision Of Gloves And Heated Pads
 Information And Training On Risks And Indication Of Injury

Types Of Ionising Radiation

 Alpha
 Beta
 Gamma
 X-Ray
 Neutron

Penetration Power Of Radiation

 Skin Or Paper Stops Alpha
 Thin Aluminium Stops Beta
 Thick Lead Stops Gamma

Why Is Radioactivity So Useful?

 Easy To Detect
 Radiation Can Be Very Penetrating
 Radiation Can Destroy Living Cells
Harmful Effects Of Ionising Radiation
Acute Effects
1. Somatic:-
 Mild Nausea To Severe Illness
 Diarrhoea
 Headaches
 Hair Loss
 Redness Of Skin
2. Genetic:-
 Damage To Reproductive Cells

Chronic Effects
1. Somatic:-
 Complete Hair Loss
 Lungs Cancer Etc.
2. Genetic:-
 Damage To Offspring Of Exposed

Protection Against Ionising

 Time-Reduce Exposure
 Distance-Increase Distance
 Shielding-Use Barriers
 PPE
 Environmental And Personal Monitoring
 Training And Supervision
 Correct Disposal Of Radiation Material
 Good Hygiene Practices

Employer May Have To Appoint

 Radiation Protection Advisor
 Radiation Protection Supervisor

Non-Ionising Radiation
 Ultra-Violet
 Infra-Red
 Lasers
 Microwave

Ultra-Violet: Welding, Sun Rays. Two Main Hazards Effects On Skin And Eyes.

Infra-Red: Hot Metal E.G. Foundries. Heat And For Eyes Risk Of Cataracts.

Lasers In Use
 Cutting
  Surgery

Hazards
 Eyes Are More Vulnerable To Damage From Mild Retina Burns To Permanent Blindness

Protection Against Non-Ionising Radiation

 Shielding
 Distance B/W Source And Person
 Reducing Duration Of Exposure
 PPE
 Protective Creams
Stress
Stress Is Defined As The Reaction People Have To Excessive Pressures Or Other Types Of Demands
Placed Upon Them.
Home:- Work:-
 Sickness  Kind Of Work
 Children  Physical Conditions
 Marital  Uncertainty
 Financial  Conflict
 Travel  Kind Of Jobs

Health Effects Of Stress

1. Physical Effects
 Raised Heart Rate
 Increased Sweating
 Headaches
 Dizziness
 Blurred Vision
 Arching Neck
 Skin Rashes
 Lower Resistance To Infection
2. Behavioural Effects
 Increased Anxiety
 Irritability And Sudden Mood Changes
 Drink Or Smoke More
 Difficulty Sleeping
 Poor Concentration
 Inability To Deal With Tasks

Work Problems Of Stress Results

 Lack Of Motivation
 Lack Of Commitment
 Poor Time Keeping
 Increases In Mistakes
 Poor Decision Making
 Poor Planning
 Increases In Absence
This Reflects In Relationships At Work As
 Tension B/W Colleagues And Supervisors
 Poor Service To Clients
 Individual Relationship Problems
 Increase In Discipline Problems

Problems That Lead To Stress

 Culture Of The Organisation
 Shift Work, Unsociable Hours, Excessive Overtime
 Job Insecurity
 Repetitive /Monotonous Work
 Lack Of Breaks And Control Over Job
 Work Rate Too High Or Too Low
 The Working Environment
 Relationships
 Harassment And Bullying
 Fear Of Violence
 Lack Of Communication
 Personal And Social Factors
Management Action To Avoid Stress
 Clear Company Objectives
 Good Communication
 Realistic Work Schedules
 Close Employee Involvement
 Training And Development Of Staff
 Impartial Investigation Of Stress
 Policies To Recognise And Deal With Stress
 Good Management Support
 Consistency Of Treatment

Welding Hazards
 Electric Shock
 Oxygen Enrichment
 Manual Handling
 Fire Risk
 Eye Damage
 Burns
 Fume Inhalation
 Tripping Over Cables

Hazards Of Busy Hotel Kitchen

 Electrical And Mechanical Hazards Associated With Machinery Such As Food Mixers And
Processors
 Hot Surfaces
 Sharp Implements
 Wet Or Obstructed Floors Increasing The Risk Of Slips, Trips And Falls
  Boiling Water And Hot Cooking Oils Causing Burns
 Manual Handling Hazards
 Hot, Busy Environment Of A Commercial Kitchen
 Health Hazards

Element-4 Working Equipment Hazard & Risk Control

Suitability Of Work Equipment
 Initial Integrity And Properly Designed
 Fit For Purpose For Which It Is Being Used
 Meets Safety Requirements
 Used For Purpose Manufacturer Intended

Factors To Be Considered When Installing New Machines

1. Hazards
 Heat Or Cold Problems
 Chemicals
 Biological
2. Suitability Guarded
3. The Location
4. Cable Of Being Isolated/Lock Off
5. Safe Access And Egress
6. Personnel Trained And Competent
7. Any Other Specified Risks

Safe Operation Of Work Equipment

 Appropriate Protection
 People Not Come Into Contact
 Clear Layout Of Controls
 Means Of Isolation
 Stable
 Adequate Lighting
  Maintenance
 Appropriate Markings
 Warning Devices

Responsibilities Of Users
 Information And Instructions
 Training
 Not Put Them Or Others At Risk Because Of Their Actions
 Making Use Of Any Safe System Of Work And Precautions Provided For Them, E.G. Machine
Guards, Eye Protection Etc.
 Reporting Any Problems With The Work Equipment To Their Employer

Safety In Maintenance Operations

 Safe Working Procedures Should Be Planned
 Personnel Should Receive Training
 Suitable Safety Equipment To Be Provided
 Management Organisation
 Adequate Sources

Maintenance Hazards
 Entry Into Vessels, Confined Spaces/Machines
 Hot Work Which May Cause For Or Explosion
 Construction Work Such As Work On Roofs In Excavations
 Cutting Into Pipework Carrying Hazardous Substances
 Mechanical Or Electrical Work Requiring Isolation Of Power Or Fuel Supplies
 Fumes, Gas, Liquids Or Steam

Machinery Hazards
 Unintentional Starting Of Machinery
 Release Of Stored Energy
 Movement To Gravity
 Residual High Or Low Pressure
 Restricted Access/Egress
 Residues E.G. Toxic, Flammables, Corrosives
 Mechanical Hazards
 Heat Or Cold
 Biological Hazards
 Confined Spaces
 Working At Heights

Factors To Consider Prior To Maintenance

 Location Of Equipment
 Capable Of Being Isolated?
 Can Stored Energy Be Dissipated?
 Can We Segregate?
 Is There Safe Access And Egress?
 Is PPE Required?
  Are Personnel Trained?
 Are There Heat Or Cold Problems?
 Are There Chemical Residues?
 Are There Biological Hazards?

Precautions When Undertaking Machinery Maintenance

 Isolate Electrical Power
 Permit To Work
 Isolate Pipelines
 Release Loads
 Allow Hot Machinery To Cool Provide Adequate Lighting
 Means Of Access
 Providing Suitable PPE
 Provide Barriers
 Ventilate Work Area
 Adequate Supervision

Hand-Held Tools
Hand Tools:-Tools Which Are Entirely Powered Manually. I.E. Axes, Wrenches Etc.
Portable Power Tool:-Tools Which Have An External Power Sources Such As Electricity, Compressed
Liquid, Air Etc. I.E. Pneumatic Drill, Electric Screw Driver.

Hazards Of Hand Held Tools

 Hitting Hammer On One’s Thumb
 Using A Chisel As Screw Driver
 Flying Particles
 Sharp Edges

Hazards Of Portable Power Tools

Mechanical Hazards:-
 Entanglement
 Cutting
 Abrasions
 Ejected Material
 Shearing
 High pressure injection
 Impact
Non-Mechanical Hazards:-
 Dust
 Electricity
 Ergonomics
 Manual Handling
 Noise Vibration
Precautions Portable Power Tools
 Do Not Use Power Tools You Are Not Trained On
  Do Not Lift Or Carry Power Tools By Their Power Cord
 Keep Power Cords Out The Paths Of The Power Tool
 Do Not Leave Tools Unattended
 Do Not Stand In Water Or Wet Surfaces When Running A Power Tool
 Hold All Power Tools By The Plastic Hand Grips Or Other Conductive Areas
 Do Not Plug Multiple Electrical Cords Into A Single Outlet
 Do Not Use Power Tools Or Extension Cords With A Missing Prong
 Ground All Tools Unless Double Insulated
Mechanical Hazards
(Acronym-Entice)
En=Entanglement
T=Traps: Shearing, Crushing, Drawing In
I=Impact
C=Contact: Cutting, Friction And Abrasion, Puncture
E=Ejection (Flying Particles)

Entanglement:-Where Hair, Clothes, Jewellery Etc. Are Caught In Parts Of A Revolving Machine.
Traps:-Where Parts Of The Body (As Hands Or Finger) Are Caught Or Trapped In Parts Of Moving
Machines.
Impact:-Where The Body Is Impacted By Moving Parts Or Processed Items.
Contact:-Contact Lead To Following Injuries:-
 Burns
 Lacerations
 Abrasions
 Puncture
 Cuts
Ejection:-Where The Parts Of The Machine Or Materials Being Used Fly Out And Hit The Body.

Other Machinery Hazards

Office Machinery
Common Hazards:-
 Electrical
 Ergonomic
 Noise
 Stability
Photocopiers:-
 Drawing Into Rollers
 Trap B/W Moving Parts
 Chemicals
 UV Light/Heat
 Manual Handling
Document Shredders:-
 Drawing Into Cutters
 Contact With Cutters
  Dust

Manufacturing/Maintenance Machinery
Bench Top Grinder Hazards
 Contact With Rotating Wheel
 Drawing Into Trap
 Ejection Of Parts Of Wheel
 Fire And Sparks
 Vibration/Noise

Pedestal Drill Hazards

 Entanglement (Hair/Clothing)
 Contact (Stabbing/Puncture)
 Impact (Unsecured Workpiece)
 Cutting From Swarf
 Ejection (Drill Bit/Material)

Agricultural/Horticultural Machinery Hazards

(Note-Same Mechanical Hazards)
Cylinder Mover Hazards
 Contact With Rotating Blades
 Entanglement In Blades

Strimmer/Chainsaw
 Contact With Cutter/Saw
 Entanglement Cutter/Saw

Associated Hazards With Retail Machinery

Waste Compactor Hazards
 Impact
 Crushing
 Noxious Substances And Fumes
 Biological Infection
Check Out Conveyor
 Drawing In Traps
 Non-Ionising Radiation
 Crushing
 Spillages And Breakages Of Material
Construction Machinery Associated Hazards
Circular Saw Hazards
 Drawing Into Blade
 Contact
 Ejection Of Materials
 Vibration
 Saw Dust
Cement Mixer Hazards
 Entanglement
 Chemicals
 Noise
 Manual Handing
Methods Of Machine Safe Guarding
The Features Of Guards Includes:-
 Suitable For Purpose And Compatible With Process
 Good Construction, Sound Material, Adequate Strength
 Maintained In Efficient State/Working Order And Good Repair
 Not To Be Easily By Passed Or Disabled
 At Sufficient Distance From The Danger Zone
 Not To Unduly Restrict The View Of The Operating Cycle Of The Machinery, Where Such A View
Is Necessary
 Not Increase Risk To Health And Safety
 Continue, If Possible, To Protect Even When Maintenance Is In Progress I.E. Allow Maintenance
Without Guard Removal
Hierarchy Of Control For Machinery Guards
 Fixed Enclosing Guards
 Other Guards Or Protection Devices
 Protective Appliances Such As Jigs, Holders, Push Sticks
 Provision Of Information, Instruction, Training And Supervision
Order Of Guarding
(Remember-Fiat)
F=Fixed
I=Interlock
A=Automatic
T=Trip (Safety Devices)
Methods Of Machine Safeguarding
1. Guards
 Fixed
 Interlocked
 Adjustable
 Self-Adjusting
2. Devices
 Presence Sensing
 Safety Controls(Trip Wire Cable, Two Hand Control)
 Gates
 Pullback
3. Location/Distance
4. Feeding And Ejection Methods
5. Miscellaneous Aids
 Awareness Barriers
 Protective Shields
 Hand-Feeding Tools
Fixed Guard
 It Is A Physical Barrier That Prevent Access To Danger Area
 It’s Not Connected Machine Motion Controls
 With Out Any Moving Parts
 Fixed On Any Part That It Requires A Special Tool To Remove It

Fixed Guard Advantages

 Creates A Physical Barrier
 Require A Tool To Remove It
 No Moving Parts
 Little Maintenance
 Easy To Inspect
Disadvantages
 No Protection If Removed
 Requires A Tool To Remove
 If Solid Hampers Visual Inspection
 If Solid May Cause Heat Problems
Interlock Guard
 It Have Movable Parts That Are Interconnected With The Control System
 Usually Electrical, Mechanically Or Pneumatic Interconnections
 Machinery Will Not Operate Unless Guard Is Closed
 Less Likely To Slow Production
 Generally Move Expensive And Require More Checking And Maintenance

Advantages Of Inter-Lock Guards

 Convenient For Access
 Give Flexibility Of Design
 A Time Delay Can Be Built In

Disadvantages
 More Complex
 Difficult To Inspect
 Difficult To Maintain
 Subject To Wear
 Subject To Operator Abuse
 If A Gate operator Can Step Inside

Automatic/Push away Guards

 Removes Person From Hazard
 Automatically Operated
 Operated By Electrically, Hydraulically Or Air

Adjustable Guards
Provides A Barrier Which May Be Adjusted To Facilitate A Variety Of Production Operations.
Self-Adjusting Guards
Provides A Barrier Which Moves According To The Size Of The Stock Entering The Danger Area.
Pullback Devices
 Utilizes A Series Of Cables Attached To The Operator’s Hands, Wrists And / Or Arms
 Primarily Used On Machines With Stroking Actions
 Allow Access To The Point Of Operation When The Slide/Ram Is Up
 With Draws Hands When The Slide/Ram Begins To Descend Gate
 Movable Barrier Device Which Protects The Operator At The Point Of Operation Before The
Machine Cycle Can Be Started
 If The Gate Does Not Fully Close Machine Will Not Function

Safe Guarding By Distance/Location

 Locate The Machine Or Its Dangerous Moving Parts So That They Are Not Accessible Or Do Not
Present A Worker During Normal Operation
 Maintain A Safe Distance From The Danger Area

Element-8 Chemical & Biological Health Hazards And Risk Control

Classification Of Occupational Health Hazards
 Physical:-Machinery, Electricity, Heat, Noise
 Chemical:-Acids, Alkalis, Asbestos
 Biological:-HIV Virus, Legionella, Bacteria
 Ergonomic:-Posture Problems, Fatigue
 Psychological:-Stress, Shock, Anxiety

Biological Hazards
 Legionnaires Disease
 Hepatitis
 Weill’s Disease
 Anthrax
 Rabies

Biological Hazards Control Measures

 Cleaning/Disinfecting
 Water Treatment Programmes
 Vermin Control
 Procedures For Handling, Containment And Disposal
 Personal Hygiene
 Immunisation
 Health Surveillance
 Specific Training
 PPE

Physical Forms Of Hazardous Substances

 Gases  Vapour
  Mists And Aerosols  Dusts
 Smoke  Liquids
 Fumes  Solids

Toxicology:-The Study Of How Different Materials Will Affect The Human Body.
Factors:-
 Route Of Entry
 Toxicity
 Dose And Response

Routes Of Entry
 Inhalation
 Ingestion
 Absorption
 Injection (Direct Entry)

Toxicity:-The Potential Of A Substance To Cause Harm To Living Things.

Dose:-How Much Of A Substance You Are Exposed To And How Long The Exposure Lasts.
Response:-How The Body Reacts To The Exposure.

Factors Affecting Response

 Body Weight
 Age
 Skin Type
 Sex
 Diet
 Health

Toxic Effects
Acute
 Headaches
 Dizziness
 Nausea
 Inflammation
 Eye Irritation
 Unconsciousness
 Death
Chronic
 Cancers
 Death
 Local Systemic
 Sensitisation

Dermatitis:-Removal Of Natural Oils From Skin Which Causes Reddening, Soreness, Cracking And
Bleeding Of Exposed Skin, Usually Occurs To Arms And Hands.
Causative Agents:-
 Solvents
 Detergents
 Mineral Oils
 Diesel Fuel
 Cement
 Dust Etc.

Measures To Prevent Dermatitis