APPENDIX

Gauge pressure (psi)

100
16

90
140
Density of chlorine gas (lb/100 ft3)

80

120 70

60
100

50
80
40

60 30

20
40
20

20 0

From formula by A.S. Ross and O. Maas

(1940)
40 60 80 100
Temperature (°F)
Figure A1. Density of chlorine gas under pressure (calculated from a formula
by Ross, A.S. and Mass, O. The density of gaseous chlorine. Canadian Journal
of Research 1940;18B:55–65).

White’s Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants, 5th edition,

by Black & Veatch Corporation
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

1003
 Gauge pressure (In.Hg vacuum)

16

5
14

Density of chlorine gas (lb/100 ft3)

12
10

10

15
8

6 20

25
2

40 60 70 80 100
Temperature (°F)
Figure A2. Density of chlorine gas under vacuum (from Ross, A.S. and Mass, O. The
density of chlorine gas. Canadian Journal of Research 1940;18B:55–65).

0.60 0.016

0.50 0.015
Liq
uid
as
Viscosity of gaseous Cl2 (cP)

G
Viscosity of liquid Cl2 (cP)

0.40 0.014

0.30 0.013

0.20 0.012

0.10 0.011

0 0.010
–40 0 40 80 120 160
Temperature (°F)
Figure A3. Viscosity of chlorine liquid and gas (from Steacie, E.W.R. and Johnson,
F.M.G. The viscosities of the liquid halogens. Journal of the American Chemical Society
1926;47:756).
 98

96

94

92

90
Density of liquid chlorine (lb/ft3)

88

86

84
Curve data
82 °F lb/ft3
–29.29 97.57
80 –10 95.77
0 94.80
20 92.85
78 40 90.85
60 88.79
80 86.64
76 100 84.25
120 82.09
140 79.65
74 160 77.06
180 74.31
200 71.31
72 220 67.98

70

68
–20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Temperature (°F)
Figure A4. Temperature–density relation of liquid chlorine (from Kapoor, R. and
Martin, J. Thermodynamic properties of chlorine. Engineering Research Institute,
University of Michigan, 1957).

140

120

100

80
Btu/lb

60

40

20

0
–50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°F)

Figure A5. Latent heat of vaporization of liquid chlorine (from Pellaton, M. Constantes
physiques du chlorine. Journal de Chemic Physique 1915;13:426).
1006 APPENDIX

220

200

180
Sulfur dioxide

160

Chlorine
140

120
Temprerature (°F)

100

80

60

40

20

–20

–40
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Gauge pressure (psi)

Figure A6. Vapor pressure versus temperature of liquid chlorine and sulfur
dioxide.
 Figure A7. Volume–
101
temperature relation
of liquid chlorine in
99
container loaded to
its authorized limit
97
(from Kapoor, R.
Percent of volume as liquid

and Martin, J.
95 Thermodynamic
properties of
93 chlorine.
Engineering
91 Research Institute,
University of
89 Curve data Michigan, 1957).
°F %
–10 81.4
87 0 82.1
20 84.4
40 85.8
60 87.7
85 80 89.9
100 92.3
120 94.8
140 97.7
83 153.64 100.0
160 101.0

81
–20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Temperature (°F)

12.0 Figure A8.

Equilibrium solubility
11.0 of chlorine in water
(from Adams, F.W.
10.0 and Edmonds, R.G.
Absorption of
9.0 chlorine by water in a
packed tower.
8.0 Industrial and
Solubility (lb/100 GAL)

Engineering
7.0 Chemistry 1937;29:
60 477).
ps
6.0 50 ia
ps
40 ia
5.0 ps
ia
30
ps
ia
4.0 20
ps
14 ia
.7
3.0 ps
ia

2.0
Note:
Plotted from data collected
1.0 from partial pressure values

0
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Temperature (°F)
1008 APPENDIX

CONVERSION FACTORS

U.S. (English System)

1 ppm =8.34 lb/mg
1 gpm =1440 gpd
1 gpm =0.0022 cfs
1 gal =0.832 Imperial gal
1 gal =0.1337 ft3
1 gal =8.34 lb
1 ft3 =7.48 gal
1 mgd =1.547 cfs
1 mgd =694.44 gpm
1 cfs =0.646 mgd
1 cfs =448.8 gpm
1 day =1440 min
1 day =86,400 s
1 hp =550 ft-lb/s
1 psi =2.04 in.Hg at 60°F
1 psi =2.31 ft H2O
1 acre =43,560 ft2

U.S. to Metric
1 in =2.54 cm
1 ft =0.3048 m
1 in3 =16.387 cm3
1 ft3 =0.0283 m3
1 oz =0.0295 l
1 gal =3.7854 l
1 gal =0.003785 m3
1 lb (mass) =0.45359 kg
1 oz =28.349 g
1 W·h =3600 J
1 hp =746 W
1 lb (force) =4.448 N
1 gpm =0.063 l/s
1 cfs =2446.6 m3/d
1 cfs =0.02832 m3/s
1 mgd =3785.4 m3/d
1 psi =6.893 kPa
1 ppm (by wt) × specific gravity =mg/l