© PPM 2019

BODY FLUID & CIRCULATION

The cardiovascular system comprises of blood, blood vessels and heart. Coordination of all
of these help in circulation of gases, nutrients and excretory products throughout the body.

Heart, the muscular pumping organ lies directly below the sternum in
the thoracic cavity the mediastinum slightly tilted towards the left.
The human heart has 4 chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles) which have
valves between them. Further semilunar valves are also present
between ventricles and aorta (pulmonary and systemic). The heart is
protected by a covering pericardium & has fluid pericardial fluid to
absorb mechanical shocks.

The heart consists of cardiac muscles, a striated & involuntary muscle.

Each cardiac cells are connected by intercalated disc.
BLOOD = Blood cells (45%) + Plasma (55%)
PLASMA = Albumin + Globulin + FIbrinogen
BlOOD CELLS = RBC + WBC + PLATELETS
WBC = Agranulocytes + Granulocytes

2 circulatory loops
Pulmonary: The right side of the heart Systemic: The left side of the heart
pumps blood to the lungs where it releases pumps oxygenated blood to body tissues
CO2 and becomes oxygenated. This blood where it delivers O2 and picks up to CO2
then returns to the heart through pulmonary and other waste products. This
veins. This is pulmonary pathway. deoxygenated blood then travels back to
heart through venules, veins, and vena-
cava.
Arteries: Arteries are the blood vessels that
carry oxygenated blood from heart to Veins: Veins are formed ultimately from
various tissues through arterioles and capillaries, venules and venacava and bring
capillaries. They are thick-walled and donot deoxygenated blood to heart. They are thin
have valves. All arteries carry oxygenated walled & have valves. All veins carry
blood except pulmonary artery. deoxygenated blood except pulmonary
veins.

Conduction of Heart Beat Heart Sounds

First Heart sound S1: lubb
SA Node sound, caused by the closure
of atrioventricular valve at the
AV Node beginning of ventricular
contraction, or systole.
Bundle of His Second Heart sound S2: dub
sound, caused by closure of
semilunar valves at the end of
Purkinje Fibre
ventricular diastole.
Walls of ventricles Extra heart sounds are S3 and S4
(inaudible in adults). Murmurs are
irregular heart sounds.