‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪-‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺑﻮﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻭﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﺎﻧﻲ*‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻦﺁﻭﺭﻯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻰ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻗﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﭙﻮﺭﻩ‬

‫ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ‪ 2‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1797‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺭﻥﺗﺮ ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻠﻤﻨﺰﻫﺮﺷﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ 1886‬ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 1924‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 1935‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،1935‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﻦﺁﻭﺭﻯﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻰ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻳﺞﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﺮﺥ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ )ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ(‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﺎً ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﻭﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻦﺁﻭﺭﻯﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬

‫* ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﺓ ﻋﻬﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﺎﺕ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ /‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / 100‬ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﻣﺎﻩ ‪1392‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻰﺁﻳﺪ ]‪:[2‬‬
‫‪∆ Pp‬‬
‫‪= 1 − 0.24 β − 0.52 β − 0.16 β‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∆ Pi‬‬
‫) ‪Q ρ (1− β ) Q ρ (1− β‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪∆ Pi = P i − P 2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2 Cd2 A22‬‬ ‫‪2 Cd2 A22 B22‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺯ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻰﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫)‪P1 + 2 . ρ.V 12 = P1 + 2 . ρ.V 22(3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Q = A1 . V1 = A1 . V2‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪ ،1991‬ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ 6‬ﻃﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ‪14-‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‪ ،3-‬ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎپ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪ 8‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ ]‪.[1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ]‪.[2‬‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ 1-‬ﻳﻚ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻰ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻰﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ )‪ (VC‬ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻓﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭﻻً ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺍﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﺍﻯ ﻣﺠﺬﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫)‪(4‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 8‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺩﺳﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻰ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬

‫√‬
‫‪2 ( P1 − P 2 ) / ρ‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ]‪.[1‬‬
‫‪Q = A2‬‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬
‫‪1 ( A2 / A1 )2‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ‬

‫‪Pipe wall‬‬

‫‪d2‬‬ ‫‪dvo‬‬
‫‪Flow‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪Flow‬‬

‫‪Pipe wall‬‬

‫‪d1=pipe diameter‬‬

‫‪d2=orifice diameter‬‬

‫‪dvo=vena contracta diameter‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻴﺰ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪55‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪-‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬

‫√‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪β‬ﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ،0/25‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪ β4‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫‪Q = Cd A 2‬‬
‫‪1 − β4‬‬ ‫)‪√ 2 ( P − P ) / ρ (6‬‬‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻯ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ‪ 12-‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ‪13-‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﻰ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ Cd‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫(( ( √‬ ‫(‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺰ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺮﻭﻯ‬
‫‪Y = r 2/k‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪1−r (k-1)/k‬‬ ‫)‪(13‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫‪K−1‬‬ ‫‪1−r‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻏﺘﺸﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪ ]‪1‬ﻭ‪.[5‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫‪Y = Expansion factor, dimensionless‬‬
‫‪r = P2 / P 1‬‬ ‫‪ ISO‬ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ‪ 7-‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1-5‬ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬ ‫‪k = specific heat ratio (cp /cv), dimensionless‬‬ ‫‪0.7‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪C = 0.5961+ 0.0261 β2 − 0.216 β8 + 0.000521‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪106 β‬‬
‫‪ReD‬‬ ‫(‬
‫(‬ ‫‪( (( ( β‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ‪14-‬‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪0.0188 + 0.0063‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪19000 β‬‬
‫‪ReD‬‬
‫‪106‬‬
‫‪ReD‬‬
‫‪3.5‬‬
‫‪+‬‬

‫( ((‬ ‫‪( ( ββ‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ 1/8‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 1/4‬ﺍﻳﻨﭻ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯ‬ ‫‪m = C A2‬‬

‫[( ( √‬
‫‪2 ρ1 K‬‬
‫‪K−1‬‬
‫)‪( P2 / P1) −( P2 / P1‬‬
‫‪2/k‬‬

‫‪( P2 / P1) /p1‬‬

‫‪(k+1)/k‬‬

‫[‬ ‫)‪( P2 − P1‬‬ ‫)‪(14‬‬

‫(‬
‫‪0.043 + 0.08e −10L1 − 0.123e − 7L1‬‬ ‫‪1−0.11‬‬
‫‪19000 β‬‬
‫‪ReD‬‬ ‫‪1−‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺣﻔﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ‬

‫(‬ ‫‪( (β‬‬
‫‪1.1‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫‪− 0.031‬‬
‫‪2L12‬‬
‫‪1− β‬‬
‫‪− 0.8‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪2L12‬‬
‫‪1− β‬‬
‫‪1.3‬‬
‫)‪(7‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺻﺎﻑﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻴﺰﺑﻮﺩﻥ ‪ 90‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫=‪C‬‬
‫‪Cd‬‬
‫‪√ 1 − β4‬‬
‫)‪(8‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﻪ ﺁﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﺰﻱ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬ ‫‪m = C A2 P1‬‬
‫[( ( √‬
‫‪2M K‬‬
‫‪ZRT1 K−1‬‬
‫‪( P2 / P1)2/k −( P2 / P1)(k+1)/k‬‬
‫)‪[ (15‬‬ ‫‪Q = C A2√ 2 ( P1− P2) / ρ‬‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫‪m = ρ Q = C A2‬‬ ‫) ‪√2 ρ( P − P‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪(10‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺁﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﺤﻨﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﻓﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ]‪[4‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ ]‪2‬ﻭ‪:[4‬‬

‫)‪m = ρ1 Q = C Y A2√ 2 ρ1 ( P1− P2) (11‬‬

‫‪ Y‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫)‪√ ( K−1K ( ( 1−r1−r ( ( 1−β r ( (12‬‬

‫‪1−β‬‬
‫‪(k-1)/k‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Y= r 2/k‬‬ ‫‪4 2/k‬‬

‫‪ 2‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻭ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ /‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / 100‬ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﻣﺎﻩ ‪1392‬‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻮﺏﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ‪ :13‬ﻛﻪ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺳﻮﺏﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲﻛﺮﻳﺮ‪ :14‬ﻓﻠﻨﺞ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﭻ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1-1-5‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﻭﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﻫﻢﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪ :11‬ﻛﻪ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﺵ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 45‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﭘﺦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‪ :12‬ﻛﻪ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
‫‪ -2-5‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺘﻮﺕ‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫√‬ ‫) ‪2×( Pstagnation− Pstart‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺘﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ 3-‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺭژﻳﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺘﻮﺕ ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻬﻤﻲﻭﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬

‫‪ 3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺘﻮﺕ‬

‫‪ 4‬ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ‪ISA - 1932‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪-‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ‪ ISA - 1932‬ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺘﻮﺕ ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ‪ 16‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‪(6-‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﺻﻞﺿﺮﺏ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ -4-5‬ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﻍ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ]‪.[2‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻏﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﻧﺎﺯﻝﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪ -3-5‬ﺷﻴﭙﻮﺭﻩ )ﻧﺎﺯﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺯﻝﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻛﻢ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ‪) ISA -1932‬ﺷﻜﻞ‪(4-‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪(5-‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱﺗﺮ‬

‫‪ 5‬ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬

‫‪ 6‬ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪58‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ /‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / 100‬ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﻣﺎﻩ ‪1392‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻭ ﻓﺼﻞ‪3-‬‬ ‫‪API‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ‪ 14-‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ AGA‬ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﻑ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﻱ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻯ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺗﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯﻯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ‪0/75 - 1/5‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﺍ ً ‪ 3‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻗﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺗﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﻭﻳﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﻭﻭﻳﻨﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ﺩﻗﺘﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻼﻃﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ]‪2‬ﻭ‪.[4‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ 72‬ﺍﻳﻨﭻ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪ 25 - 50‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻻً ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺳﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﺴﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪Short-Form‬‬
‫‪Universal‬‬
‫‪Flow Nozzle‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﺭﻳﻔﻴﺲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻼﻳﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﭽﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ 10:1‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ‪ 10‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺮﺥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺎ ﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﻫﺎ‬

‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪nozzle‬‬ ‫‪6.‬‬
‫‪API‬‬ ‫‪11.‬‬
‫‪concentric orifice‬‬ ‫‪16.‬‬
‫‪multiple opening pitot tube‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪Giovanni B.Venturi‬‬ ‫‪7.‬‬
‫‪differential pressure‬‬ ‫‪12.‬‬
‫‪eccentric orifice‬‬ ‫‪17.‬‬
‫‪super heat steam‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪Clemones Herschel‬‬ ‫‪8.‬‬
‫‪primary elements‬‬ ‫‪13.‬‬
‫‪segment orifice‬‬ ‫‪18.‬‬
‫‪long radius‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫‪AGA‬‬ ‫‪9.‬‬
‫‪Vena Contracta‬‬ ‫‪14.‬‬
‫‪orifice carrier‬‬ ‫‪19.‬‬
‫‪turn down ratio‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪ASME‬‬ ‫‪10.‬‬
‫‪viscosity‬‬ ‫‪15.‬‬
‫‪pitot tube‬‬ ‫‪20.‬‬
‫‪custody transfer‬‬

‫ﻣﻨــــﺎﺑﻊ‬

‫‪[1] Branch, J. C. (1995), Fundamentals of Orifice Me-‬‬
‫‪ter Measurement‬‬
‫‪[2] Barry, J. J., Sheikoleslami, M. Z., and Patel, B. R.‬‬
‫‪(1992) Numerical simulation of flow through ori-‬‬
‫‪fice meters, Gas Research Institute, GRI-92/0060.1.‬‬
‫‪[3] Brennan, J. A., Sindt, C. E, Lewis, M. A., and‬‬
‫‪Scott, J. L. (1991) Choosing flow conditioners and‬‬
‫‪their location for orifice flow measurement.‬‬
‫‪[4] Perry, Robert H. and Green, Don W. (1984). Per-‬‬
‫‪ry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (Sixth Edition‬‬
‫‪ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-049479-7.‬‬
‫‪[5] Chisholm, D., and Watson, G. C. (1966) The flow‬‬
‫‪of steam/water mixtures through sharp-edged ori-‬‬
‫‪fices‬‬

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