Lecture # 25: Image Analysis

Muhammad Rzi Abbas Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering

muhammadrziabbas@uet.edu.pk
Lecturer, Mechatronics Dept.
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
• The term Image Analysis embodies the idea of automatically
extracting useful information from an image of a scene.
• Techniques vary across a broad spectrum, depending on the
complexity of the image and, indeed, on the complexity of the
information to be extracted from it.
• Commonly used image analysis techniques include Template
Matching, Statistical Pattern Recognition, and the Hough Transform.
• More useful classification can be done based on the function.
• Inspection: More concerned with visual appearance
• Location: Localization of the object with respect to the image frame of
reference
• Identification: Classification of unknown objects
• Generally speaking,
• Inspection applications utilize the template matching paradigm
• Location problems utilize the template matching paradigm and Hough
Transform
• Identification problem normally utilize all three techniques, depending on the
complexity of the image and the objects
• Many of the applications of computer vision simply need to know
whether an image contains some previously defined object or, in
particular, whether a pre-defined sub-image is contained within a test
image.
• This sub-image is called a template and should be an ideal
representation of the pattern or object which is being sought in the
image.
• A measure of matching between the template and every location of
the image is calculated and decision is made based on its value.
• There are two forms of template matching
• Global Template Matching
• Template used is a global representation of the object
• Local Template Matching
• Several templates are used which represent local features of the object,
e.g. corners, edges, characteristic marks etc. present in the object
Measure of Similarity
• Several similarity measures are possible, some based on the
summation of differences between the image template, others based
on the cross-correlation techniques.
Measure of Similarity
• Metric Based Measure
• Euclidean Distance Measure is defined as

• g(i,j) = Image
• t(i,j) = Template
Measure of Similarity
• Metric Based Measure
• Absolute Difference Measure

• Squared Difference Measure

Measure of Similarity
• Cross-Correlation Measure
• Suppose we remove the constant portions from the Squared Difference
Measure we will be left with what is known as Cross-Correlation Measure
Measure of Similarity
• Cross-Correlation Measure
• Normalized Cross-Correlation is a more useful measure
Local Template Matching
• One problem of template matching is that each template represents
the object or part of it as we expect it to appear in the image.
• No recognition is given to the variation in scale or in orientation.
• If the expected orientation can vary, then we will require a separate
template for each orientation and each one must be matching with
the image.
• Thus template matching may become computationally expensive,
especially if the templates are large.
Local Template Matching
• One popular way of alleviating this computational overhead is to use
much smaller local templates to detect salient features in the image
which characterize the object we are looking for.
• Machine Vision by David Vernon, Published in 1991
• Chapter 6 (Section 6.1 and 6.2)
• www.cs.nccu.edu/~xhuang/cisg5740-f10/18-recognition.pdf