Higher order differential linear equations

with constant coefficients

Exercises
 Ex. 1 2

• The characteristic polynomial is 2

• And has the roots: with multiplicity and

with multiplicity

=> A fundamental system of solutions is , where

=> The solution

 Ex. 2

• The characteristic polynomial is

• And has the roots: with multiplicity and

with multiplicity

=> A fundamental system of solutions is , where

=> The solution of the homogenous equation is a linear combination of

Using the method of variation of constants, we look for a particular solution of the non-homogenous system

Such that

With the unknown functions (derivatives of order one)

We have
Using Cramer we get
  It results

Choosing the constants equal to zero, we get a particular solution:

tan tan

Hence the general solution is

tan
 Ex. 3

• The characteristic polynomial is

• And has the roots with multiplicity

=> A fundamental system of solutions is , where

=> The solution of the homogenous equation is a linear combination of

We use the method of undetermined coefficients and consider

where

First, we find a particular solution of the equation (1)

Because

It results

As is not a root of the characteristic eq, we look for a particular solution of (1) of

the form
 =>

Derivating we get

=>

=> =>

=> A particular solution of (1) is (*1)

Now, we find a particular solution of the equation (2)

Because it results
As is not a root of the characteristic eq, we look for a particular solution of (1)
of the form
=>

=> =>

=> A particular solution of (2) is (*2)

(*1) + (*2) => A particular solution of the non-homogenous equation is

=> The general solution: