Homework No.

1) A steel framework, as in Figure 1, is to be constructed at a minimum cost. The cost in dollars of all the horizontal members in
one orientation is 200x1 and in the other horizontal orientation 300x2. The cost in dollars of all vertical members is 500x3. The
frame must enclose a total volume of 900 m3.
(a) Set up the objective function for total cost and the constraint(s) in terms of x1, x2, and x3.
(b) Using the method of Lagrange multipliers for constrained optimization, determine the optimal values of the dimensions and
the minimum cost.

2) A flow rate of 15 m3/s of gas at a temperature of 50oC and a pressure of 175 kPa is to be compressed to a final pressure of 17,500
kPa. The choice of compressor type is influenced by the fact that centrifugal compressors can handle high-volume flow rates but
develop only low pressure ratios per stage. The reciprocating compressor, on the other hand, is suited to low-volume flow rates
but can develop high pressure ratios. To combine the advantages of each, the compression will be carried out by a centrifugal
compressor in series with a reciprocating compressor, as shown in Figure 2.
The intercooler returns the temperature of the gas to 50oC. Assume that the gas obeys perfect-gas laws. The equations for the
costs of the compressors are

where Cc = first cost of centrifugal compressor, dollars

Cr = first cost of reciprocating compressor, dollars
Q = volume flow rate, m3/s

a- Setup the objective function for the total first cost and the constraint equation in terms of the pressure ratios.
b- Using the method of Lagrange multipliers for constrained optimization, solve for the optimal pressure ratios and minimum total
cost.

3) A rectangular duct mounted beneath the beams in a building, as shown in Figure 3, is to have a cross-sectional area of 0.8 m 2.
The cost of the duct for the required length is $150 per meter of perimeter. The building must be heightened by the amount of
the height of the duct, and that cost is $0.80 per millimeter. After the duct has been sized to provide minimum total cost, the
possibility of enlarging the duct is explored. What is the additional cost per square meter of cross-sectional area of a very small
increase in the area?

Figure 2
Figure 1

Figure 3
Problem 1 :

The objective function for the above question will be :

Z ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 200 x1+ 300 x2+500 x3

volume V = x1 * x2 * x3 = 900 ( given )

given x1*x2*x3 = 900

hence F ( x1,x2,x3) = x1 *x2*x3-900

hence z ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 200 x1 + 300 x2 + 500 x3 + λ ( x1 * x2 *x3 - 900 )

d c / d x1 = 200 x1 + λ x2x3

d c / d x2 = 300 + λ x1 x3

d c / d x3 = 500 + x1 * x2

d c / d λ = x1 * x2 * x3 - 900

to obtain the critical values put d c / d x1 =0 ; d c / d x2 = 0 ; d c / d x3 = 0 and d c / d λ = 0

we obtain the system

200 + λ x2*x3 =0 ........................ equation 1

300 + λ x1*x3 =0 ........................... equation 2

500 + λ x1*x2 = 0 ........................... equation 3

x1*x2*x3 - 900 = 0 ............................ equation 4

we multiply equation 1 by x1 , equation 2 by x2 and equation 3 by x3 :

thus the equation becomes

200 x1 + λ x1*x2*x3 = 0 ..................... equation 5

300 x2 + λ x1 *x2*x3 = 0 ..................... equation 6

500 x3 + λ x1*x2*x3 = 0 ......................... equation 7

from equation 4 , x1*x2*x3 = 900 , then equations 5 , 6 ,7 becomes

200 x1 + 900 λ = 0

300 x2 + 900 λ =0

500 x3 + 900 λ = 0

then

x1 = - 900/200 λ= -9/2 λ

x2 = - 900/300 λ = - 9/3 λ

x3 = - 900 / 500 λ = - 9/5 λ

- 9/2 λ * - 9/3 λ * - 9/5 λ = 900

- 243/10 λ^3 = 900

λ^3 = - 1000/27

λ = - 10/3

thus x1 = - 9/2 * - 10/3 = 15 m

x2 = - 9/3 * -10/3 = 10 m

x3 = - 9/5 * ( - 10/3 ) = 6 m

and the objective function is z = 200 x1 + 300x2 + 500x3

put the values , C min ( c 15 , 10 , 6 ) = 200 * 15 + 300 * 10 + 500 * 6 = $ 9000

hence the dimensions are x1 = 15 m , x2 = 10 m and x3 = 6 m and the minimum cost is $ 9000
solution 2

Using perfect gas law , Q1 = Q0 ( p0/p1) * ( T1/T0 ) = 15 * ( P0/p1)

(a) Objective function

total cost , y = 70 ( Q0) + 1600 ( p1/p0) + 200 * 15 * ( po/p1) + 800 * p2/p1

assume p1/p0 = r1 and p2/p1 = R2

hence the above equation reduces to

y = 1050 + 1600 R1 + 3000 / R1 + 800 R2

the above relation are subjected to p2/p0 = p2/p1= p1/p0 = R1R2 = 100

(b)

solving by Lagrange multipliers

R1 : 1600 - 3000/R1^2 - λ R2 = 0

R2 : 800 - λ R1 = 0
R1*R2 = 100

on solving the above equation we get the value for optimum pressure ratios

R1 * = 7.2

R2 * = 13.9

HENCE p1 * = 1260 kpa

hence the total cost y * = 1050 + 1600 * 7.2 + 3000 / 7.2 + 800 *13.9

y*= $ 24100
Problem 3

given area = height * width = 0.8 m^2

cost of duct = 150 dollars/ m of perimeter

cost associated with height = 0.80 dollars / mm of height

the total cost = Cd * 2 ( h +w) + Ch * h

total cost = 150 *2 ( h+w ) + ch*h

total cost = 300 * ( h + w ) + 800 h * 1000

the relation between h and w is given by w = 0.8 / h ( from area equation )

hence the total cost becomes = 300 * ( h + 0.8 / h ) + 800 h

to minimize the total cost to have to differentiate the total cost with respect to h

hence total cost dc/ dh = 300 + 300 * 0.8 ( - 1 / h^2 ) + 800

put dc/dh = 0

0 = 300 + 300* 0.8 * ( - 1/h^2 ) + 800

0 = 1100 -2400/h^2

h = 0.4671 m

and w = 1.713

hence the total cost becomes = 300 * ( 0.4671+ 1.713 ) + 800 * 1.717* 100

total cost = $ 1027. 71

additional cost for increase in surface area = 1027.71 / 2* 0.80 = $ 642 per square meter