Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work

Julio David Chambueta

Group 203058A_20

1014224772

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 03-04
 Introduction

Next we will explore some topics of great interest within the science that studies the
behavior of waves and we will see the application of shells law we will carry out
exercises that have to do with the modes of wave propagation, reflection and wave
refraction.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves propagate in different ways, depending on the frequency,
signal energy, and electromagnetic properties of different media. The modes of
propagation of electromagnetic waves are:
• Direct propagation: occurs when there is a visual between the transmitter and the
receiver, as in the case of old TV antennas. They had to be oriented towards the
location of the repeater antenna, which in turn maintained a visual link with the
antenna that brought the signal from the station. This type of propagation is called
propagation in line of sight. This mode of propagation is the most efficient, since there
is no loss of energy by reflection.
• Propagation by reflection in the ground plane: This propagation system is called
propagation by terrestrial reflection and is very common in radio frequency (RF)
applications.
• Propagation by atmospheric reflection: commonly used in radio diffusion and by
radio amateurs, it is propagation by atmospheric reflection, the different layers of the
atmosphere, due to their different density and ionization level, reflect the medium
frequency signals as conductive surfaces and high (MF-HF-VHF). Higher frequency
waves, such as UHF and higher, are no longer reflected, so they are not propagated
by this type of reflection.
• Propagation by satellite retransmission: Satellite circuits are characterized by their
high quality and stability and their ability to link long distances. The maximum
coverage of a geostationary satellite is 1/3 of the Earth's surface.
2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?
The polarization of the electromagnetic wave is defined as the path described by the
vector component of the electric field in its propagation, so that it maintains the
orthogonality with respect to the vector component of the magnetic field.
There are the following types of polarization:
• Linear: In this case the path of the electric field is linear. In turn, linear polarization
can be:
Horizontal: It occurs when the vector component of the wave's electric field is
horizontal to the Earth's surface.
Vertical: It occurs when the vector component of the wave's electric field is
perpendicular to the Earth's surface.
Circular: In this case the electrical field vector component advances rotating on the
propagation axis.
The circular polarization can be:
• Dystrophic: It occurs when the circular advance of the electric field is clockwise.
• Left-handed: It occurs when the circular advance of the electric field is to the left.

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

In a simplified study of the phenomenon of wave reflection on the separation surface
between two media, two basic laws can be defined:
Each ray of the incident wave and the corresponding ray of the reflected wave are
contained in the same plane, which is perpendicular to the separation surface
between the two media at the point of incidence.
The angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray with the line perpendicular
to the border are equal. These angles are known, respectively, as the angle of
incidence and the angle of reflection. That is to say:
The incident and reflected rays are in the same plane, which is perpendicular to the
incidence, and form the same angle with the normal one at the point of incidence.

4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

The bending of light rays when they pass through a separating surface between two
media is known as refraction. In simple terms, the phenomenon of refraction is
governed by two main laws:
 Each ray of the incident wave and the corresponding ray of the refracted wave
form a plane that is perpendicular to the surface of separation between the
media at the point of incidence.
 The angle formed by the ray refracted with the normal, called the angle of
refraction, is related to the angle of incidence by a formula called Snell's law, in
honor of its discoverer, the Dutch physicist Willebrand Snell (1580-1626).
Mathematically expressed, this law indicates that.

The incident and refracted rays are in the same plane, which is perpendicular to that
of the separation surface between the media. The angles that determine the direction
of propagation have a relationship governed by Snell's law.

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?
The purpose is to know the relationship between the path taken by a ray of light when
crossing the limit or the separation surface between two substances in contact and
the refractive index of each of them.

Application exercises:
2
mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P+¿=1201 , incident from the air
(η1 =120 π Ω), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance
η2=CCC Ω . Calculate the reflected power P−¿
1 and the transmitted power P2 to the
¿ +¿¿

wall.
F=20 MHz
N2= 101 Ω

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

n1 =120 π Ω=377 Ω

n2 =101 Ω

p +¿=120
mw
m2
1 ¿

1−coeficiente de reflexión
n2−n1 101Ω −377 −276 Ω
Γ= = = se cancelan Ωcon Ω=−0.58=0.58
n2 +n1 101Ω +377Ω 478 Ω
2−Reflectancia
2 2
R=|Γ| =|0.58| =0.582=33,64 %
3−Latransmitancia
T =1−R=1−33,64 %=66,66 %
4−Potencia reflejada=¿
¿
5−Potencia transmitida ¿
¿
2
mW /m ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P+¿=1201 , coming from a wave
generator located 12 cm from the wall, which impinges from the air ( η1 =120 π Ω )
perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=CCC Ω and 20 cm thick.
The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the other
side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the

generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [mW /m2 ]the power that is transmitted to the
receiver.
f =20 Mhz
p +¿=120
mw
m2
1 ¿

n1 =120 π Ω perpendicular

n2 + jn1 tan ( βx )
impedancia de entrada: n¿ =n1
n1 + jn2 tan ( βx )
 w n0
constante de fase β= =w=2 πf
c0 n
n0 =120 π Ω

c 0=3∗10 m /s
8

n2 =101 Ω

primera pared , coeficiente de reflexion en la primera cara de la pared

n¿ −naire
T 1=
n¿ + naire
T 1=1+T 1

Transmitancia y reflactanciaen la primera pared

T 1=1−|Γ | 2
1

R1=1−T 1

Segunda pared
naire −n pared
coeficiente reflexion segunda pared T 2=
naire + n pared
Transmitancia y reflactanciaen la segunda pared
T 2=1−|Γ | 2
2

R2=1−T 2

potencia transmitida=T 1=T 1 T 2

w
primero calculamos el β=w √ μ 0 ε 0 ε r = ε
c0 √ Γ

120 π 2 n 0
εΓ= ( 101
=
n ) ( )
=13,93

2 π∗20∗106
β= ∗√ 13,93=1,56 rad /m
3∗108
β=1,56 rad /m
 120 π + j101 tan ( 2,34∗0,2 )
n¿ =101 Ω∗
[ 101+ j120 tan ( 2,34∗0.2 ) ]
calculando n ¿=( 169,517−171,924 ) Ω

coeficiente de reflexion
n ¿−n aire
Γ 1=
n¿ +n aire
Γ 1=−0,25541−0,39493 i=0,47 ←123 ° >¿

coeficiente de transmision
τ 1 =1+ Γ 1=0,25541−0,39493i

porcentaje de potenciatransmitida a la pared :

2
T 1=1−|Γ 1| =1−( 0,47 )2=77,88 %

la potencia emitida por el emisor , soloel 77,88 % se transmite a la pared esta no es recibida por el receptor
se calcula el coeficiente de la segunda cara de la pared
n aire−n pared 120 π −101
Γ2 = = =0,5774
naire +n pared 120 π +101
la transmitancia equivale a :
2
T 2=1−|Γ 2| =1−( 0.5774 )2=0.6666=66,66 %

en la segunda pared pasa el66,66 %

la potencia transmitidadel generador al receptor se obtiene del producto de los dos tramitancias
T T =0,7788∗0,6666=0,5191

esto quiere decir que la potencia emitida por el emisor solo el51,91 % llega al receptor .

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the

graph.
 Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.
Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming
an angle of θa =44,9 ° . Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the
wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is CCC (101)mm thick and that
at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material
is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.

n 1=1.31( Ice)
n 2=1.000029( Air)
n 3=?
n 4=1.5 (Glass)

For the ice and air layer we have:

θa =44,9 °

Espesor =101mm
n 1=Ice
n 2= Air

To know the horizontal distance you can start from the vertical distance and the
angles of incidence and refraction.
You can approximate the horizontal distance as the sum of the distance traveled in air
and distance traveled in water:
d=d 1+ d 2+ d 3

Teniendo el ángulo de incidencia en el hielo, se procede a calcular el ángulo de

refraccion en el aire:
n1
senθr = sen θ a
n2
1,31
senθr =
1.000029
1,31
θr =sin−1
1.000029
θr =68,11 °

Teniendo el ángulo reflector, se halla el valor de h1:

101 mm
cos 68,11 ° =
h1
101 mm
h 1= =188,41 mm
cos 68,11 °
entonces,
d 1=188,41 mm∗tan 68,11 °
d 1=251,37 mm
For the air layer and the unknown material we have:
As there is a Total refraction effect at point C, that is to say that the ray falls at an
angle of 90° with respect to the horizontal, we will apply the complementary angle
θ_c:
Para encontrar el ángulo de incidencia crítico a partir del cual se presenta reflexion
total, se parte de la ley de snell haciendo el seno del ángulo de refraccion igual a la
unidad.
sen θ2=1

Por lo tanto,
n2
sen θc =
n3
n2
n3 =
sen θc
n3 =2,49

Entonces, la distancia 2 es:

d 2=101 mm∗tan 21,89 °=40,58 mm

Applying Snell's law to the last layer unknown material and Glass:
2,49 sen 21,89 °=1,5 sen θd

( 2,49 ) sen(21,89 ° ) 0,25

sen θd = = =0,1666
1.5 1.5
θd =44,24 °

Calculation of the value of d3:

d 3=101 mm∗tan 44,24 °=98,36 mm

la distancia d sería:
d=d 1+d 2+d 3=251,37 mm+ 40,58 mm+98,36 mm
d=390,36 mm

Conclusions

Conclusion 1: In this work i developed some exercises which allowed me to analyze

the reflection and refraction of the waves.

Conclusion 2: This work also allowed me to know and apply the snell law, and i
applied the concepts of physics and electromagnetism to determine the behavior of
electromagnetic waves when propagated in media delimited open.

Bibliography

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