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Electrical Machines
Sheet-3 (Synchronous Generator)

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A. The speed of rotation:

𝑁 =

B. Equivalent ckt.

Fig.11 The per phase equivalent circuits Fig.22 A simple circuits

𝑉∅ = 𝐸 − 𝑗𝑋𝐼 − 𝑗𝑋 𝐼 − 𝑅 𝐼

𝑋 = 𝑋+𝑋
𝑉∅ = 𝐸 − 𝑗𝑋 𝐼 − 𝑅 𝐼

𝐸 = (𝑉∅ + 𝑋 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) +(𝑋 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) for lagging PF

𝐸 = (𝑉∅ − 𝑋 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) +(𝑋 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) for leading PF

𝐸 = 𝑉∅ +(𝑋 𝐼 ) for unity PF

C. The phasor diagram: Unity, lagging & leading PF

D. Power Stage

E. POWER AND TORQUE IN SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

𝑃 =𝑇 𝑊 … … … (1)
= 3𝐸 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾

𝑃 = √3 𝑉 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 … . . (3))
In phase quantity,
𝑃 = 3𝑉∅ 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 … … . (4)

𝑄 = √3 𝑉 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑄 = 3𝑉∅ 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

If the armature resistance RA is ignored (since Xs» RA ), then a very useful equation can be derived
to approximate the output power of the generator. To derive this equation, examine the phasor
diagram in Figure. Figure shows a simplified phasor diagram of a generator with the stator resistance
ignored. Notice that the vertical segment be can be expressed as either 𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 or 𝑋 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.

Therefore, 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = and substituting this expression into Equation 4 gives

gi

∅
𝑃 =𝑃 = ……………………………………….(5)

Equation 5 shows that the power produced by a synchronous generator depends on the angle 𝛿
between 𝑉∅ and 𝐸 . The angle 𝛿 is known as the internal angle or torque angle of the machine. Notice
also that the maximum power that the generator can supply occurs when 𝛿 = 90 degree. At 𝛿 = 90
degree , sin 𝛿 = 1, and
3𝑉∅ 𝐸
𝑃 =
𝑋
∅
And, 𝑇 = ; where 𝑊 = 2𝜋 (𝑟𝑎𝑑)𝑥𝑁(𝑅𝑃𝑀)𝑥 = rad/sec

F. Measuring model parameters

𝑉
𝑍 =
𝐼
𝑋 = √(𝑍 −𝑅 )
G. Effect of load changes of Synchronous Generator

H. Effect of field current changes in a Synchronous Generator

1. Calculate the pitch factor for the under given windings: (a) 36 slots, 4 poles, coil span 1-8 (b) 72
stator slots, 6 poles, coil span 1 to 10 and (c) 96 slots, 6 poles, coil span 1 to 12.
Solution: 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡
𝑛=
(a) 𝑛 = =9 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒

Coil span 1-8 = 7 𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛

𝛼=
𝛼 = × 180 =40 𝑛
× 180
𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.9397 𝛼
𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
(b) 𝑛 = = 12 (c) 𝑛 = = 16 m = slots/pole/phase
Coil span 1-10 = 9 Coil span 1-12 = 11 1
𝛽= × 180
𝛼= × 180 =45 𝛼= × 180 =56.25 𝑛
𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.925 𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.882
𝐾 =

2. Calculate the distribution factor for a 36 slots, 4 pole, single layer 3 phase winding.
Solution:

𝑛= =9 𝑚= =3 𝛽= × 180 = × 180 = 20

𝐾 = = = 0.96

3. Find the value of Kd for an alternator with 9 slots per pole for the following cases: (i) One winding
in all the slots (ii) One winding using only the first 2/3 of the slots/pole (iii) 3 equal windings placed
sequentially in 60 degree group.

Solution: Here, 𝛽 = × 180 = × 180 = 20 and values of m are 9, 6 and 3 respectively.

(i) m= 9, 𝛽 = 20 , 𝐾 = = = 0.64

(ii) m= 6, 𝛽 = 20 , 𝐾 = = 0.83

(iii) m= 3, 𝛽 = 20 , 𝐾 = = 0.96
4. An alternator has 18 slots/pole and the first coil lies in slots 1 to 16. Calculate the pitch factor for
(i) fundamental, (ii) 3rd harmonic, (iii) 5th harmonic (iv) 7th harmonic.
Solution:
𝑛 = 18
Here coil span is 16-1=15 slots, which falls short by 3 slots.

𝛼= × 180 = (18-15)x = 30

(i) 𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.97

(ii) 𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.707
(iii) 𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.259
(iv) 𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.259

5. A 3 phase 16 pole alternator has a Y connected winding with 144 slots and 10 conductors per slot.
The flux per pole is 0.03 Wb, sinusoidally distributed and the speed is 375 RPM. Find the frequency,
the phase and line EMF. Assume full pitched coil.
Solution:
×
𝑓= = = 50 Hz. 𝑛= =9 𝑚= =3 𝛽 = × 180 = 20

144 × 10 480
𝑍= = 480 𝑇= = 240 𝐾 =1
3 2
×

𝐾 = = 0.96

𝐸 = 4.44𝑓∅𝑇𝐾 𝐾 = 4.44×50×0.03×240×1×0.96 = 1534.46 V

𝐸 = √3 × 1534.46 = 2658 𝑉

6. Find the no load phase and line voltage of a star connected 3 phase, 6 pole alternator which runs at
1200 RPM having flux per pole of 0.1 Wb sinusoidally distributed. Its stator has 54 slots having
double layer winding. Each coil has 8 turns and the coil is chorded by 1 slot.
×
Solution: 𝑛 = =9 m = 9/3 = 3, 𝑓= = = 60 Hz.

Since winding is chorded by one slot, it is short pitched by 1/9 or 𝐵 = = 20 .

×
𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.98; 𝐾 = = 0.96

×
𝑍 = = 144, 𝑇= = 72
𝐸 = 4.44𝑓∅𝑇𝐾 𝐾 = 4.44×60×0.1×72×0.98× 0.96 = 1805 V
𝐸 = √3 × 1805 = 3125 𝑉
7. Stator of a 3 phase, 16 pole alternator has 144 slots and there are 4 conductors per slot connected
in two layers and the conductors of each phase are connected in series. If the speed of the alternator is
375 rpm, calculate the emf induced per phase. Resultant flux in the air gap is 5 × 10 𝑊𝑏/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
sinusoidally distributed. Assume the coil span as 150 electrical.

Solution:
For sinusoidal, 𝑛 = =9 𝑚= =3 𝑍 = 144 × 4 = 576
𝑇 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 96
×
×
𝑁 = , 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧.
180
𝛼 = 180 − 150 = 30 𝛽= = 20
9
×
𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.966 𝐾 = = 0.96

𝐸 = 4.44𝑓∅𝑇𝐾 𝐾 = 4.44×50× 5 ×0.01×96×0.966× 0.96 = 988 V

8. A 4-pole, 3-phase, 50-Hz, star-connected alternator has 60 slots, with 4 conductors per slot.
Coils are short-pitched by 3 slots. If the phase spread is 60º, find the line voltage induced for a flux
per pole of 0.943 Wb distributed sinusoidally in space. All the turns per phase are in series.
Solution:

𝑛= = 15 f = 50 Hz. m = 15/3 = 5 𝛼= × 180 =36 𝛽= = 12

×
×
𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.951 𝐾 = = 0.957 𝑍= = 80

80
𝑇= = 40
2
∅ = 0.943 𝑤𝑏
𝐸 ℎ = 4.44𝑓∅𝑇𝐾 𝐾 = 4.44×50×0.943×40×0.951× 0.957 = 7621 V
𝐸 = √3 × 7621 = 13200 𝑉

9. A 4-pole, 50-Hz, star-connected alternator has 15 slots per pole and each slot has 10 conductors.
All the conductors of each phase are connected in series' the winding factor being 0.95. When running
on no-load for a certain flux per pole, the terminal e.m.f. was 1825 volt. If the windings are lap-
connected as in a d.c. machine, what would be the e.m.f. between the brushes for the same speed and
the same flux/pole. Assume sinusoidal distribution of flux.
Solution:
No. of turn per phase = (20x10)/2 =
n = 15, m = 15/3 = 5
100
E(phase) = 1825/1.7320 = 1053.695 V
Kd = 0.95, Kp = 1 (Assume)
No. of slot per phase = (15x4)/3 = 20,
E(ph) = 4.44x50x∅𝑥100𝑥1𝑥0.95
∅ = 49.96 𝑚𝑊𝑏.
When connected as dc generator, Eg = (∅𝑍𝑁𝑃/60𝐴) = (49.96𝑥0.001𝑋600𝑥1500)/60 = 750 𝑉;
Where, A=P, Z= 15x4x10 = 600, N = (120x50)/4 = 1500 RPM.
10. An alternator on open-circuit generates 360 V at 60 Hz when the field current is 3.6 A. Neglecting
saturation, determine the open-circuit e.m.f. when the frequency is 40 Hz and the field current is 2.4
Amp. [BAPEX-16, DNCC-16, APSCL-16, AE]
Solution:
𝐸 ∝ ∅𝑓
𝐸 ∅ 𝑓
=
𝐸 ∅ 𝑓
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑, ∅ ∝ 𝐼 where 𝐼 is the field current.

So,
. ×
= or = . ×

𝐸 = 160 𝑉

11. A 3-phase alternator has generated e.m.f. per phase of 230 V with 10 per cent third harmonic and 6
per cent fifth harmonic content. Calculate the r.m.s. line voltage for (a) star connection (b) delta-
connection. Find also the circulating current in delta connection if the reactance per phase of the
machine at 50-Hz is 10 ohm. [APSCL-16, SGFCL-17, AE]
Solution:
(a) Y connected, 230V, 10% 3rd harmonics, 6% 5th harmonics.
E1/phase = 230V
3rd harmonic cancel each other because they are co-phase.
E5/phase = 0.06x230 = 13.8V

E/phase = (230 + 13.8 = 230.42V

E/line = 230.42x1.7320 = 399V

(b) Delta connected,
E/phase = 230.42V = E/line
10 ohm at 50Hz.
10% at 3rd harmonic,
Circulating current = (230x0.1)/(3x10) = 0.77A.
12. A 1000 kVA, 3300V, 3 phase, star connected alternator delivers full load current at rated voltage
at 0.8 pf. Lagging. The resistance and synchronous reactance of the machine per phase are o.5 ohm
and 5 ohm respectively. Estimate the terminal voltage for the same excitation and same load current at
0.8 pf leading.
Solution:
Y connected, 1000 kVA, 3300V, 0.8 pf lagging, Ra=0.5 ohm & Xs=5 ohm
∅ = 36.87 lagging
Case-2
Case-1
∅ = 36.87 leading, 𝑉 =?
1000 × 10
𝐼= = 175𝐴 I = 175A, 𝐸 = 𝐸 = 2582.74∠14.52
√3 × 3300
𝐸 = 𝑉 + (𝐼∠ − ∅) × (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠)
𝐸 = 𝑉 + (𝐼∠ − ∅) × (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠)
2582.74∠14.52 = 𝑉 +(175∠36.87 ) × (0.5 + 𝑗5)
𝐸 = + (175∠ − 36.87 ) × (0.5 + 𝑗5)
.
𝑉 = 2957.11∠−2.034 V
𝐸 = 2582.74∠14.52 V
𝑉 (line) = 5121.67 V.

13. Find the synchronous impedance and reactance of an alternator in which a given field current
produces an armature current of 200A on short circuit and a generated emf of 50V on open circuit.
The armature resistance is 0.1ohm. To what induced voltage must the alternator be excited if it is to
deliver a load of 100A at a pf of 0.8 lagging, with a terminal voltage of 200V.

Solution:
Ra = 0.1 ohm, 𝐼 = 100𝐴, 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 0.8, ∅ = 36.87 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔.
Vt = 200 V.
𝑣 50
𝐸 = 𝑉 + (𝐼∠ − ∅) × (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠) 𝑍 = = = 0.25
𝐼 200
= 200 + (100∠ − 36.87 ) × (0.1 + 𝑗0.229)
𝑋 = (0.25 − 0.1 ) = 0.229 𝑜ℎ𝑚
= 222∠3.18 V

14. A 3 phase, 10kVA, 400V, 50Hz, Y connected alternator supplies the rated load at 0.8 pf lagging.
Armature resistance is 0.5 ohm and synchronous reactance is 10 ohms, find the power angle and
voltage regulation.
Solution:
Y connected, 10 kVA, 400V, Ra = 0.5 ohm, Xs = 10 ohm.
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 0.8, ∅ = 36.87 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔.
10 × 10 𝐸 = √
+ (14.43∠ − 36.87 ) × (0.5 + 𝑗10)
𝐼= = 14.43𝐴
√3 × 400
= 341.85∠18.96 V
So, Power angle is 18.96
. /√
% 𝑅𝑒𝑔 = × 100 = /√
× 100 = 48.03
15. A given 3 MVA, 50 Hz., 11kV, 3 phase, Y connected alternator when supplying 100A at zero pf
leading has a line to line voltage of 12,370V; when the load is removed, the terminal voltage falls
down to 11,000V. Predict the regulation of the alternator when supplying full load at 0.8 lagging.
Assume an effective resistance of 0.4 ohm per phase.
Solution:
olution: Y connected, 3MVA, 11kV, Ra = 0.4 ohm, Xs = ?
Case 1
Case 2
100A, ∅ = 90 (leading).
∅ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.8 = 36.87
𝐸 (𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) = = 7141.823
823 𝑉 ×
√ 𝐼= = 157.46 𝐴
√ × ×
𝑉 (𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) = = 6350.85
85 𝑉
√ 𝐸 = 𝑉 + (𝐼∠ − ∅) × (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠)
𝐸 = 𝑉 + (𝐼∠ − ∅) × (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠)
𝑗𝑋𝑠 𝐸 = 1000/√3 + (157.46∠ − 36. 87 ) × (0.4 + 𝑗7.9)
7141.823 = 6350.85 + (100∠90
90) × (0.4 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠) = 7211.43∠7. 37 V
Xs = 7.9 ohm.
. .
% 𝑅𝑒𝑔 = × 100 = .
× 100 = 13.55

16. A 480-V, 60-Hz, Hz, delta connected, four

four-pole
pole synchronous generator has the OCC shown in
Figure. This generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.1 ohm and an armature resistance of 0.015
ohm, At full load, the machine supplies 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under full-loadload conditions, the
friction and windage losses are 40 kW, and the core losses are 30 kW. Ignore any field circuit losses.
a. What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
b. How much field current must be supplied to the generator to make the terminal voltage
480 V at no load?
c. If the generator is now connected to a load and the load draws 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging,
how much field current will be required to keep the terminal voltage equal to 480 V?
d. How much power is tile generator now supplying? How m much
uch power is supplied to the
generator by the prime mover? What is this machine's overall efficiency?
e. If the generator's load were suddenly disconnected from the line, what would happen to
its terminal voltage?
f. Finally, suppose that the generator is connected to a load drawing 1200 A at 0.8 PF
leading. How much field current would be required to keep VT at 400V?
[EGCB-14, AE]
Solution:
×
(a) 𝑁 = = = 1800 r/min.
(b) At no load, 𝑉 = 𝑉∅ = 𝐸 = 480𝑉
(c) If the generator is supplying 1200A, then the armature current in the machine is,
𝐼 = = 692.8𝐴.
√

𝐸 = 𝑉∅ + 𝑗𝑋 𝐼 + 𝑅 𝐼

= 480 + 692.8∠ − 36.87 (0.015 + 𝑗0.1)

= 532∠5.3 V.
To keep the terminal voltage at 480V, 𝐸 must be adjusted to 532V. From fig., the required
field current is 5.7A.
(d) The power that the generator is now supplying can be found from
𝑃 = √3 𝑉 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅. Stray losses were not
= √3 × 480 × 1200 × 0.8 specified. So they are ignored.
= 798 kw.
𝑃 = 𝑃 + 𝐶𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
= 798 + 3 × 692.8 × 0.015 × 10 + 30 + 40
= 889.6 kW.
𝜂= .
= 89.75%
(e) If the load of the generator were suddenly dropped to zero, the terminal voltage would rise to
532V.
(f) 𝐸 = 𝑉∅ + 𝑗𝑋 𝐼 + 𝑅 𝐼
= 480 + 692.8∠36.87 (0.015 + 𝑗0.1)
= 451∠7.1 V.
(g) To keep the terminal voltage at 480V, 𝐸 must be adjusted to 451V. From fig., the required
field current is 4.1 A.

17. A 480-V, 50-Hz, Y-connected, six-pole synchronous generator has a per-phase synchronous
reactance of 1.0 D. Its full-load armature current is 60 A at 0.8 PF lagging. This generator has friction
and windage losses of 1.5 kW and core losses of 1.0 kW at 60 Hz at full load. Since the armature
resistance is being ignored, assume that the 𝐼 𝑅 losses are negligible. The field current has been
adjusted so that the terminal voltage is 480 V at no load.
a. What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
b. What is the terminal voltage of this generator if the following are true?
1. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF lagging.
2. It is loaded with the rated current at 1.0 PF.
3. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF leading.
c. What is the efficiency of this generator (ignoring the unknown electrical losses) when it is
operating at the rated current and 0.8 PF lagging?
d. How much shaft torque must be applied by the prime mover at full load? How large is the
induced counter torque?
e. What is the voltage regulation of this generator at 0.8 PF lagging? At 1.0 PF? At 0.8 PF
leading?
Solution:
×
(a) 𝑁 = = = 1000 r/min.
Alternatively, the speed expressed in radians per second is
𝑤 = (1000 𝑟/ min) × × = 125.7 rad/s.
Angle between 𝐸 & 𝑉∅ was not
(b). mentioned. So, We can not use
(1) for lagging PF, the equation of 𝐸 = 𝑉∅ +
𝐸 = (𝑉∅ + 𝑋 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) +(𝑋 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑗𝑋 𝐼 + 𝑅 𝐼
277 = [ 𝑉∅ + 1.0 × 60 × 0.6) + [ 1.0 × 60 × 0.8)
When 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 0.8, 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = 0.6
𝑉∅ = 236.8 V
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑌 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝑉 = √3 × 236.8 = 410 𝑉

(2) for 1.0 PF,

𝐸 = (𝑉∅ + 𝑋 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) +(𝑋 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
277 = [ 𝑉∅ + 1.0 × 60 × 0) + [ 1.0 × 60 × 1)
𝑉∅ = 270.4 V
𝑉 = √3 × 270.4 = 468.4 𝑉
(3) 𝐸 = (𝑉∅ + 𝑋 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) +(𝑋 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
277 = [ 𝑉∅ − 1.0 × 60 × 0.6) + [ 1.0 × 60 × 0.8)
𝑉∅ = 308.8 V
𝑉 = √3 × 308.8 = 535 𝑉

(C). The output power of this generator at 60A and 0.8 PF lagging is
𝑃 =3𝑉 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅.
= 3 × 236.8 × 60 × 0.8
= 34.1 kw.
𝑃 = 𝑃 + 𝐶𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
= 34.1 + 0 + 1 + 1.5
Stray losses were not
= 36.6 kW. specified. So they are ignored.
.
𝜂= .
= 93.2%

(d). The input torque to this generator is given by the equation,

𝑃 =𝑇 𝑤
.
𝑇 𝑤 = = 271.3 𝑁. 𝑚
.

(e). The voltage regulation of a generator is defined as

𝑉𝑅 = × 100

1. 𝐿𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑉𝑅 = × 100 = 17.1%

2. 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑉𝑅 = × 100 = 2.6%
3. 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑉𝑅 = × 100 = −10.3%
18. Find the power angle When a 1500 KVA, 6.6KV, 3 phase, Y-connected alternator having a
resistance of 0.4 ohm and a reactance of 6 ohm per phase. Delivering a full load current at normal
rated voltage and 0.8 pf lagging. [EGCB-14, AE]
Soln:
. × ×
V(Ph)= √
= 3810.51 V ; Ia (Ph)= √ × . ×
= 131.22 A

Eg (Ph)= VPh+ Ia Zs
= 3810.51∠0°+(131.22∠ − 36.87°)(0.4+j6) = 4366.1∠7.88°
Load angle, 𝛿= 7.88° Ans.

19. A 3 Phase 10 MVA, 400V, 50Hz Y connected alternator supplies the rated load 0.8 pf lagging. It
has synchronous reactance 0.635 ohm. Find the torque angle. [BGFCL-17,AE ]
Soln:
× cos 𝜑= 0.8
VP= = 213 V ; Ia = = 14.43× 10 A
√ √ ×
sin 𝜑= 0.6
tan(𝜑 + 𝛿)=

× . . × × .
tan(𝜑 + 𝛿)= × . . × ×

tan(𝜑 + 𝛿)= 88.86°

𝛿=88.86° − 36.86° = 52°

20. A 10 MVA, 6.6KV, 50HZ,3 phase alternator has synchronous reactance of 0.635 ohm. It is
working full load at 0.8 lagging condition. Find its load angle. Neglect armature resistance.[PGCB-
18,AE]
Soln:
× . ×
Ia (Ph)= √ × . ×
= 874.77 A ; V(Ph)= √
= 3810.51 V

Eg (Ph)= VPh+ Ia Xs
= 3810.51∠0°+(874.77∠ − 36.87°)(j0.635) = 4167.56∠6.12°
Load angle, 𝛿= 6.12° Ans.
21. A 3-Phase, 11-KVA, 10-MW, Y-Connected synchronous generator has synchronous impedance
of (0.8+j8.0) ohm per phase. If the excitation is such that the open circuit voltage is 14 KV, determine
(a) The maximum output of the generator (b)The current and (c) pf at the maximum output. [NPCL-
17, AE]
Soln:
(a) If we neglect Ra , the Pmax per phase = EV/Xs (Where V is the terminal voltage and E is the emf of
the machine.)
ℎ ℎ
∴ Maximum Power of generator,(3-Phase) ,Pmax = 3

( ⁄√ )×( ⁄√ )
Pmax = = 19.25 MW

√ ( /√ ) ×( /√ )
(b) Imax = = = 1287 𝐴

/√
(c) pf = = = = 0.786 (𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑)
√
( /√ ) ×( /√ )

22. Can a generator rated 400V, 60 Hz be used in a 50 Hz system? Yes or no? why?
[NWPGCL-14, AE]
Ans. Yes a 400 V, 60 Hz generator can be used in a 50 Hz system. Both voltage and apparent power
would have to be rated by factor of 50/60.
So its voltage rating reduced to (50/60) × 400 = 333.33 V

23. At a location in Europe, it is necessary to supply 1000 KW of 60 Hz power. The only power
source available operate at 50 Hz. It is described to generate the Power by means of a motor-generator
set consisting of a synchronous motor driving a synchronous generator. How many poles should each
of two machines have in order to convert 50 Hz power to 60 Hz power? [NWPGCL-17,AE]
Soln:
×
Ns1= = = Synchronous speed of synchronous motor.
×
Ns2= = = Synchronous speed of synchronous generator.
∴Ns1=Ns2
120 × 50 120 × 60
=
𝑃 𝑃
𝑃 60
=
𝑃 50
×
= ×
=
Therefore, a 10 synchronous motor must be coupled to a 12 pole synchronous generator to
accomplish, This frequency conversion.
24. A 750 KVA, 2300 V, Y connected , 3-phase alternator has open and short circuit test. Following
data are achieved from those test:
Short circuit test: If= 31.5 A, IL = rated
Open circuit test: If= 31.5 A, VL = 1050 V
Dc resistance across the pair terminals wave measured 0.42 ohm. Calculate the voltage regulation at
0.8 pf lagging. [PGCB-11,AE]
Soln:
×
IF.L=√ ×
= 188.26 A

/ /√
Zs /Phase= /
= .
= 3.22 ohm

.
DC resistance / Phase = = 0.21

Ac effective resistance / Phase, Ra = 0.21×1.5 = 0.315 ohm

Xs = √3 − 0.315 = 3.205 ohm

Eo /Phase = Vph+ IaZs = 1327.91 ∠0° + ( 188.28∠ − 36.87°)(0.315+j3.205) = 1793.98∠14.43°

∴ % Voltage regulation = × 100

. .
= .
× 100 = 35.09% Ans.

25. A generator is supplying a load of 1000 KW at 0.8 PF lagging.A second load of 800 KW at 0.707
PF lagging is to be connected in parallel with the 1st one. Generator has no load frequency is 61 Hz.
Determine the operating frequency before and after connecting the second load. Assume generator
slope Sp is 1MW/ Hz. [CPGCBL-18, AE]
Soln:
P= Sp (fNL − fsys)
fsys = fNL−
∴Operating frequency before connecting second load, fsys(1) = 61− = 60 Hz Ans.
.
Operating frequency after connecting second load, fsys(2) = 61− = 59.2 Hz Ans.

26. Two synchronous generator are supplying a total load of 35MW at 0.8 pf lagging. The no load
frequencies of generator-1 and generator-2 are 51.5 Hz and 51 Hz respectively . The slope of the
frequency is 1MW/ Hz. Determine the operating frequency of the system. [GTCL-18 AE]
Soln:
P1 = Sp1 (fNL1 − fsystem)
P2 = Sp2 (fNL2 − fsystem)
∴P1+P2 = 35
∴35 = 1 MW/Hz (51.5 − fsystem ) + 1 MW/Hz (51 − fsystem)
⇒35 = 51.5 − fsystem + 51 − fsystem
⇒ fsystem =49.5 Hz Ans.
 Practice Problem
27. A 3 phase, star connected alternator supplies a load of 10MW at 0.85 lagging and at 11 kV
terminal voltage. Its resistance is 0.1 ohm per phase and synchronous reactance 0.66 ohm per phase.
Calculate the line value of emf generated.
[11.486 kV]
28. The effective resistance of a 1200 kVA, 3.3kV, 50 Hz, 3 phase Y connected alternator is 0.25
ohm per phase. A field current of 35A produces a current of 200A on short circuit and 1.1kV (line to
line) on open circuit. Valculate the power angle and p.u change in magnitude of the terminal voltage
when the full load of 100kVA at 0.8 lagging pf is thrown off. Draw the corresponding phasor
diagram. [Exam 37.27,
Ans: 12 degree, 0.26]
29. A 2000 kVA, 11 kV, 3 phase Y connected alternator has a resistance of 0.3 ohm and reactance of
5 ohm per phase. It delivers full load current at 0.8 lagging pf at rated voltage. Compute the terminal
voltage for the same excitation and load current at 0.8 pf leading.
[Ans: 6975 V]
30. The following test results are obtained from a 3 phase, 6000kVA, 6600V, Y connected, 2 pole, 50
Hz turbo alternator:
With a field current of 125A, the open circuit voltage is 8000V at the rated speed; with the same field
current and rated speed, the short circuit current is 800A. At the rated full load, the resistance drop is
3%. Find the regulation of the alternator on full load and at a pf of 0.8 lagging.
[Ans: 62.2%]