CHE135  PLANT SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

By: MUHAMMAD IMRAN ISMAIL

PENSYARAH, FAK. KEJ. KIMIA
L 1.0 CHE 135
Lecture 2.1
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Chapter1: Introduction to hazard and risk (W1-2) 
Chapter 2: Toxicology (W3-4)

Chapter 3: Industrial hygiene (W5)

Chapter 4: Safety legislation and regulations (W6-7)

Chapter 5: Hazard identification (W8-9)

Chapter 6: Hazard and risk assessment (W10-11)

Chapter 7: Emergency planning (W12-13)

Chapter 8: Process safety management (W14)

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 Chapter 2: Toxicology
– Entering and elimination route of toxicants from (Part A)

biological organisms (2.1-2.2, pg 38) Lec. 2.1

– Effects of toxic (2.3, pg 42) (Part B)

– Dose versus response model (2.5, pg 44) Lec. 2.2

– Threshold limit value (2.8, pg 56)

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 Outlines of
Presentation

L2.1 (Part A)
– Introduction

– How toxicants enter biological organisms

– How toxicants are eliminated from biological

organisms
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.

The student should be able to:

 Define toxic substance and toxicology.
 Describe the entering and elimination route of toxicants

from biological organisms.

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 Introduction : Toxicity

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Fundamental Principle of Toxicology

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Fundamental Principle of Toxicology

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 DEFINITION
• Def: Toxicology
– The qualitative and quantitative study of the adverse effects of
toxicants (chemical, physical or biological agents) on biological
organism (people, animal and environment)
• Def: Toxicant
– Can be a chemical or physical agent that produces adverse effects on
biological organisms.
• Def: Toxicity
– The ability of a material to do harm when it reaches a certain
concentration.
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 TOXICITY
• The level of toxicity depends on QUANTITY or DOSE.
• The toxicity of a chemical depends on the degree of exposure and
absorption.

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Source of Toxicants

Toxic Release
– Vapour/gas/liquid release from
source

Fire and Explosion

– Fire and radiation

– Toxic release following explosion

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Three Types of Toxic Hazardous Materials

Chemical Biological
Physical Agents
Agents Agents
• poisons • dusts • Pathogens
• fibers
• heat
• noise
• corrosive

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How toxicants enter biological organisms

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How toxicants enter biological organisms

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Entry routes of toxic substance
1) Inhalation:

Airborne toxic substances such as gases, vapors, dust, smoke,

fumes, aerosols, and mist can be inhaled and passed through the
nose, throat, bronchial tubes, and lung to enter blood streams.

This is probably the easiest way for chemical to enter body

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Entry routes of toxic substance (con’t.)
2) Absorption:

 A passage through the skin and into the bloodstream. Certain toxic
agents can penetrate the barrier (human skin) through adsorption.

 Skin contact is the most common cause of the widespread

occupational disease dermatitis. The eyes are very porous and can
easily absorb toxic vapors that cause permanent eye damage

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Entry routes of toxic substance (con’t.)
3) Ingestion:

▪ An entry through the mouth (swallow).

▪ Toxic agents sometimes contaminated the food/hands, eventually be

ingested during meal.

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Entry routes of toxic substance (con’t.)
4) Injection:

▪ Cuts in skin

▪ Introduction of a substance into the body by way of a needle and

syringe.

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Injection

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Routes of Entry and Health Effects

Inhalation Skin Absorbed

Ingestion Injected

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How toxicants are eliminated from
biological organisms

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How toxicant are eliminated from biological
organism
1) Excretion
– through kidneys (blood to urine), liver (selectively excrete
certain chemicals indigestive tract to bile), lungs , skin (sweats),
hair, nail or other organ

2) Detoxification
– change the chemical into something less harmful by
biotransformation through liver, can also occur in blood,
intestinal wall, skin, kidney

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3) Storage
– In fatty tissue. Can create problem when fatty deposits
are metabolized and released the toxic (e.g. during
reduced food supply). Also store in bone, blood, liver,
and kidney
– Massive exposure to hazardous chemical can damage major
organs (kidney, lung, liver), reduces their ability to excrete.

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