Theorem — a mathematical statement that is proved using rigorous mathematical reasoning.

  In
a mathematical paper, the term theorem is often reserved for the most important results or a
major result. Examples are: 1.Every manifold has a simply connected covering space.

2. An inscribed angle a° is half of the central angle 2a° Called the Angle at the Center Theorem.

3. Another example for you, related to Pythagoras' Theorem. If m and n are any two whole
numbers and

a = m2 − n2

b = 2mn

c = m2 + n2

then a2 + b2 = c2

Corollary — a result in which the (usually short) proof relies heavily on a given theorem (we
often say that “this is a corollary of Theorem A”) or is a theorem that follows on from another
theorem. Example: 1. A consequence to the Hopf-Rinow theorem is that compact manifolds are
geodesically complete.

 2. (This is called the "Angles Subtended by the Same Arc Theorem", but it’s really just a
Corollary of the "Angle at the Center Theorem").
Keeping the endpoints fixed ... ... the angle a° is always the same, no matter where it is on the
circumference. So, Angles Subtended by the Same Arc are equal.

3. a, b and c, as defined in Pythagorean theorem., are a Pythagorean Triple. From the Theorem a2
+ b2 = c2, so a, b and c are a Pythagorean Triple.

Axiom/Postulate — a statement that is assumed to be true without proof. These are the basic
building blocks from which all theorems are proved. An example from the Euclidean geometry,
let us consider the Pythagoras’ theorem. While providing supportive statements to the arguments
we make to prove this theorem, we make use of the “axioms”. axiom of parallelism in Euclidean
geometry is one such example

(Euclid’s five postulates, Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms, Peano axioms).

Axioms are used as building blocks or foundations to prove a certain statement, which is called a
“theorem”.

In mathematics, the term axiom is used in two related but distinguishable senses: "logical
axioms" and "non-logical axioms".
Logical axioms are usually statements that are taken to be true within the system of logic they
define (e.g., (A and B) implies A), while non-logical axioms (e.g., a + b = b + a) are actually
defining properties for the domain of a specific mathematical theory (such as arithmetic).
"It is possible to extend a line segment continuously in both directions." another example is- "It
is true that all right angles are equal to one another".

Lemma — a minor result whose sole purpose is to help in proving a theorem.  It is a stepping
stone on the path to proving a theorem. It is generally used to describe facts that are used in the
proof of a more significant result or the small results (less important than a theorem).

Examples are:1. (This is sometimes called the "Angle in the Semicircle Theorem", but it’s really
just a Lemma to the "Angle at the Center Theorem"). In the special case where the central angle
forms a diameter of the circle. So an angle inscribed in a semicircle is always a right angle.

2. If m = 2 and n = 1, then we get the Pythagorean triple 3, 4 and 5

Proof:

If m = 2 and n = 1, then

a = 22 − 12 = 4 − 1 = 3

b=2×2×1=4

c = 22 + 12 = 4 + 1 = 5

Very occasionally lemmas can take on a life of their own (Zorn’s lemma, Urysohn’s lemma,
Burnside’s lemma, Sperner’s lemma).

Conjecture — a statement that is unproved, but is believed to be true (Collatz conjecture,

Goldbach conjecture, twin prime conjecture).

Conjecture-It is a conclusion  which appears to be correct based on incomplete information, but

for which no proof has been found.
Such as Riemann hypothesis which states that that the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta
function all have real part 1/2. Example: The Poincare´e´ conjecture was a famous statement that
remained an open research problem in topology for roughly a century. The claim was that every
simply connected, compact 3-manifold was homeomorphic to the 3-sphere S3S3. This statement
however is no longer a conjecture since it was famously proven by Grigori Perelman in 2003.
Significant results are frequently called theorems.

Short, easy results of theorems are called corollaries.

But the words aren't exactly that set in stone.

A lemma are those minor results which are used into proving a definite results of a theorem.

Relationship

You cannot have a theorem without at least two axioms, and you cannot
have a corollary without (one) theorem. And a theorem could be seen as a
postulate that has grown up into the the full article.

Lemmas are smaller results to be used in a bigger (more important) result and lemma is also just
as true as a theorem. The big result is usually a theorem. Corollaries are special cases of
theorems and the easy results of theorems. Many important theorems were once conjectures.
generally accepted to be true. But when a conjecture has been proven, it
is no longer a conjecture but a "theorem".