TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING

Vocabulary Meaning Example Note

1. Assess (v) /ə to make a judgement about the It's difficult to assess the effects of these = to judge
ˈses/ nature or quality of changes.
somebody/something It's too early to assess the long-term
consequences of the two countries' union
a. assessment Co-op owners had to pay an assessment to = judgement
cover the cost of the roof repair
2. assume (v) /əˈsjuːm/ I assumed (that) you knew each other Assumption, assuming,
to accept something to be true because you went to the same school. unassuming, assumed
without question or proof: [ + to infinitive ] We can't assume the
suspects to be guilty simply because they've
decided to remain silent.
a. assumption something that you accept as true -People tend to make assumptions about
/əˈsʌmp.ʃən/ without question or proof: you when you have a disability.
-These calculations are based on the
assumption that prices will continue to rise
b. assuming that Giả thiết rằng Assuming that you get a place at university,
(conjunction) how are you going to finance your studies?

c. Unassuming modest
3. To baffle /ˈbæf.əl/ To confuse; to bewilder She was completely baffled by his strange Baffling ( adj); be baffled
behaviour. by ( adj)

4. biased showing an unreasonable like or
/ˈbaɪ.əst/ dislike for a person based on
personal opinions:/ thiên kiến
5. to concentrate To focus your attention, pay
/ˈkɒn.sən.treɪ/ attention to, apply yourself to, be
engrossed in
The newspapers gave a very biased report = one-sided; slanted ><
of the meeting unbiased
The company is concentrating (its resources) >< to disregard; pay no
on developing new products attention; lose
concentration
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a. Concentration = attention; application; -his taking kept breaking my concentration. >< distraction; disregard;
/kɒn.sənˈtreɪ.ʃən/ absorption; single-mindedness The party's concentration on tax reduction inattention
has won them a lot of support
6. to consider st/Ving to spend time thinking about a The council is considering banning vehicles = to view as; to regard as;
/kənˈsɪd.ər/ possibility or making a decision from the town centre to relieve congestion To look upon; to believe;
Have you ever considered a career in the To see; to bear in mind
police force?
a. Consideration the act of thinking about -Three sites are presently under - to take st into
/kənˌsɪd.əˈreɪ.ʃən/ something carefully: consideration for the new hotel. consideration
The proposals that you have put forward - st to be under
deserve serious consideration consideration
We didn't publish the details, out of - to show
consideration for the victim's family consideration for
sb
-
b. Considerate Kind and helpful; thoughtful I think he’s the most charming, considerate >< inconsiderate;
/kənˈsɪd.ər.ət/ man I’ve ever met thoughtless
selfish
c. Considerable Large, much, great, substantial The fire caused considerable damage to the >< small; insignificant;
/kənˈsɪd.ər.ə.bəl/ church inconsiderate
d. considering ( as a = taking into account I think you’ve got off very slightly,
preposition and = all things considered ( adv) considering.
adverb) My grandpa's attitudes are very modern,
considering his age
7. to contemplate = to consider; think about; look at I'm contemplating going abroad for a year.
/ˈkɒn.təm.pleɪ/ st/ Ving He contemplated a career as an army Contemplation= thought;
medical doctor. Consideration;
observation

8. cynical (adj) /ˈsɪn.ɪ.kəl/ Hoài nghi; skeptical

 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
9. to deduce to reach an answer or a decision
/dɪˈduːs/ ( suy luận) by thinking carefully about the
known facts:
a. deduction Thinking; conclusion
/dɪˈdʌk.ʃən/
b. deduction Discount; reduction; cut
10. to deliberate to think or talk seriously and
/dɪˈlɪb.ə.reɪt/ carefully about something:
a. deliberation [ C or U ] formal
/dɪˌlɪb.əˈreɪ.ʃən/ considering or discussing
something
Phrasal Verbs
1. to brush up( on) To practice and improve your
skills or knowledge of st (ôn tập)
2. To come (a)round To change your opinion or
(to) st decision because someone has
persuaded you to agree with
She has a pretty cynical view of men. >< trusting; green;
I've always been deeply cynical about optimistic
politicians
We cannot deduce very much from these = to work out
figures.
[ + that ] The police have deduced that he
must have left his apartment yesterday
evening
-Through a process of deduction, the
detectives discovered the identity of the
killer.
-All we can do is make deductions from the
available facts.
After deductions for tax, your salary is
about $700 a month
-The committee has deliberated the = to consider, think,
question at great length. debate
- [ + question word ] He's deliberating
whether or not to accept the new job that
he's been offered.
After five days of deliberations, the jury = consideration; thought,
decided on a verdict study
I thought I'd brush up (on) my French before
going to Paris.
Do you still dislike your office, or have you
come round to thinking it's all right?
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
them
3. To come up with To think of st such as an idea or a She's come up with some amazing scheme = to create; to think of
plan to double her income.
4. To face up to To accept st and try to deal with it She's going to have to face up to the fact
that he's not going to marry her.
5. To figure out to understand or solve figure out how/why/what, etc. If they know
something: the cause of the problem, they might be
able to figure out how to prevent it
happening again
6. To hit upon/on st Suddenly have an idea; to When we first hit on the idea, everyone told
discover st by change us it would never work
7. To mull over to think carefully about I need a few days to mull things over before
something for a long time: I decide if I'm taking the job
8. To piece together To learn the truth about st by Investigators are trying to piece together
considering all the separate bits what happened just before the accident
of information you have
9. To puzzle out to discover or understand I still can't puzzle out how I managed to
something by thinking hard about spend so much money last month
it:
10. To read up (on/ To get information on a particular It's a good idea to read up on a company Đọc tìm hiểu thông tin về
about) st subject by reading a lot about it before going for an interview
11. To swot up (on) st To study st very hard, especially She's at home, swotting up on her maths
for an exam
12. To take sb in To deceive sb I can't believe she was taken in by him.
13. To take in st to understand completely the -I had to read the letter twice before I could
meaning or importance of take it all in.
something: -It was an interesting exhibition, but there
was too much to take in at once-
14. To think over st To consider a problem or decision I'll think it over and give you an answer next = to consider, to
carefully week comtemplate
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
15. To think through to carefully consider the possible
results of doing something:
16. To think up To invent or imagine st especially
an excuse
Idioms
1. To go to your head If success goes to your head, it
makes you believe that you are
more successful or powerful than
you really are:
2. To have/ keep To be able to think quickly and
your wits about make sensible decision
you
3. In the dark (about not informed about things that
st) might be useful to know:
4. To keep sb in the
dark about st
5. To know what’s To know the important facts
what about a situation
6. To not have a leg To not have any way of proving
to stand on that you are right about st
7. Not see the wood to be unable to get a general
for the trees understanding of a situation
because you are too worried
about the details
8. To put two and to guess the truth about a
two together situation from what you have
seen or heard:
9. To be quick/ slow If someone is quick/slow on the
I need some time to think it through - I don't
want to make any sudden decisions
I don't want to go tonight but I can't think
up a good excuse
Don’t let one win go to your head – you still Khiến bạn kiêu ngạo
have at least three more games to play
She managed to keep her wits about her
and escaped unharmed
-Our boss tends to keep us in the dark most
of the time.
-“Do you know anything?” “No, I'm
completely in the dark, like everyone else
Linda's been in the business for 30 years - Biết rõ mọi việc
she knows what's what.
If you have no witnesses, you don't have a
leg to stand on
"How did you know they were having an
affair?" "I'd seen them out together a
couple of times, so I just put two and two
together.
He's a little slow on the uptake, so you may
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
on the uptake uptake, they understand things
easily/with difficulty:
10. To ring a bell to sound familiar:
11. To round the bell crazy
12. To split hairs to argue about small details of
something
13. To take stocks ( of Spend some time thinking about
st) the situation you are in before
you decide what to do next.
Topic vocabulary: Learning
1. Academic relating to schools, colleges, and
/æk.əˈdem.ɪk/ (adj) universities, or connected with
studying and thinking, not with
practical skills:
2. Academic (n) someone who teaches at a
college, or who studies as part of
their job
3. Conscientious putting a lot of effort into your
/kɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs/ work:
4. to cram /kræm/ to try to learn a lot very quickly
before an exam
5. curriculum the subjects studied in a school,
/kəˈrɪk.jə.ləm/ college, etc. and what each
subject includes
6. distance learning a way of studying, especially for a
have to repeat the instructions a few times
-The name rang a bell but I couldn't
remember where I had heard it before.
-No, I'm sorry, that description doesn't ring
any bells with me
After two years spent teaching overseas, she
returned home for a month to take stock of
her life ( suy nghĩ về cuộc sống của cô ấy)
-academic subjects/qualifications/books
- A financial scandal would shake the
Institute's standing in the international
academic community.
a conscientious student = thorough; particular
Careful; paintaking
>< slack; irresponsible
careless
She's cramming for her history exam
Some advocates of reform stressed the The school curriculum
desirability of adding new subjects to the
curriculum, including modern sciences
-Interested students can get advanced
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
degree, where you study mostly
at home, receiving and sending
off work by post or over the
internet
7. to graduate to complete a first university
/ˈɡrædʒ.u.eɪt/ degree successfully:
degrees or simply upgrade their skills and
knowledge via distance learning
-We believe that distance learning offers a
way of overcoming shortages of qualified
instructors
Tom has just graduated with first-class = to qualify; to pass
honours in psychology To receive a degree

8. graduate ( n) Sv tốt nghiệp a Yale graduate/a graduate of Yale

/ˈɡrædʒ·u·ɪt/
9. ignorant (adj) not having enough knowledge, Many teenagers are surprisingly ignorant = uneducated; unaware
/ˈɪɡ.nər.ənt/ understanding, or information about current politics. Naïve; green
about something: We remained blissfully ignorant of the >< learned; cultured;
troubles that lay ahead. educated
10. inattentive not giving attention to someone He was wholly inattentive to the needs of = preoccupied;
/ˌɪn.əˈten.tɪv/ or something: his children Distracted; regardless
>< aware; careless;
attentive
11. intellectual relating to your ability to think Looking after a baby at home all day is nice = mental; cognitive
/ˌɪn.təlˈek.tʃu.əl/ (adj – and understand things, especially but it doesn't provide much intellectual >< material; physical
thuộc về trí tuệ) complicated ideas: stimulation.
12. intelligent showing intelligence, or able to -They are searching for intelligent life forms
/ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒənt/ learn and understand things in other solar systems.
easily: -Some people object to streaming because it
gives an unfair advantage to intelligent
children
13. intensive involving a lot of effort or activity -an intensive course in English = concentrated;
/ɪnˈten.sɪv/ in a short period of time: -As agriculture became more capital exhaustive
intensive, many farm labourers moved to Serious; intense
the towns and cities to look for work.
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
14. knowledgeable
/ˈnɒl.ɪ.dʒə.bəl/ C1
knowing a lot
15. to lecture ( v) to give a formal talk to a group of
people, often at a college or
university
16. lecture (n) a formal, prepared talk given to a
group of people, esp. students:
17. mock exam an exam taken at school for
practice before a real exam:
18. plagiarise to use another person's ideas or
ˈpleɪ.dʒər.aɪz/ work and pretend that it is your
own:
19. self-study (n) a way of learning about a subject
that involves studying alone at
home, rather than in a classroom
with a teacher:
20. seminar an occasion when a teacher or
/ˈsem.ɪ.nɑːr/ expert and a group of people
meet to study and discuss
something:
-In some areas, modern intensive farming is
giving way to the re-introduction of
traditional methods.
-He's very knowledgeable about German = well-informed
literature. Acquainted; experienced
- The three men were knowledgeable,
responsible, and hard-working, but what
stands out even more is the intensity of
their commitment to the search
She travelled widely in North America, = to speak; to talk;
lecturing on women's rights To address
a lecture on astronomy = talk; address
Speech; lesson
You will have your mocks/ mock exams
during the first two weeks of March
-The book contains numerous plagiarized
passages.
-If you compare the two books side by side,
it is clear that the author of the second has
plagiarized (from the first)
The diploma is awarded following a course
of self-study ending in a three-hour exam
-I attended practically every lecture and
seminar when I was a student.
-I'm giving a seminar on the latest
developments in genetic engineering next
week.
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
21. Special needs the particular things needed by or
provided to help people who
have an illness or condition that
makes it difficult for them to do
the things that other people do:
22. Tuition teaching, especially when given
/tʃuːˈɪʃ.ən/ to a small group or one person,
such as in a college or university:
23. tutorial (n) a period of study with a tutor
/tʃuːˈtɔː.ri.əl/ involving one student or a small
group
Phrases, patterns and collocations
1. ACCOUNT
1. To account for to form the total of something:
to explain the reason for
something or the cause of
something:
2. To give an account a written or spoken description of -He kept a detailed account of the suspect's
of st an event:
3. To take st into to consider or remember
account something when judging a
situation:
-carers for children with special needs
-a special needs teacher
All students receive tuition in logic and
metaphysics
Students only have 8 hours of tutorials a
week.
Students account for the vast majority of
our customers.
Rural Americans are often older than those = to explain
in other parts of America and that may
account for the slower adoption rates for
internet access
movements.
-Several eyewitnesses' accounts differed
considerably from the official version of
events
-I hope my teacher will take into account
the fact that I was ill just before the exams
when she marks my paper.
-I think you have to take into account that
he's a good deal younger than the rest of us
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
4. On account of Because of/ due to
5. By all accounts as said by most people
6. On sb’s account Bởi vì lý do của ai
2. To associate st with
To associate st to connect someone or
with st something in your mind with
/əˈsəʊ.si.eɪt/ someone or something else:
3. balance
1. ( to hang) in the If a situation is in the balance, it
balance has reached a stage where it will
soon be decided one way or
another:
2. To strike a balance To give the correct amount of
importance or attention to two
separate things
3. redress the . to put right a wrong or give
balance payment for a wrong that has
been done:
4. on balance after thinking about all the
different facts or opinions:
He doesn't drink alcohol on account of his
poor health.
By all accounts, San Francisco is a city that's
easy to fall in love with
I'm not very hungry, so please don't cook on
my account (= don't cook just for me).
They were tired, but not any less
enthusiastic on that account
-Most people associate this brand with
good quality.
-Both politicians have been closely
associated with the movement for some
time.
-He has been associated with some dubious
characters
The game hung in the balance until the last
minute.
It's a question of striking the right balance Đạt được sự cân bằng
between quality and productivity. giữa
Most managers, politicians and bosses are Lấy lại cán cân cân bằng
men - how can women redress the balance
(= make the situation fairer and more
equal)?
I would say that, on balance, it hasn't been a
bad year
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
5. off balance If someone or something is off A gust of wind knocked/threw her off Mất thăng bằng
balance, that person or thing is in balance and she fell.
a position where they are likely to
fall or be knocked down:
4. basis
1. basis for the most important facts, ideas, -This document will form the basis for our
etc. from which something is discussion.
developed
2. on the basis of -Decisions were often made on the basis of
(= using) incorrect information
-Discrimination on the basis of race, gender,
age or disability is not allowed.
3. on a daily/ I suggest that we meet on a regular basis to
temporary/ etc discuss progress
basis
4. belief/bɪˈliːf/ the feeling of being certain that
something exists or is true:
1. to express belief(s)
2. belief in/ that His belief in God gave him hope during
difficult times.
-Recent scandals have shaken many people's
belief in (= caused people to have doubts
about) politicians
3. contrary to Opposite to what most people Contrary to popular belief, boys are not
popular belief think usually better at maths than girls.
4. Beyond belief too bad, good, difficult, etc. to be The brutality of the murders was beyond
imagined: belief
5. In the belief that He called at her house in the belief that (=
confident that) she would lend him the
money.
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
-Thieves broke into the building 6 that there
was expensive computer equipment inside.

6. Popular/widely that a lot of people believe -There is a common belief that educational
held/ standards are declining.
widespread/firm/ -the article expressed the widely-held belief
strong/ growing that unemployment leads to crime.
belief
7. It is my belief that It is my belief that most teachers are doing
a good job.
8. A strongly-held/ That you believe very much Her strongly-held belief that things were
deeply-held belief much better in the past.
V: Brain the organ inside the head that Doctors tried desperately to reduce the
controls thought, memory, swelling in her brain.
feelings, and activity: The accident left him with permanent brain
damage
used to refer to intelligence: The poor child inherited his mother's brains
and his father's looks
1. To pick one’s brain to ask someone who knows a lot I was picking Simon's brains about which
about a subject for information or computer to buy
their opinion:
2. To rack one’s/ your to think very hard I've been racking my brains all day but I can't
brain(s) remember her name.
3. The brains behind the person responsible for the He is the brains behind the corporation's
planning and management of an success
activity or organization:
4. Brainless Completely stupid What a brainless thing to do!
/ˈbreɪn.ləs/
5. Brainchild (of) an original idea, plan, or The project was the brainchild of one of the
/ˈbreɪn.tʃaɪld/ invention: students.
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
6. Brainstorm a sudden clever idea: The toy's inventor was watching his children
/ˈbreɪn.stɔːm/(n) play one day when he had a brainstorm.

7. Brainstorm (of a group of people) to suggest
/ˈbreɪn.stɔːm/(v) a lot of ideas for a future activity
very quickly before considering
some of them more carefully:
8. Brainwash(v) to make someone believe
/ˈbreɪn.wɒʃ/ something by repeatedly telling
them that it is true and
preventing any other information
from reaching them :
9. Brainwashing(n) the process of making someone
/ˈbreɪn.wɒʃ.ɪŋ believe something by repeatedly
telling them that it is true and
preventing any other information
from reaching them:
10. Brainwave(n) a sudden clever idea
/ˈbreɪn.weɪv/
The team got together to brainstorm (the
project).
Their government is trying to brainwash To brainwash sb into Ving
them into thinking that war cannot be
avoided
-This relentless media hysteria is actually a Relentless /rɪˈlent.ləs/
form of brainwashing. = strict; cruel without ever
-Such systematic brainwashing is bound to stopping
have bad effects.
I couldn't see how I could get home from = brainstorm
the station - then I had a brainwave

VI: conclusion /kən the final part of something: Be careful not to introduce new ideas in the
ˈkluː.ʒən/ conclusion of your essay
1. To bring st to a
conclusion
2. To come to/ to a decision made after a lot of -Did you come to/reach/draw any
arrive at/ to reach consideration: conclusions at the meeting this morning?
a conclusion -[ + that ] At first I thought he was a bit shy,
but I've come to the conclusion that he's
simply unfriendly!
3. To draw a information is gathered into a profile and
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
conclusion analytical software draws conclusions about
the customer's likely interests.
4. To jump/ leap to to guess the facts about a Don't jump to conclusions! Perhaps it was
conclusions situation without having enough his daughter he was dancing with.
information:
5. In conclusion finally In conclusion, I would like to thank our
guest speaker
6. Conclusion of The conclusion of your essay is good, but
the final sentence is too long and
complicated.
7. Logical conclusion a logical choice/conclusion
8. Foregone a result that is obvious to The result of the election seems to be a
conclusion everyone even before it happens: foregone conclusion.
/ˌfɔː.ɡɒn kənˈkluːʒən
VII: CONSIDERATION the act of thinking about The whole matter needs (to be given)
/kənˌsɪd.əˈreɪ.ʃən/ something carefully: careful consideration
1. Take st into to think carefully about a It may be fairly cheap to buy, but you've got
consideration particular fact when deciding or to take into consideration the money you'll
judging something : spend on repairs.
You should take his youth into
consideration before you punish him
2. To give That's an interesting job offer - I'd give it
consideration to st some serious consideration if I were you
3. To show behaviour that is kind and Turn your music down and show a little
consideration for considers people's feelings: consideration for the neighbours!
4. St to be under Three sites are presently under
consideration consideration for the new hotel
5. For sb’s
consideration
6. Out of -We didn't publish the details, out of
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
consideration consideration for the victim's family.
- The murdered woman’s name has not
been released, out of consideration for her
parents.

VIII: DOUBT/daʊt/ (a feeling of) not being certain If there's any doubt about the rocket's = uncertainty
about something, especially engines, we ought to cancel the launch.
about how good or true it is: -The government expressed serious doubts
about the legitimacy of military action
1. To doubt that to not feel certain or confident [ + that ] They had begun to doubt that it
about something or to think that could be done
something is not probable:
2. (To have your) The incident raises doubts about the safety
doubts about/ as of nuclear power.
to st. -Some government ministers had serious
3. To raise doubts doubts as to whether the policy would
about st work.

4. To cast doubt on to make something seem Witnesses have cast doubt on the accused's
uncertain: innocence
5. In doubt If the future or success of The future of the stadium is in doubt
someone or something is in because of a lack of money.
doubt, it is unlikely to continue or
to be successful:
6. Beyond (any) If something is beyond doubt, it is -The prosecution has to establish his guilt
doubt completely certain beyond reasonable doubt (US beyond a
reasonable) doubt.
-The prosecution must prove beyond
reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty
of the crime.
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
7. Without a doubt used to emphasize your opinion: She is without (a) doubt the best student I
have ever taught.
8. Open to doubt St that is open to doubt has not The authenticity of the relics is open to Vẫn còn nghi ngờ
been proved to be definitely true doubt.
or real
IX: DREAM a series of events or images that I was in the middle of an amazing dream
happen in your mind when you when the alarm went off
are sleeping
1. To dream of/ I often dream about/of flying.
about/ that [ + that ] I dreamed that I was having a baby
2. To have a dream If I eat a lot of cheese in the evening, I have
amazing dreams
3. A dream to V something that you want to It's always been my dream to have flying
happen very much but that is not lessons
very likely:
4. Beyond your to a degree or in a way you had The plan succeeded beyond my wildest Ngoài tưởng tượng
wildest dreams never thought possible: dreams.
5. A dream come Winning all that money was a dream come
true true.
6. In your dreams something you say to someone Dave, buy you a car? In your dreams!
who has just told you about
something they are hoping for, in
order to show that you do not
believe it will happen:
7. work/go like a to work or go extremely well, He let me drive his new car last night - it
dream without any problems: goes like a dream
X: FOCUS
/ˈfəʊ.kəs/
1. To focus (st) on sb/ to give a lot of attention to one Tonight's programme focuses on the way
st particular person, subject, or that homelessness affects the young
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
thing: -When the kitchen is finished I'm going to
focus my attention on the back yard and get
that straightened out.
2. The focus of/ for the main or central point of -The media focus on politicians' private lives
something, especially of attention inevitably switches the attention away from
or interest: the real issues.
-Education is the current focus of public
debate
3. In focus /out of used to say that a photograph is
focus clear/not clear
4. Focus group a group of people who have been The agency commissioned a study using
brought together to discuss a focus groups to gather opinion on five
particular subject in order to labelling schemes
solve a problem or suggest ideas
5. Main/primary/maj The main focus of our attention will be on
or focus providing an efficient service.
-The economic situation is likely to be the
primary focus of the discussion.
XI: IMPRESSION an idea or opinion of what I didn't get much of an impression of the
/ɪmˈpreʃ.ən/ something or someone is like place because it was dark when we drove
through it
1. To have/ give the [ + (that) ] He likes to give the impression
(false) impression (that) he's terribly popular and has lots of
that friends.
+ that ] When I first met him I got/had the
impression that he was a shy sort of person.
2. To do an an attempt at copying another She does a really good impression of the To copy; to imitate
impression of person's manner and speech, president
etc., especially in order to make
people laugh:
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
3. To create/ to make to cause someone to notice and He made quite an impression on the girls at
an impression (on admire you: the tennis club
sb) -It makes/gives/creates a very bad
impression if you're late for an interview
4. Under the to think that something is true, I was under the impression (that) you didn't
impression that especially when it is not: get on too well.
He was under the mistaken (= false)
impression (that) you were married.
5. First impressions I don't tend to trust first impressions (= the
opinion you form when you meet someone
or see something for the first time)
XII: mental relating to the mind, or involving he family has a history of mental disorder.
/ˈmen.təl/ the process of thinking: A doctor was asked about the mental state
of the prisoner
-These mental exercises are designed to
break linear thinking habits and encourage
the creativity that is needed for innovation
1. To make a mental I made a mental note of her address (= I will
note ( of/ about) try to remember it)
2. Mental arithmetic

3. Mental illness Many people suffer from some form of

4. Mental age A person's mental age is a
/men.təl ˈeɪdʒ/ measurement of their ability to
think when compared to the
average person's ability at that
age:
mental illness during their lives.
-Stress can affect both your physical and
mental health.
Although Andrew is 25, he has a mental age
of six
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
5. Mental health the condition of someone's mind -Laughing is good for your mental health.
and whether or not they are -mental health disorders
suffering from any mental illness:
XII: Mind /maɪnd/
1. To make your to decide I haven't made up my mind where to go yet.
mind
2. To cross your mind If something crosses your mind,
It crossed my mind yesterday that you must
you think of it be short of staff.
3. To slip your mind If st slips your mind, you forgot it
I meant to buy some milk, but it completely
slipped my mind.
4. To have/keep/bear to remember a piece of Bearing in mind how young she is, I thought
in mind information when you are making she did really well.
a decision or thinking about a Of course, repair work is expensive and you
matter: have to keep that in mind
5. To have one-track to think about one particular And no, Bill, I wasn't talking about sex - you
mind thing and nothing else: have a one-track mind!
/ˌwʌn.træk
ˈmaɪnd/

6. To take your mind To make someone stop thinking
off st and worrying about st
7. To bring st to mind to make you remember
something
8. In two minds to be unable to decide about
about something:
9. On your mind If st is on your mind, you keep
thinking or worrying about it
-Going back to work helped take my mind
off Ilan’s death
-Want a game? It might take your mind off
things
That music brings to mind our first date.
I was in two minds whether or not to come
this morning.
-He looked as though he had something on
his mind.
-Sorry I forgot, I’ve got a lot on my mind.
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
10. State of mind a person's mood and the effect I was not in the right state of mind to laugh
that mood has on the person’s at his joke
thinking and behavior
11. Narrow/broad/ope
nd/ absent mind
XII MISAPPREHENSION
1. Misapprehension A mistaken belief or a wrong I think we should clear up this =misunderstanding
/ˌmɪs.æp.rɪˈhen.ʃən/ understanding of something misapprenhension.
2. under a -You seem to be under a misapprehension.
misapprehension -[ + that ] Most industrialists labour under a
misapprehension (= wrongly believe) that
unrestrained economic growth can be
achieved without damaging the
environment
XIII: PERSPECTIVE /pə a particular way of considering Because of its geographical position, Góc nhìn, quan điểm
ˈspek.tɪv something: Germany's perspective on the situation in
Russia is very different from Washington's
1. to put st in to compare something to other Total investments for this year reached $53
perspective things so that it can be accurately million, and, to put this into perspective,
and fairly judged: investments this year were double those
made in 2013.
2. From another/ a [ C ] From a social perspective, I am very
different/sb’s much a liberal, although my economic
perspective/ from policies are very conservative.
the perspective of
sb
3. In perspective An object or person that is in
perspective has the correct size
and position in comparison with
other things in the picture.
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
4. Out of perspective An object or person that is out of
perspective does not have the
correct size or position in
comparison with other things in
the picture, and therefore does
not look real or natural.
5. Sense of I think he’s lost all sense of perspective.
perspective

XIV: PRINCIPLE a basic idea or rule that explains The organization works on the principle that
/ˈprɪn.sə.pəl/ or controls how something all members have the same rights
happens or works:
1. To have principle a moral rule or standard of good She doesn't have any principles.
behaviour: -I may have no money and no power but I
have principles.
2. To stand by/ to To act according to them, even Throughout this time, he stuck to his To obey/ to follow your
stick to your when this is difficutl principles and spoke out against injustice. principles
principles
3. Principle of st The government has promised to uphold
the principles of democracy.
-Those who paid the most would be earning
the most: it's a pretty basic principle of fair
taxation
4. In principle = theoretically -In principle, the new software should make
the accounting system a lot simpler.
-In principle I agree with the idea, but in
practice it's not always possible.
5. A matter/ an issue Because of moral beliefs about As a matter of principle one should never
of principle right and wrong yield to terrorism.
6. Against sb’s -Anyway, I can't deceive him - it's against all
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
principle my principles.
- it’s against my principles to eat meat.
7. Set of principles
XV: QUESTION a sentence or phrase used to find
/ˈkwes.tʃən/ out information:
1. To beg a question Spending the summer travelling around
India is a great idea, but it does beg the
question of how we can afford it.
2. To raise the any matter that needs to be dealt This raises the question of teacher pay.
question of with or considered: -This raises the question of government
funding.
3. a/ no question of It’s simply a question of getting your
priorities straight
-We discussed the question of
confidentiality.
- he’s by far the best candidate, there’s no
question about it (= it is completely certain)
4. In question that is being discussed: For shareholders of the company in
question the idea of a takeover must be
appealing
5. Out of the if something is out of the A pay rise is out of the question
question question, it definitely will not or
cannot happen
6. Without queston/ Be definite Her loyalty is beyond question. ((= there is
beyond question no doubt about it)
-Marilyn was,, a very beautiful woman.
-
7. Some question There are questions about the system’s
over/ as to/ about practicality.
XVI: SENSE With her excellent sense of smell, she could
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
/sens/ tell if you were a smoker from the other side
of the room
1. To sense that (v)/ to feel or experience something He sensed (that) his guests were bored,
sense that ( N) without being able to explain although they were listening politely
exactly how: -I had the sense that he was lying.
2. To see sense/ to be reasonable and have good We talked to her for an hour, but we
reason judgment: couldn't make her see sense.
-I wish the politicians would see sense and
stop the war.
3. To make sense of one of the possible meanings of a -I've read the letter twice, but I can't make
word or phrase: (any) sense of it (= I can't understand it)
-This passage doesn't make (any) sense (=
the meaning is not clear)
4. To have the sense I hope they'll have the (good) sense/have
to enough sense to shut the windows before
they leave.
5. To come to your the ability to use good judgment: It's time you came to your senses (= started
senses to use your good judgment) and realized
that they are not going to help you
6. A sense of A feeling about st -Afterwards, I felt a great sense of relief.
- A sense of panic has spread over the
country.
7. Common sense the basic level of practical Windsurfing is perfectly safe as long as you
/kɒm.ən ˈsens/ knowledge and judgment that we have/use some common sense.
all need to help us live in a -a common-sense approach to education
reasonable and safe way:

XVII: SIDE/saɪd/
1. To side with/ To support or argue against a Frankk sided with David against their
against person or group in a quarrel, light mother.
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
2. To take sides to decide whose opinion or belief
you support in an argument:
3. to look on the the advantages or good
bright side characteristics of a situation:
-to find good things in a bad
situation:
4. On either side
(of st)
5. On sb’s side To support sb
XVIII: STRAIGHT /streɪt/
1. To set/ put sb To make sb understand the true
straight about facts about a situation
2. Set/ put the record to tell someone the true facts
straight about something when they have
been given wrong information:
3. To get/ come Straight: immediately, without
straight to the delay
point
4. To get st straight To understand the facts of a
situation and be able to tell them
directly
5. To think/ see  You can’t think or see
straight clearly
XIX: VIEW /vjuː/ an opinion, belief, or idea, or a
way of thinking about something:
1. To view st/ sb as
Most Democrats have taken the union's take sb's side on sth
side on this issue
Look on the bright side - no one was badly
hurt.
-At least, you learned something from the
experience.
Two large screens stood on either side of
the stage. ( one on the left and one on the
right side of it)
Well, at least someone’s on my side.
Tell him to ask Ruth – she’ll put him
straight.
Although the firm quickly put the record Đính chính thông tin/ làm
straight, the news had a negative impact on sang tỏ
their shares.
I think I should get straight to the point. Đi ngay vào chủ đề chính
Let me get this straight – Tom sold the car
and gave you the money?
You know you've had too much to drink
when you can't see straight.
I'm so tired I can't think straight any more
Do you have any views about/on what we
should do now?
In my view, her criticisms were completely
justified.
She is viewed as a strong candidate for the
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
job.
2. Take the view that To have a particular view The Government took the view that the law
didn’t need to be changed.
3. Come into view what you can see from a -The view from the top of the mountain is
particular place, or the ability to breathtaking/magnificent/spectacular
see from a particular place: -The cloud lifted, and the tops of the
mountains suddenly came into view (=
could be seen).
4. To take a dim/ I take a very dim/poor view of this kind of
poor view of behaviour (= think that this type of
behaviour is unacceptable)
5. In view of -because of a particular thing, or In view of what you've said, I think we because
considering a particular fact: should reconsider our proposed course of
-used to introduce the reason for action.
a decision or action -in view of his conduct, the club has decided
to suspend him.
6. With a view to with the aim of doing something: These measures have been taken with a
Ving view to increasing the company's profits.
-We bought the house with a view to
retiring there.
7. View on/ about/ = opinion -What’s your view on the subject?
that -Their view is that competition is good for
business.
8. In sb’s view = opinion In my view, the country needs a change of
government.
9. viewpoint The viewpoint by the side of the road gave
/ˈvjuː.pɔɪnt/ us a stunning panorama of the whole valley
10. point of view a way of considering something: From a purely practical point of view, the
/ˌpɔɪnt əv ˈvjuː/ house is too small.
From a medical point of view, there was no
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
need for the operation
Word formation
I. to assume, assumption, assuming, unassuming, assured
1. assume (v) I assumed (that) you knew each other Assumption, assuming,
/əˈsjuːm/ to accept something to be true because you went to the same school. unassuming, assumed
without question or proof: [ + to infinitive ] We can't assume the
suspects to be guilty simply because they've
decided to remain silent.
2. assumption something that you accept as true -People tend to make assumptions about
/əˈsʌmp.ʃən without question or proof: you when you have a disability.
-These calculations are based on the
assumption that prices will continue to rise
3. assuming that Giả thiết rằng Assuming that you get a place at university,
(conjunction) how are you going to finance your studies?

4. Unassuming modest
5. assured /əˈʃɔːd/ showing skill and confidence: an assured performance
II: believe, disbieve, belief, disbelief, (un)believer, (un)believable, disbelieving, unbelievably
1. to believe/bɪˈliːv/ to think that something is true, He believes that all children are born with To disbelieve the evidence
correct, or real equal intelligence >< to disbelieve
2. disbelief /dɪs.bɪ His response was one of complete disbelief.
ˈliːf/ She shook her head in disbelief
3. believer /bɪˈliː.vər/ a person who has a religious -I'm a great believer in allowing people to Người có đức tin
belief or who strongly believes make their own mistakes.
that something is right or good -She's been a believer since she survived a
terrible car accident.

4. unbelievable Management have demonstrated almost

/ˌʌn.bɪˈliː.və.bəl/ unbelievable incompetence in their
handling of the dispute
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
5. unbelievably in a way that is very surprising or She was unbelievably generous in the time
/ˌʌn.bɪˈliː.və.bli/ difficult to believe: she was prepared to give to other people
II: to conceive, conceptualize, concept, conception, conceptual, (in)conceivable, (in)conceivably
1. to conceive /kən to imagine something: -He couldn't conceive of a time when he
ˈsiːv/ would have no job.
-I can't conceive (= it is too shocking to
imagine) how anyone could behave so
cruelly.
1. To conceive to become pregnant, or to cause The baby was conceived in March, so will be
a baby to begin to form: born in December
2. To conceive to invent a plan or an idea: He conceived the plot for this film while he
was still a student
3. Conceptualize to form an idea or principle in He argued that morality could be
/kənˈsep.tʃu.ə.laɪz/ your mind: conceptualized (= thought about) as a series
of principles based on human reason.
4. Concept a principle or idea: It is very difficult to define the concept of not have any
/ˈkɒn.sept/ beauty. concept/have no concept
- The whole concept of democracy, she of sth
claimed, was utterly foreign to the present
government
5. Conception idea -People from different cultures have
/kənˈsep.ʃən/ different conceptions of the world.
- He has absolutely no conception of how a
successful business should run
6. Conceptual based on ideas or principles: The main weakness of the proposal is
/kənˈsep.tʃu.əl/ conceptual
7. Inconceivable impossible to imagine or think of -It would be inconceivable for her to change
/ˌɪn.kənˈsiː.və.bəl/ her mind
- Another nuclear accident in the same place
is virtually/almost inconceivable.
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
8. Inconceivably And if there is a major storm along that
/ˌɪn.kənˈsiː.və.bli/ coastline, damage will be inconceivably
high.
- Gravitational waves are created,
theoretically, by inconceivably massive
objects moving through space at astonishing
speeds
IV: To confuse, confusion, confused, confusingly
1. to confuse = to baffle; to bewilder You’re confusing me – please repeat the
/kənˈfjuːz/ directions more slowly
2. confusion A spokeswoman blamed the confusion on
/kənˈfjuː.ʒən/ miscommunication between the company
and its customers
3. confused unable to think clearly or to Your essay gets a bit confused halfway
/kənˈfjuːzd/ understand something: through when you introduce too many ideas
at once
4. confusing It was so confusing that eventually it got to
/kənˈfjuː.zɪŋ/ the point where no one knew what was
going on
V: To convince; conviction, (un)convinced, (un)convincing
1. to convince to persuade someone or make Agricultural companies have failed to To convince sb that
/kənˈvɪns/ someone certain: convince consumers that GM foods are safe To convince sb ò st- to
- It took a lot of persuasion to convince the
committee of the advantages of the new
scheme
2. conviction the fact of officially being found -Since it was her first conviction for stealing,
/kənˈvɪk.ʃən/ to be guilty of a particular crime, she was given a less severe sentence.
or the act of officially finding
someone guilty:
3. Convinced certain Her husband was not convinced by her
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
/kənˈvɪnst/ argument that they needed a bigger house
4. Convincing They won a convincing victory
/kənˈvɪn.sɪŋ/ a convincing argument/explanation
VI: to decide, decision, decider, decisiveness, deciding, (in)decisive(ly)
1. to decide To choose The jury has to decide whether a person is
/dɪˈsaɪd/ guilty or innocent of a crime.
- After a gap of five years, Jennifer decided
to go back to work full-time
2. decision choice The decision about/on whether he is
/dɪˈsɪʒ.ən/ innocent or guilty rests with the jury
3. decisiveness the ability to make decisions He was praised for showing strong
/dɪˈsaɪ.sɪv.nəs/ quickly and confidently: leadership and decisiveness in a time of
great uncertainty.
- One area in which the Government has
lacked decisiveness is planning
4. deciding Glennon scored the deciding goal in the final
/dɪˈsaɪ.dɪŋ/ minute of the match.
- The environmental argument was a
deciding factor
5. indecisively in a way that shows you are He couldn't decide what TV show to watch
/ˌɪn.dɪˈsaɪ.sɪv.li/ finding it difficult to make a and switched indecisively from channel to
decision: channel
VII: Define, definition, defined, definitive(ly), (in)definitely
1. define Before I answer your question, could you
/dɪˈfaɪn/ define your terms a little more (= explain
what you mean by the words you have
used)?
2. Definition They couldn't agree on a universally
/ˌdef.ɪˈnɪʃ.ən/ acceptable definition of 'Marxism'
3. Definitive not able to be changed or There are no definitive answers/solutions to
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
/dɪˈfɪn.ɪ.tɪv/ improved: this problem
4. Indefinitely for a period of time with no fixed The negotiations have been put
/ɪnˈdef.ɪ.nət.li/ end: off/postponed indefinitely.
5. Definitely without any doubt; certainly The book is definitely useful for both
/ˈdef.ɪ.nət.li/ undergraduate and graduate courses.

VIII: doubt, doubter, doubtfully, (un) doubted(ly); doubtless

1. doubt /daʊt/ I'm having doubts about his ability to do the
job
2. doubter /ˈdaʊ.tər/ someone who doubts critics and doubters
3. doubtfully in a way that shows feelings of -"Are you telling me the truth?" he asked
/ˈdaʊt.fəl.i/ doubt: doubtfully.
-Jamie looked at her doubtfully, wanting to
believe her.
4. undoubtedly /ʌn very likely; almost certainly: It is undoubtedly one of the best movies of
ˈdaʊ.tɪd.li/ the year.
The highlight of the evening was
undoubtedly (= without a doubt) the speech
by the guest of honor.
5. doubtless -They will doubtless protest, but there's
/ˈdaʊt.ləs/(adv) nothing they can do.
-Doubtless you have heard the news already
IX: explain, explanation, explanatory, unexplained, (in)explicable, inexplicably
1. to explain /ɪk to make something clear or easy The teacher explained the rules to the
ˈspleɪn/ to understand by describing or children
giving information about it
2. explanation [ + that ] The judge didn't believe his
/ˌek.spləˈneɪ.ʃən/ explanation  that  he
had  stolen  the  money  in  order to give it
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
to  charity.
3. explanatory /ɪk giving an explanation about There are explanatory notes with the
ˈsplæn.ə.tər.i/ something: diagram
(adj)
4. self-explanatory easily understood from the a self-explanatory list of instructions
/ˌself.ɪkˈsplæn.ə.tər.i/ information already given and not
(adj) needing further explanation
5. unexplained -an unexplained death/noise
/ʌn.ɪkˈspleɪnd/ -He was shot dead earlier this year in
unexplained circumstances
6. inexplicable unable to be explained or For some inexplicable reason, he's decided = incomprehensible
/ˌɪn.ɪkˈsplɪk.ə.bəl/ understood: to cancel the project
7. inexplicably -Inexplicably, the men were never
/ˌɪn.ɪkˈsplɪk.ə.bli/ questioned about where the explosives
came from.
-An experienced sailor had inexplicably
disappeared in calm waters
X: imagine, imagination, imaginings, imaginary, (un)imaginative(ly)
1. imagine /ɪ to form or have a mental picture Spending Christmas with him and his
ˈmædʒ.ɪn/ or idea of something: brother - I can't imagine anything worse
2. imagination /ɪ the ability to form pictures in the For some reason the story captured/caught
ˌmædʒ.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ mind: the imagination of the public (= made them
very interested).
3. Imaginary (adj) /ɪ Something that is imaginary is As a child I had an imaginary friend.
ˈmædʒ.ɪ.nər.i/ created by and exists only in the The story is set in an imaginary world
mind:
4. imaginative /ɪ new, original, and clever: -an imaginative new approach/policy >< unimaginative
ˈmædʒ.ɪ.nə.tɪv/ -The architects have made imaginative use
of glass and transparent plastic.
XI: judge, judg(e)ment, judiciary, judiciousness, judicious, judicial, judg€mental, judiciously
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
1. to judge /dʒʌdʒ/ to express a bad opinion of
(v) someone's behaviour, often
because you think you are better
than them:
2. to judge to officially decide who will be the
winner of a competition:
3. Judg(e)ment the ability to form valuable
/ˈdʒʌdʒmənt/ opinions and make good
decisions:
4. Judiciary the part of a country's
/dʒuːˈdɪʃ.ər.i/ government that is responsible
for its legal system, including all
the judges in the country's courts:
5. Judicious having or showing reason and
/dʒuːˈdɪʃ.əs/ good judgment in making
decisions:
6. Judicial involving a law court:
/dʒuːˈdɪʃ.əl/
7. judgmental /dʒʌdʒ too quick to criticize people:
ˈmen.təl/ (used to show disapproval)
8. judiciously /dʒuː
ˈdɪʃ.əs.li/
XII: Logic, logically
1. logic a particular way of thinking,
/ˈlɒdʒ.ɪk/ (n) especially one that is reasonable
and based on good judgment:
You have no right to judge other people
because of what they look like or what they
believe
I've been asked to judge the children's
poetry competition.
-I don't think you have the right to pass
judgment (on others) (= to say whether you
think other people are good or bad).
-It proved difficult to come to/form/make a
judgment about how well the school was
performing
a member of the judiciary
Nganh
We should make judicious use of the =wise
resources available to us
the judicial system Hệ thống tư pháp
You must try not to be so judgmental about
people
a judiciously worded statement
This report shows we acted judiciously with
taxpayer money
-There's no logic in the decision to reduce
staff when orders are the highest they have
been for years
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
-If prices go up, wages will go up too - that's
just logic
2. logical using reason: Students need the ability to construct a
/ˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ logical argument.
3. Logically in a way that uses reason: Her ideas were clear and logically
/ˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl.i/ presented.
Technology problems force students to
think logically.
XIII: Opinion, opinionated
1. Opinion a thought or belief about They will have the opportunity to express
/əˈpɪn.jən/ something or someone: their opinion on the design.
2. Opinionated An opinionated person is certain He was opinionated and selfish, but
/əˈpɪn.jə.neɪ.tɪd/ about their beliefs, and expresses undeniably clever.
their ideas strongly and often:
XIV: Rational, rationalize, rationalization, rationalist, rationalism, (ir)rationality, (ir)rationally
1. Rational based on clear thought and There must be some rational explanation Lý trí
/ˈræʃ.ən.əl/ reason for what happened.
2. Rationalize to try to find reasons to explain She rationalized the cost by saying that an Hợp lý hóa
/ˈræʃ.ən.əl.aɪz/ your behaviour, decisions, etc.: expensive carpet would last longer than a
cheaper one
3. Rationalization an attempt to find reasons for -In spite of my rationalization of her
/ˌræʃ.ən.əl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ behaviour, decisions, etc., behaviour, she did succeed in shaming me.
especially your own: -The rationalizations minimizing this reality
and their dangers should be reconsidered
and argued more thoughtfully.
4. rationalist/ someone whose actions and
ˈræʃ.ən.əl.ɪst/ (n) decisions are based on reason
rather than emotions or beliefs.
( người theo chủ nghĩa duy lý)
5. rationalist (adj) relating to or believing in In the 18th century, the rationalist
 TOPIC 1 – THINKING & LEARNING
rationalism (= the belief that philosophy of David Hume was influential
actions and ideas should be based across Europe
on reason rather than emotion):
6. rationalism The belief that your actions Philosophers who accept scientific
/ˈræʃ.ən.əl.ɪ.zəm/ should be based on scientific rationalism.
thinking rather than emotions or
religious beliefs.
7. rationality /ˌræʃ.ən Sự hợp lý hóa We have to bring some rationality to the
ˈæl.ə.ti/ issue.
8. rationally/ in a way that is based on reason Rationally, he knows that she won't go back
ˈræʃ.ən.əl.i/ and clear thought, rather than to him, but emotionally he can't accept it
emotions:
XV: Reason, reasoning, reasonableness, (un)reasonable, reasoned, (un)reasonably
1. to reason/ˈriː.zən/ to argue with and try to persuade -Grace kept her voice gentle, as if she were
someone reasoning with a child.
-He reasoned (that) he had only four or five
years left as an athlete
2. reasoning the process of thinking about -Scientific/logical/legal reasoning
/ˈriː.zən.ɪŋ/ something in order to make a -what is the reasoning behind this decion?
decision:
3. reasonable based on or using good judgment, It seemed like a reasonable
/ˈriː.zən.ə.bəl/ and therefore fair and practical question/explanation
4. reasonableness/re Tính hợp lý The court will determine the
asonableness/ reasonableness of the police activity.
5. Reasoned (adj) Based on careful thought, and Reasoned argument = logical
therefore sensible
6. Unreasonably -I knew I was behaving unreasonably, but I
(adv) /ʌn couldn't stop myself.
ˈriː.zən.ə.bli/ -The new law discriminates unreasonably
against non-residents.
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XVI: Sane, (in)sanity, insanely

1. sane /seɪn/ having a healthy mind and not -In the doctor's opinion he was sane at the ><insane
mentally ill: time of the murder.
-The only thing which keeps me sane after a
hard day in the office is jogging!
2. sanity /ˈsæn.ə.ti/ the state of having a healthy mind -He'd been behaving so strangely that they
and not being mentally ill began to doubt/question his sanity.
-to keep/preserve/retain your sanity
3. insanely /ɪnˈseɪn.li/ extremely and unreasonably: She gets insanely jealous if he so much as
looks at another woman
XVII: sense, (de)sensitise, nonsense, sensitivity, sensibility, senseless(ness), sensible, nonsensible, sensibly, sensitive(ly)
1. to sense/sens/ to feel or be aware of something: Although she said nothing, I could sense her
anger
2. to sensitize to make someone sensitive to It seems very likely that air pollutants are
/ˈsen.sɪ.taɪz/ something: sensitizing people so that they become
allergic to pollen
3. desensitize to cause someone to experience Seeing too much violence on television can
/ˌdiːˈsen.sɪ.taɪz/ something, usually an emotion or desensitize people to it
a pain, less strongly than before
4. desensitization the process of causing someone He discusses our culture's desensitization to
/diˌsen.sɪ.taɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ to experience something, usually violence from so much exposure in movies,
an emotion or a pain, less video games, and music
strongly than before:
5. nonsense an idea, something said or The accusations are
/ˈnɒn.səns/ written, or behaviour that is silly (absolute/complete/utter) nonsense
or stupid:
6. sensitivity an ability to understand what The police showed commendable
/ˌsen.sɪˈtɪv.ə.ti/ other people need, and be helpful sensitivity in their handling of the case.
and kind to them:
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7. Sensibility an understanding of or ability to literary/musical/artistic/theatrical/aesthetic
/ˌsen.səˈbɪl.ə.ti/ decide about what is good or sensibility
valuable, especially in connection
with artistic or social activities:

8. senseless not at all reasonable, or with no a senseless argument

/ˈsens.ləs/ good or useful purpose senseless killings/violence/deaths
9. sensible (formal) He did not appear to be sensible of the
/ˈsen.sə.bəl/ having an understanding of a difficulties that lay ahead.
situation
10. Nonsensical silly or stupid: -It's nonsensical to blame all the world's
/ˌnɒnˈsen.sɪ.kəl/ troubles on one man.
-Their methods of assessment produce
nonsensical results.
11. Sensibly in a sensible or practical way: The police praised motorists for driving
/ˈsen.sə.bli/ sensibly in the appalling conditions.
She wasn't very sensibly dressed for hiking.
12. Sensitively in a careful way to avoid This is a very delicate situation and it needs
/ˈsen.sɪ.tɪv.li/ upsetting people: to be handled sensitively
XVIII: Think, thought, thinker, thinking, thoughtfulness, thoughtlessness, (un) thinkable, thoughtful(ly), thoughtless(ly),
1. to think /θɪŋk/ to think very carefully about Think long and hard before you make any
something: important decisions.
I know it's exciting, but you should think
twice before you spend that much money
on a vacation
2. thought /θɔːt/ (n) Act of thinking Spare a thought for (= think about) all those
without shelter on a cold night like this
3. thinker /ˈθɪŋ.kər/ someone who considers -a political/religious thinker
important subjects or produces -He was known for being an original thinker.
new ideas:
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4. thinking /ˈθɪŋ.kɪŋ/ Idea, opinion What's the thinking behind the decision to
combine the two departments?
5. thoughtfulness the quality of being kind and -It is well considered and well written, which
/ˈθɔːt.fəl.nəs/ thinking about other people's indicates that a degree of thoughtfulness
needs: has been put into it.
- I am very thankful for your thoughtfulness
and your token of love was greatly
appreciated.

6. thoughtlessness a lack of thought about how your -Many of the world's injustices are caused
/ˈθɔːt.ləs.nəs/ actions or words may upset by human greed or thoughtlessness.
someone: -His thoughtlessness almost cost the life of
my daughter
7. unthinkable /ʌn so shocking that it cannot be Today, we see growing acceptance of gay
ˈθɪŋ.kə.bəl/ imagined as possible: marriage - something that would have been
unthinkable a generation ago
8. thoughtfully ><thoughtlessly While change is difficult, a thoughtfully
/ˈθɔːt.fəl.i/ planned process can turn problems into
opportunities
XIX: wise, wisdom, (un)wise(ly)

1. wise /waɪz/ Looking at the weather, I think we made a

wise decision not to go to the coast this
weekend.
2. wisdom I tend to doubt the wisdom of separating a
/ˈwɪz.dəm/ child from its family whatever the
circumstances.
3. wisely /ˈwaɪz.li/ showing good judgment: Invest your money wisely
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