Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PartiaDy
i8 r.t^'
p 1
is
PrestrE!^^s earns t
Antoine E. Naaman
Associate Professor of
Structural Design
Materials Engineering Department
University of Illinois at
Chicago Circle
Chicago, Illinois
Amnuayporn Siriaksorn
Graduate Student
Materials Engineering Department
University of Illinois at
Chicago Circle
Part g AnaIytca
p
artially prestressed concrete type for at least two major reasons:
beams are concrete beams rein- (a) From a behavioral viewpoint,
forced with a combination of pre- they crack under a fraction of the
stressed and non-prestressed rein- specified live load; essentially, in the
forcement. They occupy the whole cracked state they act as reinforced
spectrum of reinforcing range be- concrete beams subjected to com-
tween fully reinforced and fully pre- bined bending and compression,
stressed concrete beams. while in the untracked state they act
Partially prestressed beams are as prestressed beams; and
more complex to design than either
(b) From a design viewpoint, they
have to accommodate simultaneously
NOTE: This paper, which is based on a the concepts of ultimate strength de-
study supported by a PCI Research Fel-
lowship, has been reviewed by the PCI sign currently used in reinforced con-
Technical Activities Committee and is crete, some concepts of working stress
hereby endorsed for publication in the PCI design mostly used in prestressed
JOURNAL. concrete and the concepts of service-
64
ability, i.e., acceptable overall be- convinced British Railways to use
havior under service loads. partially prestressed beams for their
In European practice, concrete bridge replacement program.3-5
structures are classified in four Thereafter, he pursued and promoted
categories: Class 1 for fully pre- the use of partial prestressing in many
stressed, Class 4 for fully reinforced, diverse types of applications.
Class 2 for prestressed structures in Today, partial prestressing is ac-
which tension is permitted but crack- cepted world wide (at least implicitly)
ing is not allowed under working in most engineering codes of practice
loads, and Class 3 where tension and and a number of researchers have al-
cracking are permitted under working ready forcused on its potentials.617
loads but crack width is limited. Partially prestressed concrete can
According to the above categories offer some advantages over either
partial prestressing would come under fully reinforced or fully prestressed
Class 3 structures. However, in concrete. Compared to fully rein-
American practice Classes 1 and 2 are forced concrete, partial prestressing
essentially combined, thus leading to offers better cracking and deflection
three general categories. control (short and long-term) and
Historically, partial prestressing ap- lesser use of materials; compared to
pears to have originated from the work fully prestressed concrete, partial pre-
of the Austrian engineer Fritz Em- stressing offers better camber (short
perger (1939) who was trying to im- and long-term) control, higher ductil-
prove the cracking and deflection be- ity and energy absorption to failure
havior of reinforced concrete beams and in some instances cost savings.
by adding some prestressed wires.' Cost savings will depend on the cost
Following the experiments of Em- ratio per unit weight of prestressing
perger, Abeles2 developed further the steel to reinforcing steel in place and
idea of partial prestressing by using appears to materialize for cost ratios
high strength wires to minimize the above approximately 4.
effect of prestress losses. Based on Typical load-deflection response
extensive research while working in curves of a fully prestressed, fully rein-
England (starting from 1940), Abeles forced and partially prestressed con-
66
(D) ULTIMATE LOAD -
OVERREINFORCED
LOAD OR MOMENT (0) ULTIMATE LOAD -
UNDERREINFORCED
ULTIMATE RESISTANCE
---------I------ -
4
0
J
r,
w ONSET OF YIELDING
Q IN STEEL
O ( FULLY PRESTRESSED
J Zi. -
0
W o > \ PARTIALLY PRESTRESSED
N J l
rX
0
I- Ir °Q ! ++- REINFORCED CONCRETE
0 K
4 ai f / ^.
0
CAMBER— Z CURVATURE OR DEFLECTION
() (8)
U
Q
V
Fig. 1. Typical load-deflection response of concrete structures.
It can be seen from the above re- needed to analyze and/or design par-
marks that the analysis and/or design tially prestressed beams is presented;
of partially prestressed structures in- then a rational design procedure is
volve the consideration of many developed and proposed for usage; its
criteria dealing not only with allowa- main advantages are to accommodate
ble stresses or ultimate resistance but the current ACI Code and to incorpo-
also fatigue, camber, deflection, rate in the design process the most
cracking, corrosion and other perfor- important serviceability criteria. Flow
mance criteria. charts for the design of rectangular
In this study no attempt is made to and T sections are provided and a
provide guidelines on how to propor- numerical example is solved step by
tion, for a specific design problem, the step.
cross section of a member. It will be The second part of this study de-
assumed that the concrete cross sec- scribes a computer program de-
tion is provided (using for example veloped at the University of Illinois,
methods developed for fully rein- Chicago Circle, for the optimum de-
forced or fully prestressed beams as a sign of partially prestressed beams.
basis for a first approximation) and The results of a computerized
that the design focuses on determin- parametric analysis of typical standard
ing the adequate amounts of pre- shapes of precast prestressed sections
stressed and non-prestressed rein- are presented and analyzed.
forcements which satisfy most rele- Similarly analyzed are various
vant design criteria. equations to predict maximum crack
In the first part of this investigation widths and deflection of a cracked
essential background information beam.
o Qfs
F
5 o nfPs
J
30
0
I-
W
D
25
N
20
J
W
W
(` I I
N
z
5 I I
W
0
z
ol 0 I I
68
4
O
U
Q
U 2
X
Q
x
0
E
3
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
O
2
W
F-
Q
70
ductility criterion" based on ultimate load or fraction of it (as dis-
curvature of the section (or ultimate cussed above)must be less than
deflection of the member) but this or equal to the maximum stress
parameter seldom controls the design. ranges recommended by codes
in order to guarantee a specified
Under Service Loads fatigue life (for example, more
Service load refers here to the com- than 2 X 106 cycles).
bination of dead load plus live load c. The maximum crack width
(non-factorized). Service load may not under the effect of full service
necessarily mean "full service load" load must be limited to a
and may have to be exactly specified specified value.
for each design criterion.
Leonhardt proposes different levels d. The total camber (short and
of service loads depending on re- long-term) due to the combined
effect of prestressing force and
quirements.'4 For example, the full
dead load must be limited to a
live load is seldom applied to a struc-
ture during its life. In studying the specified value; similarly, the
maximum change in deflection
frequency distribution of actual live
due to the application of the live
loadings on a number of structures, it
load and the combination of live
has been found that in more than 95
load and additional long-term
percent of the cases, the actual live
dead load effects must satisfy
load varies between 20 to 70 percent
code limitations.
of the specified live load and that the
most frequent value falls between e. At least qualitatively, the effect
about 40 to 50 percent. Thus, it may of the environment on the corro-
be legitimate in order to design for sion of the steel must be satis-
fatigue to specify a value of the re- factory.
petitive load, e.g., equal to only 50 Once the design criteria are set, two
percent of the live load. types of questions must generally be
Note, however, that this assumption clarified for each criterion, namely:
may not be realistic for all structures; How to estimate the variable of con-
for example, the actual magnitude and cern? What are the code limitations
frequency of live loads in railway for this variable? For example, how to
bridges are known more exactly and predict maximum crack width and
are quite close to the full service load what limits on its value are set in vari-
conditions. ous codes?
The most frequently considered
criteria for the design of partially pre-
stressed beams under service load Crack Width—
conditions are as follows: Prediction Formulas
a. Allowable stresses in the con-
crete must not be exceeded Several formulas to predict crack
under the application of tempo- width in partially prestressed beams
rary loads (such as initial pre- are available in the technical litera-
stressing, transportation, erec- ture. Generally they can be classified
tion) or full service load. into two major categories:
b. The change in stress in the steel a. Formulas in which the crack
(prestressed and non-pre- width is related to a fictitious
stressed) and in the concrete, tensile stress in the concrete,
due to the application of full live i.e., the stress which would
72
Table 1. Typical Values of Maximum Allowable Crack Widths.
stressed beams to the strain in the approaches cover essentially the same
tensile reinforcement after decom- range of crack widths.
pression. The main advantage of these
equations, which are analyzed in more
detail in Reference 24, is that they Stress Limitations
also apply to the non-linear range of for Fatigue
behavior of the prestressed reinforce-
ment. In fully prestressed members, the
Once the value of maximum crack changes in stresses in the concrete
width is calculated, it must be com- and in the steel under the effect of re-
pared to code recommended limits. petitive live loads are not critical. For
These limits are better visualized in a example, the application of the full
table (see Table 1) where a rapid live load will lead to an increase in
comparison can be made between the stress in the prestressing steel of only
ACI Code, the British Code, and the a few ksi. Similarly, it will lead to a
recommendations proposed by change in stress in the concrete much
Abeles.5 It can be seen from Table 1 below the 50 or 55 percent range of
that despite the variabilities expected ultimate stress needed for concrete
in predicting crack widths, the three survival up to 10 million cycles.
74
ble 2. Typical Midspan Cambers and Deflections.
CAMBER DUE TO PRESTRESSING FORCE DEFLECTION DUE TO LOADING
CGC
+ - --- a ---
CGS W
L — ^- L
Fe 1 L 2 5wL4
384EI
8EI
CGC
e2t --- e -- CGS P
I
FL 2 5( PL3
8EI [e 2 + 6 le l e 2)] 48E1
CGC
eZ -^- _ e l - - P Pb
CGS b
FL2 (3L2
8EI [e 2 + (el- e 2) { 1 3 \ L )ZJJ 24EI 4b2^
76
Yes
Compute q from
Mu q must be < 0.3
q(1 - 0.59 q) _ ^bd2f^
Yes
NoYes
=
M - M - 0.85 ^ f I (b-bw )h fl Id - h 1 I 2 Fu = gbdf,, PPR
Compute qw from
M
uw
4w (1-0.59q)w = bwd2fc
No
Bonded Member
f'bd
c
Fu 100 bdpfc 2Fu
fs
+ 10000 fpu [ -^1 - bdPfc
APs = largest of
F
fu
A =-
r A
f =f I1 - 0. S bd fJ
f lF=A
py L p c Ps
F
u
f .60000
se
1-PPR " s - s
U or \ PPR ) f
As o
fps Aps P 1-PPR Fu
( P R)f
\c . SatisfyNo Change
Serviceability PPR
Criteria?
STOP
Fig. 4. Flow chart for ultimate strength flexural design of partially prestressed sections.
78
(M D + M L ). (See also Reference Uncracked Section
14 for additional suggestions.) As a first approximation one could
4. Check camber and deflection calculate the stresses in an uncracked
under short and long-term load- partially prestressed section in a way
ings. [See ACI Table 9.5(b) for similar to a fully prestressed section
maximum allowable deflections; assuming that the value of the pre-
see also References 32-34.1 stressing force (or the stress in the
5. Check corrosion protection by prestressing steel) remains constant
concrete cover, maximum crack under the effect of live load moments.
width and specified environ- However, since stress fluctuations are
ment. important in estimating fatigue resis-
If any of the above criteria are not tance, the above approximation may
acceptable, the prestressing steel or be well on the unsafe side.
equivalently the PPR must be in- The effective value of prestressing
creased accordingly (except for the force F is defined as that obtained
case of camber). One can use a "linear after all prestress losses have taken
extrapolation" type of increase or use place and in presence of the dead load
"incremental" increases of 5 or 10 moment. Any moment larger than the
percent in A,, or PPR. On the other dead load moment will increase the
hand, if all criteria are largely satis- value of F (or equivalently fp8i the
fied, one may try to reduce the value stress in the prestressing steel). Thus
of PPR. In either case, the design may fp$ is a variable and refers to the stress
require some revision and tuning. in the prestressing steel for any of the
loadings considered. Note that the in-
Service Load Analysis crease in steel stress Af 8 will affect
the value of the cracking moment and
(Bonded Tendons) vice versa.
Using the assumptions mentioned
Once the values of A P3 and A S are
above, the analysis of the section
determined the section must be
leads to a number of equations which
analyzed in order to determine
are summarized in Table 3. These ex-
stresses and stress ranges in the steel
pressions allow the determination of
and concrete under service loads.
stresses and stress ranges in the sec-
The assumptions are as follows:
tion under the effect of any moment
1. Both steel and concrete are less than the cracking moment.
linear elastic in the range of
The meaning of each mathematical
stresses considered.
symbol is summarized in the Notation
2. Plane sections remain plane
section (see Appendix) and in Figs. 5
under bending.
to 7. Note that for concrete, compres-
3. Perfect bond exists between
sion is considered positive and ten-
steel and concrete.
sion negative; while for steel, com-
4. Concrete does not withstand ten-
sile stresses (when cracked sec- pression is negative and tension is
tion analysis is considered). positive.
Based on these four assumptions a
mathematical solution can be derived Cracked Section
for both cases of uncracked and In order to determine the stresses in
cracked sections. Details of the com- the cracked section of a partially pre-
putations are given in Reference 24. stressed beam subjected to a moment
Here, however, only the main results M larger than the cracking moment,
will be summarized. one must first determine the location
Loading Equation
Case Useful Equations: Untracked Section
No.
f pa = f 5e
f
(F + MD) _ se
Ese E 2
PS
I Ap s fse (r2 •e2)) _
C 3
C I
(M - M)e
f = + Do 4
ps se I Ec +
Eps
fA e MY
fct = APs 1 - k ° +' I t 7
c b
E c 1 p^
I E + Aps (r2+e o ) [s f seot)* 75z b} -Aps(ee+kt)e D
Mcr = +Aps (r 2 -e 0 kt )
(F + M cr^ I c 8
E ps
80
b fct Ect
h fi
ill'
h dsdp
fcps
AAs
p
IIIs fcns
bw fcb cb
a) b)
IHL
f t (c-ds )
i )f1I
h
^— A •d•
s s fi c
c fct c-h
c
h ds dp
Aps
As
rbw
Fig. 6. Typical stresses in concrete (cracked section, working stress range).
Concrete
lhfi
iLL
hA
us
lIT Aps
As
bw
A E A E 1
lu
(E Se + Ece^bw] c * 1Lw
(F +M) where 3 b _ 2 `- (e. _i c
1 31 • Ece)bwd P J
M> M c rand
2A E 2A'E' 2A E A E
s s +s s + ps ps - ps ps (E 2(b-b h d
[2(b-b h cc w) fl p
where concrete w) fl + E E E M 1 se ce)
c c c
and steels are 2A E 2A'E'
_ (b - b ) h z _ s s (d - dp) - s s
(d' - dp)) ] c ^(b b )h z 1
w/ fl E cEc s ` s w fl
working in elas-
the section.
c 2
f = E (c Se + Ece)
Apsps
ct AE
be _ ^ b 2bw)
(c h
2 f /z s (dp c)
A E cE s \d s - c )
c s (ds - c)AE^
E s-c\
^ds
fs E f ct c 3
C
+ -^
fps - Eps(e se + e ce) E fct C 4
C
f
Eps Eps 5
f
_
Es E 6
s
NOTE:
a) F=A F)varies with the applied moment M.
82
steel are equal (see Fig. 7). Hence, the
calculated steel stress is only section References
dependent.
For unbonded tendons, as the steel Emperger, F. V., Stahlbeton Mit Vor-
can slip with respect to the surround- gespannten Zulagen Aus Hbherwer-
ing concrete, the steel stress repre- tigem Stahl; Forschingsar Beiten Auf
sents an average along the member. It Dem Gebiete Des Eisenbetons (Rein-
is not section dependent; it is member forced Concrete With Additions of
dependent and cannot be calculated High Strength Pretensioned Steel; Re-
search Studies in the Field of Rein-
without the knowledge of the geomet- forced Concrete), W. Ernst & Sohn,
ric properties of the member, steel Berlin, 1939.
profile, end conditions and loading.
2. Abeles, P. W., "Fully and Partly Pre-
The analysis in this case is more com- stressed Reinforced Concrete," ACI
plex especially after cracking of the Journal, Proceedings V. 41, No. 3,
concrete and is left to a future study. January 1945, pp. 181-216.
3. Abeles, P. W., "Partial Prestressing
and Possibilities for Its Practical Ap-
Concluding Remarks plications," PCI JOURNAL, V. 4, No.
1, June 1959, pp. 35-51.
This paper has presented up-to-date
4. Abeles, P. W., "Partial Prestressing in
background information and the England," PCI JOURNAL, V. 8, No. 1,
mathematical basis for the analysis February 1963, pp. 51-72.
and design of partially prestressed
5. Abeles, P. W., "Design of Partially
beams to satisfy most commonly en- Prestressed Concrete Beams," ACI
countered serviceability criteria. The Journal, Proceedings, V. 64, No. 10,
proposed design method is accurate October 1967, pp. 669-677.
and has the feature of accommodating 6. Thiirlimann, B., and Caflisch, R.,
the current philosophy of the ACI "Bending Tests on Partially Pre-
Code. stressed Beams (in German)," Report
A design flow chart was developed No. 6504-1, Institute of Structural En-
particularly for use by designers. gineering, Swiss Federal Institute of
However, the many advantages of the Technology, Zurich, Switzerland,
above described technique can only 1970.
be fully explored with the help of a 7. Thurlimann, B., "A Case for Partial
computer or electronic calculator. Prestressing," Structural Concrete
This is done in the second part of Symposium Proceedings, University of
this study which describes a computer Toronto, May 1971, pp. 253-301.
program for the optimum design of 8. Bennett, E. W., and Veerasubrama-
partially prestressed beams and gives nian, N., "Behavior of Nonrectangular
the results of a parametric analysis on Beams with Limited Prestress After
standard-shape sections. Flexural Cracking," ACI Journal, Pro-
ceedings, V. 69, No. 9, September
1972, pp. 533-542.
Acknowledgment 9. Ramaswamy, P. S., Parameswaran, V.
S., and Annamalai, G., "Theoretical
This investigation has been supported and Experimental Investigations on
by a Research Fellowship Award from the the Flexural Behavior of Class 3
Prestressed Concrete Institute to the Uni- Beams," Paper presented at the
versity of Illinois at Chicago Circle and by Seventh Congress of FIP, New York,
the University of Illinois Research Board. N.Y., May 28-30, 1974.
The authors wish to express their gratitude 10. Westlake, B. J., "Some Considerations
for this support. of the Application of Partial Prestress-
84
Design of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Journal, Proceedings, V. 65, No. 9,
Structures," American Concrete In- September 1968, pp. 730-742.
stitute, Detroit, 1977, pp. 67-68. 33. Branson, D. E., "The Deformation of
30. PCI Design Handbook, Second Edi- Noncomposite and Composite Pre-
tion, Prestressed Concrete Institute, stressed Concrete Members," Deflec-
Chicago, 1978. tions of Concrete Structures, SP -43,
American Concrete Institute, Detroit,
31. ACI Committee 318, "Building Code Michigan, 1974.
Requirements for Reinforced Concrete
(ACI 318-77)," American Concrete In- 34. Martin, D. L., "A Rational Method for
Estimating Camber and Deflection of
stitute, Detroit, 1977. Precast Prestressed Members," PCI
32. Branson, D. E., "Design Procedures JOURNAL, V. 22 No. 1, January-Feb-
for Computing Deflections," ACI ruary 1977, pp. 100-108.
48" 48"
3.5" 5.75"
4.5"
tD ^`
r1 _
jj
ao
j OD
O
V-
X
8"
Fig. 8. Cross section of example beam (b) Idealized for cracked section and
(a) Actual cross section. ultimate analysis.
Thus
q = 0.04235
Note that 1.18 qd = 1.78 in. < h„
5.75. Hence, the beam behaves as
a rectangular section.
Step 4: As the value off, at ulti-
mate is given by ACI Code For-
mula (18.3), compute:
F u = gbdf f PPR = 253,429 lbs
86
Table 5. Summary of computed results for design example.
Deflections
Crack
Loading c fct fs fps if if Widtht
Afs Afps Inst. long-term*
in. ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi
(F+M5) °
C A +.'40LL
in.
F + M +cr 12.7 0.827 10.372 159.12 0.375 10.25 9.12 0.0347 0.69 0.00142
F + M D + 0.7 M L 10.73 0.960 15.368 163.60 0.508 15.245 13.60 0.0347 0.86 0.00238
F + M D + ML 8.94 1.186 24.28 171.58 0.734 24.157 21.58 0.0347 1.27 0.00409
f' =
= web width of flanged mem- steel at ultimate
her specified compressive
bl = width of lower flange of strength of concrete
flanged member fi = compressive strength of con-
b2 = distance from support to con- crete at time of initial pre-
centrated load stress
C. = creep coefficient fen,$ = stress inconcrete at level of
c = distance from extreme com- non-prestressed tension steel
pression fiber to neutral axis f = allowable stress range under
d = distance from extreme com- repeated service load in con-
pression fiber to centroid of crete
tensile force f1t = stress in concrete at top fiber
d, = thickness of concrete cover fmin = minimum stress in concrete
over reinforcement f,, = calculated stress in prestress-
d„ = distance from extreme com- ing steel at any applied load
pression fiber to centroid of fp. = ultimate strength of prestress-
prestressing steel ing steel
d, = distance from extreme com- fP, = specified yield strength of
pression fiber to centroid of prestressing steel
non-prestressed tension rein- f,., = stress range under repeated
forcement service load in non-pre-
d8 = distance from extreme com- stressed tension steel
pression fiber to centroid of f = calculated stress in non-pre-
non-prestressed compression stressed steel at any applied
reinforcement load
E, = modulus of elasticity of con- f8 = calculated stress in non-pre-
crete stressed compression steel at
E,t = modulus of elasticity of con- any applied load
crete at time of initial pre- fee = effective stress in prestress-
stress ing steel, after losses
88