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RAINALARM

INTRODUCTION
Rain alarm is a device which is used to give the information if the rain is
occurring, as it gives sound when rain falls between the two aluminum
rods. As the rain drops comes between the two rods the circuit gets
completed and a sound is produced from the speaker, indicating the
falling of rain. It can be used in factories, open godowns where the
goods need to be protected from the rain. It can also be used as a water
level indicator by fixing the two rods at desired level. When water will
reach that level it will automatically produce sound.

Components Used
It consists of various Components named below:
• n-p-n transistor (BC 147)
• p-n-p transistor (2N 6107)
• Resistors (1.5 kQ, 330 kQ) -0.25 W
• Capacitor ceramic (0.01 pF)
• Two rain sensors (aluminum tube of diameter 5mm and length 6-7
cm)
• Speaker (5-8 Q)
• Battery (6V)
• Switch

THEORY
The energy bond structure of the semiconductors is similar to the
insulators but in their case, the size of the forbidden energy gap is much
smaller than that of the insulator. In this case of crystals, the forbidden
energy gap is of the order of about 1 eV, and the two energy bands are
distinctly separate with no overlapping. At absolute zero, no electron has
any energy even to jump the forbidden gap and reach the conduction
band. Therefore the substance is an insulator. But when we heat the
crystals and thus provide some energy to the atoms and their electrons, it
becomes an easy matter for some electron to jump the small (»1eV)
energy gap and go to conduction band. Thus at higher temperatures, the
crystal becomes a conductor. This is the specific property of the crystal
which is known as a semiconductor.
IntrinsicSemiconductors
Pure semiconductors are called intrinsic semiconductors. In a pure
semiconductor, each atom behaves as if there are 8 electrons in its
valence shell and therefore the entire material behaves as an insulator at
low temperatures.
This hole can be filled by some other electron in covalent bond. As an
electron from covalent bond moves to fill the hole, the hole is created in
the covalent bond from which the electron has moved since the direction
of movement of the hole is opposite to that of the negative electron; a
hole behaves as a positive charge earner. Thus, at room temperature, a
pure semiconductor will have electrons and holes wandering m random
directions. These electrons and holes are called intrinsic carriers.

EXTRENSIC SEMICONDUCTORS
As the conductivity of intrinsic semiconductors is poor, so intrinsic
semiconductors are of little practical importance. The conductivity of
pure semiconductors can, however be enormously increased by addition
of some pentavalent or a tetravalent impunity in a very small amount
(about 1 to 106 parts of semiconductors). The process of adding an
impurity to a pure semiconductor so as to improve its conductivity is
called doping such semiconductors are called extrinsic semiconductors
extrinsic semiconductors are of two types.
• N-type semiconductors
• P-type semiconductors

N-type semiconductors
When an impurity atom belonging to group V of the periodic table like
arsenic is added to the pure semiconductor, then four of the five impurity
electrons forms covalent bonds by sharing one electron with each of the
four nearest silicon atoms, and fifth electron from each impurity atom
are almost free to conduct electricity. As the pentavalent impurity
increases the number free electrons, it is called donor impurity. The
electron so set free in the silicon crystal are called extrinsic camera and
the n-type Si-crystal is called n-type extrinsic semiconductor. Therefore
n-type Si-crystal will have a large number of free electrons (majority
carriers) and have a small number of holes (minority carriers).
In a doped or extrinsic semiconductor, the number density of the
conduction band (ne) and the number density of holes in the valence
band (nh) differ from that in a pure semiconductor. If n, is the number density
of electrons in conduction band, then it is proved that:
nenp=n21
P-type semiconductor
If a tetravalent impurity like indium is added in pure semiconductor, the
impurity atom can provide only three valence electrons for covalent bond
formation. Thus a gap is left in one of the covalent bonds. The gap acts
as a hole that tends to accept electrons. As the trivalent impurity atoms
accept electrons from silicon crystals, it is called acceptor impurity. The
holes so created are extrinsic carriers and the p-type Si-crystal so
obtained is called p-type extrinsic semiconductor. Again, as the pure Si-
crystals also possesses a
few electrons and holes, therefore, the p-type Si-crystal will have a large
number of holes (majority carriers) and a small number of electrons
(minority carriers).
Number density of valence band holes (nh) in p-type semiconductor is
approximately equal to that of the acceptor atoms (Na) and is very large
as compared to the number density of conduction band electrons (n e)
nh»Na»ne
Circuit diagram for Rain Alarm
TRANSISTORS
Term transistor implies transfer of stance from low value at input to a
very high value at output Transistors play very important role in
electronic circuits. A transistor is a three terminal device and is called as
semiconductor node. These made by growing two p-n junctions in same
crystal in opposition of each other. The central region is common
between the two p-n junctions is extremely narrow region of the order of 106
sandwiched between the two sections of the other type of semiconductor.

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT


TRANSISITORS

Transistors are active circuit components, unlike resistors, capacitors


and inductors which are passive components. The code for specifying
transistor usually stands as given below:
The first letter A symbolizes a germanium base. The first letter B
symbolizes silicon as the base material.
C-in audio amplifiers
S-used as switch
F-the one used as radio frequency amplifier

WORKING
The aluminum tubes (rain sensors) are fixed on plastic plate with a small
distance between them. The plastic plate is immersed in water taken in a
beaker. Presence of water between the aluminum tubes effects circuit
adjustment.
When switch P is closed current flows through the speaker and an
audible note is produced. The alarm is on. When water is removed from
the beaker or the tubes are taken out of water, alarm becomes dead.
When a rain alarm is set up according to circuit diagram and is
connected to input AC source then its working starts.
Since when there is no water droplet speaker doesn't produce sound. But
as soon as rain starts water drop comes between the two rods, the circuit
gets completed and speaker starts giving sound
When water is removed from the beaker or the tubes are taken out of
water, alarm becomes dead. When a rain alarm is set up according to
circuit diagram and is connected to input AC source then its working
starts.
Since when there is no water droplet speaker doesn't produce sound. But
as soon as rain starts water drop comes between the two rods, the circuit
gets completed and speaker starts giving sound.
TEACHER’S REPORT

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