IDENTIFIKASI MORFOLOGI DAN ANATOMI TIPE STOMATA

FAMILI Piperaceae DI KOTA LANGSA

Abstract. The aim of this research is to know the morphology and anatomy of stomata type
from piperaceae family in Langsa City. Research is expected to provide information to the
community and students about the morphology and anatomy of plant stomatal types from the
piperaceae family. The results can be used as early data about the morphology and anatomy
of plants from the family piperaceae found in Langsa City. The method used is descriptive
qualitative to describe and interpret the type of stomata on the leaves of the family
piperaceae. Piper betel (Piper betle), Piper betle (Green Piper betle) and Red (Piper crocatum)
betel (Piper betle), Piper betle (Piper betle), and Piper betel (Piper betel) were found in five
different species of pepper (Piper ningrum). So it can be seen that the morofologi plant family
piperaceae is a group dikotil plants. In general, the family piperaceae has characteristics with
the root system of tunggang, with the trunk of vobubilis trunk accompanied by apparently
nodes in the stem accompanied by the presence of tendrils but there is also trunked herbs that
grow upright with the branching of monopodial rods.

Although the five plant species belong to the same family of piperaceae, morphologically or

anatomically, the stomatal cell type differs in each species. From the results of the study
found three types of stomata in family plant piperaceae that is Anomocytic stomata type,
tertracytic type and cyclocytic type.

Keywords: morphology, anatomy, stomata type, family piperaceae.

Plant Morphology Family of Piperaceae

         The results of the research have been carried out on the family morphology of
plants piperaceae found in the city area of Langsa as many as five species of plants, hence
it can be seen that morphologically the plants of the family piperaceae are dicotyledonous
group of plants. In general the piperaceae family has characteristics with the rooting system,
with its trunk traits (vobubilis) accompanied with seemingly book-shaped (nodes) in the stem
accompanied by presence tendrils but there are also herbaceous trunks that grow upright with
branching branches monopodial. The other general characteristics of the plant family of
piperaceae are leafy single with sitting leaves alternating in each book. Leaf regrowth
curved with leaf edges usually wavy and flat. Usually other characteristics if
flowering is found in the Plagiotrophic branch (horizontal) which is arranged in a grain
(spica) or strand (amentum). For more details the morphology of each plant from the
piperaceae family can be seen as follows:

Pepper Plant (Ningrum Piper)

      Pepper (Piper ningrum) is a plant that reproduces by seeds,but it can also be done by
adjusting to develop it. Pepper root is a taproot, but if it multiplies on a set it is rooted fiber.
The size is small and not long as in the taproot usually. In accordance with its type, the roots
of this plant are divided into two, namely the roots sticky and root soil. Sticky root is the root
that grows in each segment of the book is at ground level and has an average length of 2.5-3.5
cm. In one book segment can grow as many as 10-15 roots. Then the root of the soil is the
root which grows on the stems of pepper plants that are in the soil. Plant stem pepper is also
called the stolone stem, which is a stem that grows upright but also stem in this plant
branched and spread. The pepper stem is shaped slightly flat and segments with sections of 4-
7cm, the length of the stem can reach 15 m.

The leaves in this plant are single leaves with a length of 12-18 cm and
3 cm wide with a 4 cm long stem. Round Piper ningrum plant leaves egg (Ovatus), with
tapered leaf tip (Acuminatus), leaf reinforcement curved (Cervinervis) the size of the leaves
usually reaches 12-18 cm in length with 5-10 cm wide and alternating, while the flowers on
pepper plants shaped compound and grows on the armpit of the petiole. Trubus (2016) ‘’
Included into polygamous flowers (polygamy, plants, male flowers, flowers) females, and
pansy flowers like those in papaya), sometimes monocious (one house) Flowers and the
leaves grow in contrast. The round leaf protector spatula extends with length of 3-3.5 cm.
Anther (anthers) reniform (kidney-shaped), ovary globose (round), the amount of stigma
(pistil) 3-4 '. Flowers of this plant have panicles of 100-150 flowers which will be the fruit
and fruit of this plant green when young and will turn red if it's cooked. Have black brown
seeds 3-5 mm in diameter and protected by fruit flesh with a thickness of 2-3 cm (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Pepper plants (niper piper)

Pepper (Piper ningrum)

Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Super division: Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Sub Class: Magnoliidae
Order: Piperales
Family: Piperaceae
Genus: piper
Species: Piper ningrum

Betel Plant (Piper betle)

     Betel plants (Piper sp) are native Indonesian plants that grow propagate or lean on another
tree trunk. These vines can live on tropical climate reaches 15 meters high. Betel root is a
form of taproot round and yellowish brown in color. Betel-colored betel leaves are also there
purplish green, round, broad, and is where the roots come out. Leaf betel is a single leaf with
a heart shape, the surface of a shiny leaf, pointed tip, grow intermittently, stemmed, and emit
a scent typical when squeezed. The leaves are 6-17.5 cm long and 3.5-10 cm wide. Betel has
flowers
compound that is in the form of a grain and ducks. Betel flowers are protected by leaves
elliptical protectors with a diameter of 1 mm. Fruit is located hidden or buni, round, fleshy
and greenish yellow in color to grayish green. Betel plants have round roots that are round in
shape and yellowish brown (Koensoemardiyah, 2010).
     In this study researchers found three species of betel-sirihan classified into the piperaceae
family namely yellow betel nut (Piper betle), red betel nut (Piper crocatum), and green betel
(Piper betle). Which distinguishes the morphology of the three species this is the color of the
leaves that are striking in each species is different, but in a way the overall morphology is
almost the same. But for the leaf shape on Piper crocatum slightly different from yellow and
green betel, which is where Piper crocatum has the shape of the leaves is ovoid (Ovatus)
while the yellow and green betel leaves form the same is the wake of the heart (Obcordatus)
can be seen in (figure 7.2.1).
     In the Piper crocatum species the stem is round purplish green and not flowering. The
surface is rough and when exposed to light it will dry out quickly. The stem is stretched and
has a distance of 5-10 cm. Every book grows root roots. The stem leaves form the heart with
a tapered top (acuminatus), with a flat edge (interger), and the surface is shiny or hairless.

The length of the leaves can reach 15-20 cm. Green leaf color patterned grayish white. The
bottom of the leaf is bright red. The leaves slimy, tastes very bitter, and has a distinctive
aroma of betel (Sudewo, 2010).

Figure 2. Yellow Betel Plant (Piper betle)

Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Super division: Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Sub Class: Magnoliidae
Order: Piperales
Family: Piperaceae
Genus: Piper
Species: Piper betle

Figure 3. Red Betel (Piper crocatum)

Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Super division: Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Sub Class: Magnoliidae
Order: Piperales
Family: Piperaceae
Genus: Piper
Species: Piper crocatum

Figure 4. Green betel (Piper betle)

Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Super division: Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Sub Class: Magnoliidae
Order: Piperales
Family: Piperaceae
Genus: Piper
Species: Piper betle

Suruhan plants (Peperomia pellucida)

    Book plants (Peperomia pellucida) are commonly grown wild plants in damp places such
as under the walls of the house or in cool areas the mountains. Plant life orders in moist areas
with light intensity little sun. The plants' habitat is in the lowlands and high. Book plants are
still related to betel (Piper betle). This plant is enough easily recognizable, about 10 to 15 cm
high and can reach 30 cm, soft stem shiny (herbaceous) water. At the end of the stem grows a
compound flower like betel flowers. These plants are classified into dicot based plants the life
of the messenger includes Kamaefit (chamaephyte) which is a small shrub with properties
which has a branch with branching that is resistant to an altitude of less than 25 cm above
ground level.
      Leaf plant leaves are shaped like a heart (cordatus) with leaf bones numbering three are
light green. The tip of the leaf (apex folii) is pointed (acutus) and base of leaves (folii base)
incise, curved leaf bone shape (cervinervis), edge interger. Herbaceous thin leaf
(interverium). Surface
shiny (laevis) leaves (nitridus). This plant of flowers has a grain shape (spica) arranged in a
green sequence. The flowers of the messenger appeared at the end of the stem and armpit.
Order plants multiply use seeds. Can be seen in (Figure 5).
     Nugroho et al. (2012) The ovate series, which is the shape of the leaf blade has the widest
part under the middle of the leaf blade. This determination is not based on size but based on
the shape of the object. This series divided into two types (a) The base of the leaf blade is not
incised, has four variations shape (ovate), triangle (triangulare), delta shaped (deltoid), split
shape ketupat (rhomboid). (b) The base of the leaf blade is incised, has a variety of shapes:
heart (cordatus), kidney form (reniform), arrow shape (sagiate), bastate form, auriculate form.
Figure 5. Suruhan plants (Peperomia pellucida)

Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Super division: Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Sub Class: Magnoliidae
Order: Piperales
Family: Piperaceae
Genus: peperomia
Species: Peperomia pellucida

Anatomy of Plant Stomata Type Family of Piperaceae

   After observing the morphology of each species of plant family piperaceae, here we can
also observe how the type of stomata form of each family leaf piperaceae which has been
observed in its morphology, where after every observation plant species of the family
piperaceae have different stomata types though these plants are in the same disorder. Stomata
is a gap or hole between the epidermis flanked by two cells special epidermis called the cell
guard (guard cell) which is near the closing cell there are surrounding cells called
neighboring cells. Function of
on the closing cell in the stomata gap so that the stomata can open and close accordingly with
plant needs during transpiration, while neighboring cells function as well as in changes in
osmotic pressure that will be related to movement of the closing cells.
      In general the plants of the family piperaceae belong to dicotyledonous plants, which type
of stomata in this plant has a non-uniform shape. Haryanti (2010) Cover cells of
dicotyledonous plants are generally kidney-shaped, whereas monocots has a uniform shape
when viewed from the surface of the cell looks narrow on the part middle and enlarged at the
end. The type of stomata in leaves varies greatly. Based on stomata relations with
neighboring epidermal cell cells there are many types of stomata, this classification is
separate from classification based on development. Although different types can occur in one
family that is the same or can also be on the leaves of the same species. The structure of the
stomata apparatus can be used in taxonomic studies (Fahn, 1991) in Haryanti (2010).
     The following is the observation of the stomata type seen based on epidermal cells
adjacent to the closing cell, which was carried out in the FKIP Biology Laboratory with using
a microscope with 40 X100 µm magnification:

Anomocytic Stomata Type

It is said to be an anomocytic type if the cover cell is surrounded by a number of cells that are
not can be distinguished the size and shape of other epidermal cells. Anomocytic type is
found in the stomata of pepper leaves (Piper ningrum) and orders (Peperomia pellucida) in
Figure 6.

Dikatan tertracytic type There are four guard cells that are parallel and in series
with guard cells.
c) Yellow Betel (Piper betle)

However, based on the research on the type of stomata above can be distinguished types
stomata based on the location of thickening in the closing cells, then the five stomata of the
piperaceae family belong to the type Amarylidaceae because of the shape of the cell cover
seen from above is shaped like a kidney. Where is the wall his back is thin but his abdominal
wall is thicker, and neighboring cells are bordered
     According to Schwendener in Sutrian (2011) Types of stomata based on location
thickening of the closing cell is divided into four: (a) the type of Amaryllidaceae where
stomata shaped like a kidney. The back wall is thin but the walls his stomach is thick, both
the upper and lower walls have thickening cuticle. The neighboring cells are bordered by the
tying cells; (b) Helleborus cell cover type shaped like a kidney, only in this form the back
wall and abdominal wall thin, but the upper and lower walls are thicker each; (c) Type
Graminea where the shape of the cover cell is like a dumbbell, the cell wall of the middle
cover is thick and each end of the cell wall is thin; (d) Type Mnium cover cell shape like the
kidneys, thin abdominal walls, while the other walls can be said to be thin or even thick.
   From the results of the discussion above, it can be seen though the five plant species above
belong to the same family, Piperaceae, but morphologically and anatomically the cell type of
the stomato has a difference in
each species.