TUGAS II

BAHASA INGGRIS

OLEH :

HUSNUL KHOTIMAH

035 STYC 17

YAYASAN RUMAH SAKIT ISLAM NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN YARSI MATARAM
PROGRAM STUDI S1 KEPERAWATAN
MATARAM
2020
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Human Anatomy and Physiology are organized into various parts of the body system, i.e.

So human anatomy and physiology is the study of the structure of the human body.
1. Frame system

The human body is supported by a skeletal system, which consists of 206

bones connected by tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. These bones are arranged
by axial and appendicular skeletons.

The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones located along the axis of the human
body. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, middle ear bones, hyoid bones, ribs,
and spine.

The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones which are complementary

bones that connect the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton is located in the
area of the upper limbs, lower limbs, pelvis, and shoulders.
2. Muscle system

The muscular system consists of around 650 muscles which help with
movement, blood flow, and other bodily functions.

There are three types of muscles, namely skeletal muscle that is connected with
bone, smooth muscle found in the digestive organs, and heart muscle that is found
in the heart and helps pump blood

3. Circulatory system

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and about 5 liters
of blood carried by blood vessels. The circulatory system is supported by the
heart, which is only the size of a closed fist. Even at rest, the average heart easily
pumps more than 5 liters of blood throughout the body every minute.

The circulatory system has three main functions, namely:

a. Circulate blood throughout the body . Blood provides important nutrients

and oxygen and removes waste and carbon dioxide to be excreted from the
body. Hormones are transported throughout the body through blood plasma
fluid.
 b. Protect the body through white blood cells by fighting pathogens (germs)
that have entered the body . Platelets function to stop bleeding when injured
and prevent pathogens from entering the body. Blood also carries antibodies
that provide specific immunity to pathogens that have been previously
exposed to the body or have been vaccinated.
c. Maintaining homeostasis (balance of body conditions) in several internal
conditions . Blood vessels help maintain a stable body temperature by
controlling blood flow to the surface of the skin.

4. Digestive system

The digestive system is a group of organs that work to receive food,

convert and process food into energy, absorb nutrients found in food into the
bloodstream, and remove the remaining food that is left or cannot be digested by
the body.

Food passes through the digestive tract which consists of the oral cavity, pharynx
(throat), larynx (esophagus), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and ends in
the anus.

Besides the digestive tract, there are several important accessory organs in the
anatomy of the human body that help digest food. Accessory organs of the
digestive system include teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas.
5. Endocrine system
The endocrine system consists of several glands that secrete hormones into the
blood. These glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland,
thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, and genital gland
(gonads). The gland is controlled directly by stimulation of the nervous system
and also by chemical receptors in the blood and hormones produced by other
glands.
By regulating the function of organs in the body, this gland helps maintain
body homeostasis. Cellular metabolism, reproduction, sexual development, sugar
and mineral homeostasis, heart rate, and digestion are among the many hormonal
processes.

6. Nervous system

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and
all the nerves that connect these organs to other parts of the body. These organs
are responsible for the control of the body and communication between its parts.

The brain and spinal cord form a control center known as the central
nervous system. Sensory nerves and sensory organs of the peripheral nervous
system monitor conditions inside and outside the body and transmit central
nervous system information. The efferent nerves in the peripheral nervous system
 carry signals from the control center to muscles, glands, and organs to regulate
their function.

7. Respiratory system

The cells of the human body need oxygen flow to stay alive. The
respiratory system provides oxygen to body cells while releasing carbon dioxide
and waste products that can be lethal if left to accumulate.

There are three main parts of the respiratory system: the airways, lungs,
and respiratory muscles. The airways include the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. This channel carries air through the nose to the
lungs.

The lungs function as the main organs of the respiratory system by

exchanging oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide leaving the body.

Respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles,

work together to pump, push air in and out of the lungs while breathing
8. INDRA SYSTEM        
A. Sense of Vision    

The vision device consists of the eyeball,

the nerve of sight, and additional eye tools . The eyeball is round, only the field d
epa nnya deviate from the form of the perfect ball for cornea more prominent in the
future. This happens because this part is more curved than other parts of the eyeball.
The center point of the front plane and the back plane are called the front pole and
the back pole. The connecting line is the axis of the eye or the axis of
vision.                                         

Eyeballs can be distinguished walls and their contents. The wall consists of three
layers. Outer layers are hard membranes, which in the front turn into clear
membranes. The middle layer is called the choroid membrane which coats the hard
membrane from the inside. In the future the choroid membrane does not follow the
clear membrane. At the transition place of the choroid membrane and the rainbow
membrane there is a thicker shape and is known as the ciliary body. In the middle of
the iris there is a hole called an eye bead.
 B. Hearing Sense

Hearing devices consist of external

listeners, middle listeners and inner
listeners. The outer listener consists
of the auricle and outer ear canal.
The auricle is a fold of skin in the
form of a rubbery ear-prone
framework. The outside of the outer
ear canal is prone, the inside has a
bone wall. To the inside of the outer ear canal is restricted
by the sling membrane against the slit cavity.

The middle listener consists of a hollow cavity connected to the pharynx through
the Eustachian tube. In the hollow cavity there are the bones of the listener, namely
hammer, foundation and stirrups. The hammer is attached to the perforated membrane
and with a small joint also connected to the foundation. The foundation of contact
with the stirrup is attached to the membrane that closes the jorong trap on the wall in
the hollow cavity

9. Immune system
The immune system is the body's defense against bacteria, viruses, and other
pathogens that may be dangerous, by guarding and attacking these pathogenic
genes. These include lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, lymphocytes (including
B cells and T cells), thymus, and leukocytes, which are white blood cells.
10. Lymphatic system

In human anatomy, the lymphatic system includes lymph nodes , lymph

nodes, and lymph vessels, and also plays a role in the body's defense.

is making and removing lymph, a clear fluid containing white blood cells,
which helps the body fight infection. The lymphatic system also removes excess
lymph fluid from body tissues, and returns it to the blood.

11. Urinary and excretory system

The excretion system secretes waste products that are no longer needed by
humans. In the anatomy of the human body, the organs of excretion consist of the
kidneys, liver, skin, and lungs.
 The urinary or urinary system is included in the excretion system which
consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter blood to
remove waste and produce urine. The urethra, bladder and urethra together form
the urinary tract, which functions as a system to drain urine from the kidneys,
store it, and then release it during urination. In addition to filtering and removing
waste from the body, the urinary system also maintains homeostasis of water,
ions, pH, blood pressure, calcium, and red blood cells. The liver functions to
remove bile, the skin functions to sweat, while the lungs function in removing
water vapor and carbon dioxide.
12. Reproductive system

A. Male reproductive organs

Male reproductive organs are divided into parts of the manufacture of semen
and parts of the distributor of semen. The first part is in the form of genital glands,
which are testicles that form seminal cells. The right and left testicles hang in a
fold of skin in the form of pockets and are located under the pubic bone called the
scrotum. On the back side of each testicles there are testicles that are classified as
a channel distributor. Semen cells come out of the testicles and enter the testicles.
Here the seminal cells pass through a smooth, winding channel and at the bottom
of the testicles they turn into the seminal tube, which runs in front of the pubic
bone upward, accompanied by testicular veins and plait veins. Testicles, testicles
 and seminal cord are covered by several veils and also a layer of muscle called the
pegantung muscle that can pull the testicles and testicles up.

B. Female reproductive organs

Female reproductive organs consist of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, intercourse

and external genitalia. Indung tellur numbered two, located on the side wall of the
small pelvis on the right and on the left. Each ovary depends on several bundles
and folds of the abdominal salute. Ovaries are female genital glands that produce
sex cells, which are egg cells. The egg cells in the ovary are covered by a sheath
consisting of cells, all in the form of a form called fo likelies or Graaf bubbles. In
women who are sexually mature, the developing follicle is a bulge on the surface
of the ovaries, which resembles the surface of the srikaya fruit. After the follicles
cook, they will burst while throwing out the egg which is now floating in the
abdominal cavity (this event is called ovulation).