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Electrochemical sensors are one of the most common types of sensors used in portable gas detectors. Multi-sensor confined space
monitors generally contain an oxygen sensor, a flammable/combustible sensor and one to three additional electrochemical sensors for
specific toxic gases. Single-sensor instruments equipped with electrochemical toxic sensors are also extremely popular for use in
situations where a single toxic hazard is present. In spite of the very large number of electrochemical toxic sensors in use, there is still
a lot of misinformation and misunderstanding when it comes to the performance characteristics and limitations of this very important
type of sensor.
How Electrochemical Sensors Detect Gas the surface of the sensing electrode. This reaction causes the potential of the sensing electrode
Substance-specific electrochemical sensors are available for many of the most common toxic to rise or fall relative to that of the counter electrode. Current collector wires or filaments connect
gases including hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, the electrodes with the external pins of the sensor. The instrument supplies power to the sensor,
ammonia, phosphine, ethylene oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and others. "EC" sensors are and interprets the output of the sensor by readings obtained through the external pins.
compact, require very little power, exhibit excellent linearity and repeatability, and generally have Electrochemical sensors are stable, long lasting, require very little power and are capable of
a long life span. The detection technique is very straightforward in concept. Gas that enters the resolution (depending on the sensor and contaminant) to ± 0.1 PPM or even lower.
sensor undergoes an electrochemical reaction that causes a change in the electrical output of the Electrochemical sensors are normally usable over a wide range of temperatures, in some cases
sensor. The difference in the electrical output is proportional to the amount of gas present. EC from - 40 to 50 °C (- 40 to 120 °F). However, the uncorrected sensor output may be strongly
sensors are usually designed to minimise the effects of interfering contaminants, making the influenced by changes in temperature. For this reason instruments generally include temperature
readings as specific as possible for the gas being measured. compensating software and/or hardware for the EC sensors installed.
Figure 1 illustrates the major components included in a typical electrochemical sensor. The The simplest sensor designs use a two-electrode system. In two-electrode designs, the potential
gas enters the sensor through an external diffusion barrier that is porous to gas but nonporous to of the sensing electrode is compared directly to that of the counter electrode. In three electrode
liquid. Many sensor designs include a capillary diffusion barrier that limits and controls the amount designs, what actually is measured is the difference between the sensing electrode and reference
of gas that enters the sensor. The sensing electrode is designed to catalyse a specific detection electrode. Since the reference electrode is shielded from any reaction, it maintains a constant
reaction. Depending on the sensor, the substance being measured is either oxidised or reduced at potential. This provides a true point of comparison. The change in potential of the sensing
electrode is due solely to the concentration of gas. The current generated by the sensor is
proportional to the amount of gas present. The amount of current generated per ppm (parts-per-
million) of gas is constant over a wide concentration range. This consistency in output over a wide
Figure 1: Major Components of a Typical Electrochemical Sensor range explains the exceptional linearity of three-electrode electrochemical sensors.
Why H2S Sensors Don’t Wear Out Even When Exposed to High
Concentrations of Gas
Chemical equations can be a little daunting, but working through a typical detection reaction is
well worth the effort. The oxidation of H2S in an electrochemical sensor provides a good example
of the detection mechanism used in a non-consuming electrochemical sensor design:
The counter electrode balances out the reaction at the sensing electrode by reducing oxygen
from the air to water:
2O2 + 8 H+ + 8 e- 4H2O
Each molecule of H2S that is oxidised at the sensing electrode produces a current
flow of eight electrons. The amount of current produced is a function of the
number of H2S molecules that are oxidised at the sensing electrode. For
every 1.0 ppm of H2S in the atmosphere being
monitored, the sensor shows a raw electrical
output of 0.7 mµA (micro amps). This
relationship is linear over a very wide range
such that 10 ppm produces 7.0 mµA, 100
ppm produces 70.0 mµA and so on. The
working efficiency of the sensing
electrode is very high. This means the
sensor is usually easily able to oxidise