Chemistry em PDF

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Chapter
Acids, Bases and Salts
1
1/2 Mark Questions
1. Choose the corret sentence given belwo.
i Acidic solutions turns blue litmus to Red
ii Basic solutions turns red litmus to Blue
iii The colour of methyle orange solution is red when it reacts with acidic solution
iv The colour of phenolphthalein solution is yellow, when it reacts with Bases
Ans. i, ii ,iii ,iv
2. What is the colour of phenolphthalein solution , when it reacts with Bases ?
Ans. Pink.
3. What do we call the die extracted from lichen plant ?
Ans. Litmus.
4. Give an example for universal indicator ?
Ans. PH paper.
5. What do we call indicator the that gives odour with bases or acid ?
Ans. Olfactrory indicators.
6. Complete the following equatjion.
Acid + Base Salt + .........
Ans. Water.
7. Which gas evolves when acids react wtih metals ?
Ans. Hydrogen gas.
8. Which gas gives pop sound when it with burning splinter ?
Ans. Hydrogen gas.
9. Which gas evolves , when metal carbonate or Metal Hydrogen Carbonates react with
acids ?
Ans. Carbon di-oxide.
10. “ An acid react with a base to give salt and water ”. What we call this reaction ?
Ans. Neutralization reaction.
11. Complete following equation ?
Metal oxide + Acid ......... + .........
Ans. Salt + Water.
12. What is the nature of metal oxides, metal hydrids ?
Ans. Base in nature.
13. What is the nature of non-metal oxides ?
Ans. acidic in nature.
14. Which ions are formed , when acids reacts with water ?
Ans. H 3 O or H ions
15. Which ion evolves, when Bases reacts with water ?
Ans. OH
16. When Bases dissolve in water ?
Ans. Alkali.
17. When an acid or Base dissolve in water, its concentration decreases this process is called ?
Ans. dilution.
18. Match the following
1. Stong acid a) NH OH 4
2. Weak acid b) HC
3. Strong base c) NaOH
4. Weak base d) CH 3COOH
A) 1-a,2-b,3-c,4-d B) 1-b,2-d,3-c,4-a C) 1-c,2-d,3-b,4-a D) 1-d,2-c,3-b,4-a
Ans. B) 1-b,2-d,3-c,4-a
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19. Which is used to measure the concentration of Hydrogen ions?

Ans. PH
20. In PH ‘P’ denotes ?
Ans. Potenz.
21. What is the meaning of potenz in German ?
Ans. Power.
PH < a) Basic solutions.
P >
H
b) Acidic solutions.
PH = c) l o g 1 0 [ H ]
P =
H
d) Neutral solutions.
A) 1-b,2-a,3-c,4-d B) 1-b,2-a,3-d,4-c C) 1-a,2-b,3-c,4-d D) 1-d,2-c,3-b,4-a
23. When do we call a rain as acid rain which respect it PH value lessthan 5.6 ?
Ans. acid rains.
24. What happends , when the PH of mouth is lessthan 5.5 ?
Ans. Tooth decay starts .
25. Which acid produces in stomach to help in the digetion of food ?
Ans. Hydrochloric acid.
26. Which base is called milk of magnesia ?
Ans. Magnesium Hydroxide.
27. What is the nature of salt, produced when strong acid and strong base react each other ?
Ans. Neutral.
28. What is the nature of salt, when strong acid and weak base react to each other ?
Ans. acidic in nature.
29. What is the nature of salt , when weak acid and strong base react to each other ?
Ans. Basic in nature.
30. Which ionic compound is produced when an acid react with base in neutralizartion reaction ?
Ans. Salt.
31. What is the nature of salt with electrically ?
Ans. neutral.
32. What is the chemical name of table salt or common salt ?
Ans. Sodium Chloride.
33. What is the name of Brown coloured Sodium chloride ?
Ans. Rock salt.
34. What do you called when sodium chloride dissolve in water ?
Ans. Brine solution.
35. Electrolysis of aqueous Sodium Chloride gives Sodium Hydroxide, this process is called ?
Ans. Chloro Alkali.
36. Which substance is formed by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime ?
Ans. Bleaching powder.
37. What is the chmical name of Baking Soda ?
Ans. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate.
38. Give an example fro a mild non - corrosive Base ?
Ans. Baking soda.
39. Which is used for bleaching cotton in textile industry ?
40. Is Bleaching Powder used as oxidizing agent or reductating agent used in chemical industries ?
Ans. Oxidizing agent.
41. Which is used for disinfecting of drinking water to make it free of germs ?
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42. Which reagent is used in the preparation of chloroform ?

Ans. Bleaching Powder.
43. What is called when we mix Baking Soda with tartaric acid ?
Ans. Baking Powder.
44. Which is used as a fire extinguisher ?
Ans. Baking Soda. N aH C O 3
45. Which acts as mild antiseptic ?
Ans. Baking soda. N aH C O 3
46. What is an ingredient in antacids instead of milk of magnesium ?
Ans. Baking soda. N aH C O 3
1. Plaster of paris a) CuSO4 5H 2O
2. Zypsm b) Na2CO3 10H2O
3. Hydrated Copper Sulphate c) C a S O 12 H O 4 2
4. Washing soda d) C a S O 4 2 H 2 O
A) 1-c,2-d,3-a,4-b B) 1-d,2-c,3-a,4-b C) 1-c,2-b,3-a,4-d D) 1-c,2-d,3-b,4-a
Ans. A) 1-c,2-d,3-a,4-b
48. Which is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds and soap, paper industry ?
Ans. Washing Soda.
49. What is called when a formula unit of salt having fixed number of water molecules ?
Ans. Water of crystalization.
50. What is the colour of the Copper Sulphate after heating ?
Ans. White
51. Which is used fro supporting fractured bones in the right position ?
Ans. Plaster of paris.
52. The reaction of strong acid and base react and evolves heat what type of the reaction this regarding heat ?
Ans. Exo thermic reaction.
53. Who invented PH Scale ?
Ans. Sorensen.
1 Marks Question and Answers
1. What is neutralization reaction? Give an example.
Ans. The reaction of an acid with a base to give salt and water is known as “Neutralization” reaction.
Ex:- HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
2. What are olfactory indicators? Give an example?
Ans. Olfactory indicators :- Olfactory indicators are substances which have different odour in acid and
base solutions.
Ex:- Onion juice, clove oil and Vanilla essence.
3. What happen if the PH value gastric juice in our body increases?
Ans. If the PH value of our body increases, then there is raise in the digestive problems.
4. Is the substance present in antacid tablet acidic or basic?
Ans. The substance present in an antacid is a mild base.
5. Why pure acetic acid does not turn blue Litmus to Red?
Ans. Pure acetic acid not containing the H+ ions. So, it does not turn blue litmus to red.
6. What is PH scale? (OR) Define PH ?
Ans. PH scale :- PH is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ions[H+] concentration. (or)
A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is called pH scale.
PH = - log10 ( H + )
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7. What is water of crystallization ?

Ans. Fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of salt is called water of crystallization.
Ex : CuSO4 5H 2O , CuSO4 2 H 2O , Na2CO310H 2O
8. What is universal indicator ?
Ans. Universal indicator is a mixture of several indicators. It is used to know the strength of acid or base
i.e., PH Scales.
9. Why pickles and sour substances are not stored in brass and copper vessels ?
Ans. i. Pickles and sour substances contain citric acid.
ii. Acids present in pickles react with vessels and form blue - green substance which is injurious to
health.
iii. Hence pickles and sour substances are not stored in brass and copper vessels.
10. What is alkali ?
Ans. Bases which are soluble in water are called alkali.
11. When do a farmer neutralize the soil of his field ?
Ans. When the soil of his field is of acidic in nature a farmer neutralize the soil of his field with
quicklime( Ca(OH ) 2 or CaCO3 )
12. Name the base present in antacidtablets ?
Ans. Mild Base is present in antacids like Mg (OH ) 2 .
13. Why does not distilled water conduct electricity?
Ans. There are no minarals or impurities in distilled water, hence no current pass through the distilled
water.
2 MARK QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1. What is baking powder? How does it make the cake soft and spongy?
Ans. Baking powder: 1. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid.
2. When baking powder is heated or mixed in water, it liberates CO2 gas and the followingreaction.
NaHCO3 + H+ Na+ + CO2 + H2O + Sodium salt of acid.
3. Carbon dioxide produced during the reaction causes bread or cake to rise making them soft
and spongy.
2. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda?
Ans. Uses of washing soda:
1. It is used in glass , soap and paper industries.
2. It is also used for removing permanent hardness of water.
Uses of baking soda:
1. In bakeries.
2. Baking soda is an ingredient in antacids.
3. It is also used in fire extinguishers and acts as mild antiseptic.
3. Write any two uses of Bleaching powder?
Ans. Uses of Bleaching Powder:-
1. It is used in the textile industry for decolouriging threads for clothes in laundry.
2. Used as an Oxidizing agent in many chemical industries.
3. Used for Disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.
4. Used as a reagent in the preparation of Chloroform.
4. Plaster of Paris should be stored in moisture-proof container. Explain?
Ans. 1. Plaster of Paris chemical name is calcium sulphate hemihydrates (CaSO4.1/2 H2O).
2. It is a white powder and on mixing with water, it sets into hard solid mass due to the formation of
gypsum(CaSO4. 2H2O).
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1 1
CaSO4. H2O + 1 H2O CaSO4. 2H2O
2 2
3. Because of the above reason plaster of Paris should be stored in moisture proof container.
5. Why does tooth decay start when the PH of mouth is lower than 5.5?
Ans. 1. If the PH of mouth is less than 5.5, then the tooth enamel is corroded. 2. Bacteria in the mouth
produces acids by the degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth.
6. Fresh milk has a PH of 6. How does the PH change as it turns to curd? Explain your answer.
Ans. 1.When milk turns to curd, the lactobacillus keeps growing and it breaks down to the lactose into
lactic acid which acidifies the milk ever further.
2. So, the PH of the curd is changed.
7. What is importance of PH of the soil ?
Ans. Plants require a specific PH range for their healthy growth. Soil PH is tested and treat the soil of his
fields with quick lime or Ca(OH ) 2 , if soil is acidic.
8. Why the servival of aquatic life in seas and rivers becomes difficult when PH is changes ?
Ans. When acid rain flows into the reiver it lowers the PH of river water to lessthan 5.6, the survival of
aquatic life in such rivers becomes difficult.
9. How does sting of honey bee treated ?
Ans. Sting of honey bee leaves an acid which causes pain and irritation, use mild base like backing soda
on the sting area gives relief.
10. What is the importance of PH in our digestive system ? What do during indigesting ?
Ans. Stomach produce HydroChloric acid which helps in the digestion of food.
11. What happens when acids react wtih metals ?
Ans. Acids react with metals produce Hydrogen gas.
Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas.
Ex : 2 HCl ( aq ) Zn ( s ) ZnCl2 ( aq ) H 2 ( g )
12. What happens when base react wtih metals ?
Ans. Bases react with metals produce Hydrogen gas.
Base + Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas.
Ex : 2NaOH (aq) Zn (s) Na2ZnO2 (aq) H2 ( g)
13. What happens when Acids react with metal carbonates ? What is the nature of metal car-
bonates ?
Ans. Acids react with metal carbonates gives salt, carbon di-oxide and water.
Acid + Metal Carbonate Salt + Carbon di-oxide + Water..
Ex : Na2CO3 ( aq ) 2HCl ( aq ) 2NaCl( aq ) H2O (l ) CO2 ( g )
The above reaction is neutralization reaction. Metal carbonates are basic in nature.
14. What happens when acids react with metal Hydrogen carbonates ? What is the nature of
metal Hydrogen carbonates ?
Ans. Acids react with metal Hydrogen carbonates gives salt, carbon di-oxide and water.
Acid + Metal Hydrogen Carbonate Salt + Carbon di-oxide + Water..
Ex : NaHCO3 ( aq ) HCl (aq ) NaCl(aq ) H 2O (l ) CO2 ( g )
The above reaction is neutralization reaction.
Metal Hydrogen carbonates are basic in nature.
15. What happens when acids / base is mixed with water ?
Ans. When an acid or base is mixed with water its concentration is decreases means diluted. In this
process heat is liberated.
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1. Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator
showed PH as 4, 1, 11, 7 and 9 respectively, Which solution is, A)
neutral B) strongly alkaline C) strongly acidic D) weakly acidic E)
Weakly alkaline. Arrange the PH in increasing order of hydrogen ion
concentration ?
Ans. a) Solution ‘D’ is neutral. b) Solution ‘C’ is strongly alkaline.
c) Solution ‘B’ is strongly acidic.
d) Solution ‘A’ is weakly acid.
e) Solution ‘E’ is weakly alkaline.
Increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration is 11< 9< 7< 4< 1 i.e C, E, D, A, B.
2. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen but are not categorized as
acids. Describe an activity to prove it?
Ans. 1. Prepare solutions of glucose and alcohol. Fix two iron nails on a rubber cork and place the cork
in a beaker as shown in the figure.
2. Connect the iron nails to the two terminals of a battery through a switch and a bulb.
3. Now pour some solution of glucose (C6H12O6) and switch on the current. We will notice that bulb
does not glow.
4. This shows that glucose solution does not conduct electricity.
5. Repeat this experiment with alcohol solution in the beaker. The bulb does not glow again, that
means alcohol solution does not conduct electricity.
6. This indicates the absence of ions (H+ ions) in the glucose and alcohol solutions.
AC plug Bulb
230 volt
Beaker
dil. HCl solution

Graphite rods
7. Glucose and alcohol do not disassociate in water to produce H+ ions even though they contain
hydrogen.
8. Hence glucose and alcohol are not categorized as acids
because they do not produce H+ ions in water.
3. What is meant by “Water of Crystallization” of a Test tube holder
substance? Describe an activity to show the water of Boiling
Water droplets
crystallization? Copper
Ans. Water of Crystallization:- sulphate
1. Water of crystallizations is the fixed number of Burner
watermolecules present in one formula unit of salt.
2. The salts which contain water of crystallization
are called hydrated salts.
Ex:- CuSO4.5H2O. .
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Activity:-
1. Take a few crystals of copper sulphate in dry test tube.
2. Heat the dry crystals strongly over the flame of a burner for some time.
3. The water present in the crystals are evaporated and the blue colour of salt turns to white.
4. We also see tiny water droplets on the walls of the test tube.
CuSO4. 5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O
Hydrated copper sulphate Anhydrous copper sulphate
(Blue colour) (White colour)
5. Now cool the test tube and add 2 – 3 drops of water to the sample of anhydrous copper
sulphate.
6. We observe the blue colour of copper sulphate crystals is restored.
7. From this activity we conclude that some water molecules are fixed in the blue coloured copper
sulphate crystals.
4. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
a) Why does he shift pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
Ans. a) 1. The chemical name of the compound is sodium hydrogen carbonate (Na HCO3) and its pH
value is 8.1.
2. When milk man adds a little baking soda to fresh milk to make it slightly alkaline.
3. So the pH of the fresh milk shifts to 6 and make it slightly alkaline.
4. Thus the spoilage of milk can slow down.
b) 1. Lactic acid which was formed initially reduces the basic nature of the baking soda.
2. Then more lactic acid is needed to convert milk into curd.
3. That is why it takes time to produce more lactic acid and hence the milk takes a long time to
become curd.
5. How do metals react with acids ? Explain with an experiment ?
Ans. Aim : To observe the reaction between a metal and an acid.
Material required : Test tubes , delivery tubes , candle , dil HCl , Zinc granuals.
Procedure :
Take about 10 ml of dil HCl in a test tube and add few zinc granuals to it .
Observations :
1 . Some gas is produced from the surface of zinc granuals.
2. This gas burns with pop up sound and blue flame.
3. It indicates that H2 gas is evolved in this reaction.
Result : When acids react with metals H2 is evolved.
Acid Metal Salt Hydrogen
2HC Zn ZnC 2 H 2
Delivery tube
Stand One holed rubber stopper
Testing of hydrogen gas
HCl H2
Test tube
Zinc granules
Soap water
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6. How do metals react with Bases ? Explain with an experiment ?

Ans. Aim : To observe the reaction between a metal and a Base .
Material required : Test tubes,delivery tubes, candle, NaOH, Zinc granuals and spirit lamp.
Procedure :
1. Take about 10 ml of NaOH in a test tube and add few zinc granuals to it.
2. Warm the test with the help of spirit lamp.
Observations :
1. Some gas is produced from the surface of zinc granuals.
2. This gas burns with pop up sound and blue flame.
3. It indicates that H2 gas is evolved in this reaction.
Result : When base react with metals H2 is evolved.
Base Metal Salt Hydrogen
2 NaOH Zn Na 2 ZnO2 H2
Delivery tube
Stand One holed rubber stopper
Testing of hydrogen gas
NaOH H2
Test tube
Zinc granules
Soap water
7. How do metal carbonates react with acids ? Explain with an experiment ?

Ans. Aim : To observe the reaction between a metal carbonate and an acid.
Material required : Test tubes , delivery tubes , candle , dil HCl , Na2CO3 , lime water Ca (OH ) 2 ,
Thistle funnel.
Thistle
Procedure : Stand funnel
1. Take about 0.15 gms of Na2CO3 in a test Delivery tube
Two holed
tube and fix a delivery tube , thistle funnel as in rubber cork
figure.
2. Add 2 ml dil HCl through thistle funnel.
CO2 gas
Observations :
Test tube
1. Some gas is produced from the bottom of the
dil. HCl Ca(OH)2
test tube. acid solution
2. When this gas is passed through lime water it Na2CO3
turns into white.
Result : 1. The produced gas is CO2.
2. Metal carbonates react with acids and pro-
duce CO2.
3. Metal carbonates are basic in nature.
Metal Carbonate Acid Salt Water CO2
Na2CO3 dil HC 2 NaC H 2O CO2
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Chapter
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
2
1/2 Mark Question And Answer’s
1. How many maximum electrons can be accommodated in L-shell?
A. 8
2. Write the name of orbital when n = 3 and l =1
A. 3P
3. Which rule is violated in the electronic configuration of 1s0 1s2 2p4
A. Aufbau Principle
4. Write the value of plank’s constant
A. 6.626 x 10-34 Joul-see (or) 6.626 x 10-27 erg-sec.
5. What is the shape of P-orbital
A. Dumbel
6. The quantum numbers of 2P electron are.
a) n = 2, l =0 b) n = 2, l = 1 c) n = l, l = 1 d) n = 2, l =3
e) n = 2, l = 1
A. b) n = 2, l = 1
7. (n+ l ) values of 3s and 3d are in the following manner
a) 3, 4 b) 3, 5 c) 4, 4 d) 4, 5
A. b) 3, 5
8. Which of the element Pocesses fully filled degenerate orbital cnonfiguration (Na, Ca, B, Ne, Cl)
A. Neon - Ne
9. Which of the following electromagnetic radiation has higher wave length than visible light (X-rays,
rays, visible light, Radio Waves, UV-rays)
A. Radio Waves
10. Choose the correct statement from the following
(i) Nids Bohr proposed elliptical orbits
(ii) Sommer feld proposed elliptical orbits
(iii) Ewrn schrodirger proposed circular orbits
A. Sommer feld proposed elliptical orbits
11. Choose the wrong statement from the following
(i) Aufbau Principle is violated in 1s2 2s0 2p6 3s2 configuration
(ii) Aufbau Principle is obeyed in 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 configuration
(iii) Aufbau Principle does not follow increasing order of (n+ l ) values
A. Wrong statement: Afbau Principle does not follow increasing order of (n+ l ) values.
12. Choose the suitable Asnwers 4 section-B with Section-A
SECTION - A SECTION - B
i) Sodium P) 1s 2s2 2p6 3s2
2
ii) Neon Q) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

iii) Electro magnetic waves R) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
iv) Bohr’s Theory S) 1s2 2s2 2p6
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T) Light waves
U) Sound waves
V) Hydrogen atom
W) Helium atom
2 2 6 1
A. i) Sodium - (Q) 1s 2s 2p 3s ii) Neon (S) 1s2 2s2 2p6 iii) Electromagnatic wave-(T) Lightwaves
iv) Bhor’s Theory v) Hydrogen atom
B. Assertion (A): The maximum value of l is 3 in the N - shell
Reason (R): l values varies from ‘0’ to ‘n’ maximumly
a) Both A and R are correct
b) A is correct and R is not correct
c) Both A and R wrong
d) A is wrong and R is correct
A. A is correct and R is not correct
13. A : Electron enters into 4S orbital after filling 3P. But not 3d.
R : (n+ l ) value of 4S is less than (n+ l ) value of 3d.
a) A is correct and R is wrong
b) A is wrong and R is correct
c) Both A and R are correct
d) Both A and R are wrong
A. “C” - Both A and R are correct
14. Which rule is violated when two electrons in an 2S orbital pocesses same clock wise spin?
A. Pauli’s exclusive Principle
15. What are the orbitals have same (n+ l ) value, among 3P, 3S, 4P and 4S
A. 3P and 4S orbitals
16. Electronic configuration of the element is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2. In this configuration which shells
(K, L, M, N) have same number of electrons
A. L and M shells.
17. What is the shape of S- orbital?
A. Spherical shape
18. Observe the table and write the n l x representation of electron. n l ml ms
3 0 0 +1/2
1
A. 3s
shell Name of the sub shells
present
K 1S, 2S
L 2S, 2P
M 3S, 3P, 3d
19. In the above table, in which shell, the sub shells are wrongly represented?
A. K - shell
20. In which shell, 3d sub shell is present
A. M - shell
21. Write the principle quantum number for M- shell
A. n = 3.
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1 Mark Question and Answers

1. Define electromagnetic spectrum.
Ans. Electromagnetic spectrum is a wide variety of group of wave lengths or frequencies.
2. What is meant by degenerated orbitals?
Ans. Orbital possess same energy are called degenerate orbitals.
3. Define electronic configuration.
Ans. The distribution of electrons in shells, sub shells and orbital in an atom is known as ‘electronic
configuration.
4. What is an Absorption Spectrum?
Ans. Absorption spectrum:- 1. Absorption spectrum is spectrum obtained when the substances absorb
energy.
2. It contains dark lines on bright background.
5. What is Emission Spectrum?
Ans. Emission Spectrum:- The spectrum of radiation emitted by a substance from its excited state is an
emission spectrum.
6. Which electronic shell is at a higher energy level K or L?
Ans. L shell is at higher energy shell. Since, it is for away from nucleus than K-shell.
7. Following orbital diagram shows the electron configuration of oxygen atom. Which rule
does not support this?
Ans. O (Z = 8)
1s2 2s2 2P4
Hund’s rule. Because degenerate orbital’s are filled by one electron after pairing takes place.So the
correct electronic configuration of Oxygen is
1s2 2s2 2P4

8. Write the electronic configuration of ‘Cr’ and ‘Cu’?
Ans. Cr (Z=24) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 (or) [Ar] 4s1 3d5
Cu (Z=29) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 (or) [Ar] 4s1 3d10
9. Which quantum number gives size and energy of the main shell.
A. Principle quantum number (n)
10. What is the shape of d-orbital? Write the names of d-orbitals?
A. Shape of d-orbital is double dumbell.
d - orbitals are dxy, dyz, dzx, dx2-y2 and dz2
11. What is this information given by magnetic orbital quantum number?
A. Orientation of orbitals in space.
12. How many maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in N-shell
A. for N- shell n = 4
Maximum no. of electrons accommodated in ‘n’ shell = 2n2 = 2 (4)2 = 2 x 16 = 32
13. How many maximum no. of electrons that can be accommodated in l = 1 sub-shell
A. Maximum no. of electrons in l - sub shell = 2 (2 l +1)
If l = 1, No. of maximum electrons = 2 [2(1) + 1] = 2 (2+1) = 6
14. An element has atomic number 12. How many electrons are present in K, L and M shells of
this atom?
A. Atomic number Z = 12, configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
No. of electrons in K - shell = 2
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No. of electrons in L - shell = 8

No. of electrons in M - shell = 2
15. What are the Possible values of l and ml for Principle quantum number n = 2
A. for n = 2, l value are 0 ,1
for l = 0, ml = 0
for l =1 ml = -1, 0, +1
16. Write the name of outer most shell of magnesium atom. How many electrons are present in
that outer most shell.
A. Electronic configuration of magnesium 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Third shell is the outer most shell (M).
No. of electrons in that shell = 2.
17. Which colour do you observe when an iron rod is gradually heated to higher temperature.
A. if we heat on iron rod first it turns to red and as the temperature rises it gives orange, yellow, blue
and finally even white. If the temperature is very high enough.
1. Rainbow is an example for continuous spectrum-Explain?
Ans. 1. Rainbow is formed due to dispersion of sun light after a rain shower.
2. Such a spectrum in which there are no sharp boundaries in between colours is known as continu-
ous spectrum.
3. So, rainbow is also a continuous Spectrum.
2. 1. An electron in an atom has the following set of four quantum numbers to which orbital it
belongs to and name that element?
Ans. 1. It belongs to 2s1.
3. Write the four quantum numbers for 1s1 electron?
Ans. .
4. Write the four quantum numbers for the differentiating electron of sodium (Na) atom?
Ans. 1. The atomic number of Sodium (Na) is 11.
2. Electronic configuration is 1S 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 1.
3. The differentiating electron is 3s orbital.
4. The four quantum numbers of Na are,
5. What is n x method? How it is useful?

Ans 1. The short hand notation of electronic configuration is nl x
2. It gives the information as shown below,
3. In nl xmethod,
n = Principle quantum number.
x = number of electrons in orbital.
l = Azimuthal quantum number or angular momentum quantum number.
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6. Explain Hund’s rule with an example?

Ans. Hund’s Rule:- Hund’s rule states that electron pairing takes place only after all the available
degenerate orbitals are occupied by one electron each.
Example:- 1. Consider a carbon atom (Z=6). It has six electrons.
2. The first electron goes into the ‘1s’orbital of the K-shell.
3. The second electron will be paired up with the first in the same ‘1s’orbital.
4. Similarly the third and fourth electrons occupy the ‘2s’orbital of the L-shell.
5. The fifth electron goes into one of the three ‘2p’orbitals of the L-shell. Let it be 2px.
6. Since the three p-orbital’s are degenerate (viz. 2px, 2py, 2pz ), the sixth electron goes into
2py or 2pz but not 2px.
7. Thus the electronic configuration of carbon can be written as,
7. Explain why electrons enter into 4s orbital but not 3d after filling the 3p orbital?
Ans. 1. The (n+l) value of 4s = 4 + 0 = 4
2. The (n+l) value of 3d = 3 + 2 = 5
3. The (n+l) value of 3d orbital has more than 4s orbital.
4. According to Aufbau principle electrons are enter into 4s orbital after filling the 3p orbital.
8. The wave length of a radio wave is 1.0m. Find its frequency?
Ans. Given :- Wavelength of radio wave ( ) = 1 m
Speed of light in vacuum, c = 3 × 108 m s–1
Frequency, = ?
Formula:- C = 1 × 3 ×108 = 3 ×10 8 Hz.
9. Write Max Planck’s equation and write the numerical value of Planck’s constant.
Ans. Max Planck’s equation , E = h
Where E = Energy
h = Planck’s constant
= frequency of the radiation absorbed or emitted
The numerical value of Planck’s constant h = 6.626 x 10-34 Joul - Second.
10. Draw a neat diagram to show that increasing order of energy levels of orbitals ?
Ans.
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11. The electroni configuration of an atom is 1s2 2s2 2p2

a) Which element’s atom is it?
b) In which orbital last electron is in?
c) Write the electronic configuration of the same atom in the exited state.
d) What is the value of Principle quantum number of first election.
A. Electronic configuration of given atom is 1s2 2s2 2p2
a) The element is carbon
b) The last electron is in 2P orbital
c) Electronic configuration in an exited state is 1s2 2s1 2Px1 2Py1 2Pz1
d) Principle quantum number value for 1st electron n = 1
12. The electronic configuration of atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1. What information that it gives?
A. i) Atomic number of the element is 11.
ii) The element name is sodium.
iii) It has three orbits
iv) differenciating electron quantum numbers are n=3, l =0, ml =0, ms = +1/2
13. Following orbital diagram shows the electron configuration of nitrogen atom which rule
does not support this? Write the correct electronic configuration N (z=7) :
1S 2S 2P
A. The given electron configuration does not support Hund’s rule.

Correct electronic configuration is
4 Marks Question and Answer’s

1. Explain Bohr’s model of atom and its limitations.
Ans. Neils Bohr proposed,
1. Electrons in an atom occupy stationary orbits (states) of fixed energy at different distances from
the nucleus.
(a) When an electron jumps from a lower energy state to higher energy state, it absorbs energy.
(b) When an electron jumps from a higher energy state to lower energy state, it emits energy.
Limitations: - Bohr’s model failed in explaining the splitting of line spectrum of Hydrogen.
2. Differenciate between orbit and orbital ? (OR)
Write the differences between Orbit and Orbital ?
Ans. Orbit Orbital
1. The path of the electrons which 1. The region in space around the nucleus where
revolves around the nucleus the probability of finding the electron is
is called orbit. maximum is called orbital.
2. Orbits are circular and 2. Orbital’s have definite shape. Except
non-directional. ‘s’ orbital other orbitals are directional.
3. These are denoted by the letters 3. These are denoted by the letters
K, L, M, and N etc. s, p, d, and f etc.
3. Explain the significance of Four Quantum numbers in predicting the positions of an electron
in an atom?
Ans. Each electron in an atom is described by a set of three quantum numbers n, l, m. These numbers
indicate the probability of finding the electron in the space around nucleus.
1. Principal Quantum Number (n):-
1. It was introduced by Niel’s Bohr.
2. It is denoted by the letter ‘n’.
3. The number of electrons in a shell is limited to 2n2. Where n = 1, 2, 3, ….etc.
4. The shells are denoted by the letters K, L, M, N, …etc.
5. Principal quantum number gives the size and energy of the main shell.Shells.
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2. Angular-momentum Quantum Number ( ):- 1. It was introduced by Sommerfeld.

2. It is denoted by the letter ‘ ’.
3. It is also called as Angular momentum Quantum number.
4. ‘ ’ has integer values from 0 to (n-1) for each value of n. Where l = 0, 1, 2, 3, ….etc.
5. Azimuthal quantum number gives the shape of the sub-shell.
6. The sub shells are denote by the letters s, p, d, f, …etc.
3. Magnetic Quantum Number( m ):-

1. It was introduced by Lande.
2. It is denoted by the letter ‘ m ’.
3. Magnetic Quantum number (ml) has integer values between – l to + l including zero.
4. For a given ‘l’value the magnetic quantum number has (2 + 1) integer values of ‘ m ’.
5. It gives the information about the orientation of orbital’s in the presence of magnetic field.
6. For example the orientation of the p orbitals are px, py, pz.
4. Spin Quantum Number ( ms ):-
1. It was introduced by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmith.
2. It is denoted by the letter ‘ms’.
3. This quantum number refers to the two possible orientation of the spin of an electron, one clockwise
( ) and the other anticlockwise ( ) spin.
1 1
4. The spin motion of the electrons are represented by + and - .
2 2
4. Which rule is violated in the electronic configuration? 1S 2S2 2P4?
0
Ans. 1. Aufbau principle is violated in this electronic configuration.

2. According to Aufbau principle, Electron enters into orbital of lower energy.
3. The lowest energy of the orbital is calculated by the formula (n + ).Where,
= Angular momentum quantum number..
4. Among 1s, 2s, 2p; 1s has least energy.
5. So 1s orbital must be filled before the electron should enter into 2s.
5. State and explain Pauli’s exclusion principle?
Ans. Pauli’s exclusion principle:- Pauli’s exclusion principle states that no two electrons will have all
the our quantum numbers same.
Example:- 1. Consider a Helium atom ( Z = 2). It has two electrons.
2. The electronic configuration of Helium atom is 1s2.
3. If n, , and m are same for two electrons then ms must be different.
4. In the helium atom the spins must be paired.
5. Electrons with paired spins are denoted by ‘ ’.
1 1
6. One electron has ms = + , the other has ms = –
2 2
. They have anti-parallel spins.
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6. State and explain with one example of Aufbau principle (Building up principle)?
Ans. Aufbau Principle:-
1. According to this principle, the electron occupies the orbital having the lowest energy.
2. The energy of the orbital was calculated by the formula (n+l).
= Angular momentum quantum number..
Example:-
Case-1:-
1. Consider the Hydrogen atom. It has only one electron.
2. The electron enters the ‘1s’orbital which has the lowest energy.
3. In terms of the quantum number, the incoming electrons go to an orbital whose (n+ ) is minimum.
Case-2:-
1. If two orbital’s have the same (n+l) value, the orbital having lower, n, values will be occupied first.
2. For example the atomic number of the Scandium is 21.
3. Twenty electrons can be accommodated in 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 4s orbital’s.
4. The last electron can enter into either 3d or 4p orbital.
5. The (n + ) value for these orbital’s are,
6. Both two orbital’s have same (n + ) value. But for ‘3d’ orbital the ‘n’ value is less ( n = 3)
compare to the ‘n’value of ‘4p’ (n = 4).
7. Therefore the electron occupies the 3d orbital.
8. Thus the electronic configuration of the Sc is [Ar] 4s2 3d1.
7. Draw the shape of S, P , d orbitals ?
Ans.
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8. Read the table form showing quantum nubers and Answer the following questions.
n l Number of orbitals (2 l +1)
0 1
1 3
4 2 5
3 7
(i) Name of the shape of orbitals when l =0
(ii) What are the ml values when l = 2
(iii) How many maximum electrons can be accommodated in l = 3 sub shell
(iv) What are the names of three orbitals in l = 1 sub shell?
(v) Maximum number of electrons in n = 4 shell.
A. (i) (S - orbital) spherical shape
(ii) ml values are -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
(iii) maximum electrons - 2 (2 l + 1) = 2 [2(3) + 1] = 2 x 7 = 14
(iv) Px, Py, Pz
(v) four sub shells. They are l = o, l = 1, l = 2, l = 3
(vi) Maximum electrons in n = 4 are 2n2 = 2 (4)2 = 2 x 16 = 32
9. Complete the following table
Sub shell name ‘ l ’ value No. of orbitals ml values max. no. of
electrons
S 1 2
P 3 -1, 0, +1
d 2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
f 3 14
A. Sub shell name ‘ l ’ value No. of orbitals ml values max. no. of

electrons
S 0 1 0 2
P 1 3 -1, 0, +1 6
d 2 5 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 10
f 3 7 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 14
2 2 6 2 6
10. The electronic configuration of an element x is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . Then Answer the following
questions.
(i) What is the atomic number of element ‘x’ ?
(ii) What is the name of the element ‘x’?
(iii) How many electrons are present in the outer most shell of an atom?
(iv) How many shells are present in this atom of an element?
(v) What is the value of Principle quantum number of outer most shell?
(vi) What is the (n+ l ) value of highest energy orbital in the atom of element ‘X’
A. (i) Atomic number of element ‘X’ is 18.
(ii) Argon - (Ar)
(iii) 8 electrons are Present
(iv) Three shells are present
(v) Third shells is outer most shell (n = 3)
(vi) Highest energy orbital is 3P. It’s (n+ l ) value = 3+1 = 4
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Chapter Classification of Elements-

3 The Periodic Table
1/2 Mark Questions
1. Who is the first to classify the elements ?
Ans. Dobereiner.
2. Who introduced traid theory to classify elements ?
Ans. Dobereiner.
3. Who proposed the law of octaves for the classification of elements ? Dobereiner
Ans. John Newlands.
4. Who proposed the following periodic law ?
‘ The properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic weights.’
Ans. Mendeleev (OR) Mendeleef.
5. Who proposed the modern periodic law to classify elements ?
Ans.. Mosley.
6. What do we call the rows in the modern periodic table ?
Ans. Periods.
7. What is the general valence configuration of inert gases ?
Ans. ns2np6. Mendaleef
8. How many meters make a picometer ?
Ans. 10-12.
9. What do we call the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in gaseous state ?
Ans. Ionigation energy.
10. Which has less radius either Na atom or Na+ ion ?
Ans. Na+.
11. Which group elements are called alkali Metals ?
Ans. 1st Group (or) IA group>
12. What is the order of penetrating power of the following orbitals ?
4s,4p,4d,4f
Ans. 4s > 4p > 4d > 4f
13. Which element has highest electro negativity ?
Ans. Fluorine.
14. Which element has least electro negativity ?
Ans. Cesium.
15. Which block of the modern periodic table containing Lanthanides and Actinides ?
Ans. f - block.
16. Match the following.
i . Alkali metals ( ) a. Group - 1
ii. Halogens ( ) b. Group - 17
iii. Noble gases ( ) c. Group - 18
Ans. i - a, ii - b, iii - c.
17. Highest electronegativity : Fluorine :: Highest electro positivity : ................
Identify the element name should be kept in the blank.
Ans. Cesium.
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Group - A Group -B
i. Dobereiner ( ) a. Triads
ii. Newlands ( ) b. First periodic table
iii. Mendeleef ( ) c. Octaves
Ans. i -a, ii -c , iii - b.
i. Period -1 ( ) a. 18 elements.
ii. Period -2 ( ) b. 8 elements.
iii. Period -3 ( ) c. 2 elements.
Ans. i - c, ii - b , iii - a
20. Group -2
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Which of the above elements has more reactivity ?
Ans. Sr
1 Mark questions
1. What is the need of the periodic table?
Ans. We need periodic table, to remember the elements and their properties in fixed order.
2. Define Dobereiner’s law of triads.
Ans. In a specific set of three elements the atomic weight of the middle element is the average of the
atomic weights of the first and third elements. This statement is called the Dobereiner’s law of
triads.
3. State Mendeleeff’s periodic law and modern periodic law?
Ans. Modern Periodic Law :- “The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic
function of the electronic configurations of their atoms”.
Mendeleev’s periodic law :- The properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic
weights.
4. Which one between Na atom and Na+ ion would have more size? Why?
Ans. Atomic number of sodium (Na) is 11. Therefore sodium (Na) atom contains 11 protons and 11 electrons
with outer electron as 3s1. On the other hand Na+ ion has 11 protons but only 10 electrons. The 3s shell
of Na+ level has no electron in it. Hence its outer shell configuration is 2s2 2p6. Therefore, the size of
Na+ ion is less than ‘Na’ atom. In general the positive ion (cation) of an element has less size than its
neutral atom.
5. Which group elements are called carbon family?
Ans. IVA or 14 group elements are called carbon family.
6. An element X belongs to 3rd period and group 2 of the periodic table. State
a) The no. of valence electrons.
b) The valency.
c) Whether it is metal or a non-metal.
Ans. An element X belongs to 3rd period and group 2 is Mg.
a) The no. of valence electrons = 2
b) The valency of atom = 2
c) It is a metal.
7. How does metallic character change when we move?
i. Down a group ii. Across a period. (OR)
How does the metallic character changes in periods and groups?
Ans. 1. The metallic character increases as we move along a group from top to bottom.
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2. The metallic character decreases as we move along a period from left to right.
8. Predict the reason for placing inert gases in the 18th group ?
Ans. i) They have octet configuration in their outer most shell.
ii) They are stable elements and has no reactivity.
9. Give two examples for Dobereiner’s triad ?
Ans. i) Li , Na , K
ii) Ca , Sr , Ba
10. Nitrogen (Z = 7 ) is the element of Group V A of the periodic table. Name one element
present in the same group. Write its general valency?
Ans. i) Phosphorous.
ii) General valancy = 3
11. Which element has larger atomic radius among Na, P , H, He ?
Ans. Na.
12. If the atomic number of an element is 17, write its group and period in the modern periodic table ?
Ans. i) Its belongs to 17th Group.
ii) Its belongs to 2nd Period.
13. The electronic configuration of an element ‘X’ is 2,8,6. Then
i) What is the group of the element ‘X’ in the modern periodic table ?
ii) What is the valency of ‘X’ ?
Ans. i) ‘X’ belongs to 14th group.
ii) The valancy of ‘X’ is 4.
14. Define law of octaves.
Ans. When elements are arranged in the ascending order of their atomic weights they fall into a pattern in
which their properties repeat at regular intervals. Every eighth element starting from a given element
resembles it, its properties to that of the starting element.
15. What are lanthanides?
Ans. The 14 in f-block from 58 Ce to 71 Lu are called lanthanides. These are in 6th period. These are
shown at the bottom of the periodic table.
2 Marks Questions.
1. Define ionization energy? What are the factors that influence it?
Ans. Ionization Energy:-
1. The energy required to remove an electron from the outer most orbit or shell of a neutral
gaseous atom is called ionization energy.
2. Ionization energy is expressed in kJ/mol (or) k.cal/mol
3. Ionization energy is also called the ionization potential but when we use the term the
ionization potential, it is better to write the unit eV.
Factors that influence on Ionization energy:-
1. Nuclear Charge. 2. Shielding Effect. 3. Penetrating power of the orbitals.
4. Electronic configuration. 5. Atomic Size.
2. An element has atomic number 19. Where would you expect this element in the periodic
table and why ?
Ans. 1. Atomic number of the element =19 and electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1.
2. So, the differentiating electron enters into 4th shell. So, the element belongs to 4th period.
3. The no. of valence electrons = 1. So it belongs to 1st group
4. Hence the element with atomic number 19 belongs to 4th period and IA group.
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3. The electronic configuration of the sodium is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1. What is the information that it
gives?
Ans. 1. Its atomic number is 11. The name of the element is Sodium.
2. It is S-block element.
3. It is in 3rd Period.
4. It is in the 1st group.
5. Its valancy is 1.
6. Number of valancy electrons are 1.
7. It can form uni positive ion.
8. It can form ionic bond.
9. It is a metal.
4. Write down the characteristics of the elements having atomic number 17.
1. Electronic configuration. 2. Period number. 3. Group number. 4. Element family.
5. No. of valence electrons. 6. Valence. 7. Metal or non-metal.
Ans. 1. Electronic configuration = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
2. Period number = 3
3. Group number = VII A (or) 17th .
4. Element family = Halogen family.
5. No. of valence electrons = 7
6. Valency = 8-7 = 1
7. Nonmetal = Non-metal.
5. Comment on the position of hydrogen in periodic table?
Ans. 1. The atomic number of the hydrogen is 1. Its electronic configuration is 1s1.
2. Hydrogen can losses one electron and behave electropositive ion (H+) like alkali metals.
3. Hydrogen can gain one electron and behave electronegative element (H-) like halogens.
4. Its properties resembles with both Alkali metals (IA) and halogens (VIIA) because it can lose one
electron like alkali metals as well as gain one electron as halogens
5. So, it is placed at the top of both alkali metals and halogens.
6. The position of four elements X,Y,Z and W in modern periodic table are shown below.
Group -1 Group - 17
Period -2 X Y
Period -5 Z W
Now answer the following questions ?
i) Which element has highest electro negativity ?
ii) Which element has least electro negativity ?
Ans. i) Y ii) Z
7. How does the periodic property atomic size changes in groups and periods ?
Ans. i ) In groups , the atomic size of an atom increses from top to bottom.
ii) In periods, the atomic size of an atom decreases from left to right.
8. How and why does the size of atom vary on moving from top to bottom in a group of
modern periodic table ?
Ans. i) In group , from top to bottom , the atomic size increases.
ii) As the atomic number increases the atomic size increases with orbits.
9. An element has atomic number 17. Where would you expect this element in the long form
of periodic table ?
Ans. i) Atomic number of element ‘17’.
ii) Electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p5.
iii) Last shell number is ‘3’. So it belongs to 3rd period.
iv) Valance electrons ‘7’. So it belongs to 17th group.
v) Valance orbital is 3p. So it belongs to p - block.
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10. Elements in a group genrally posses similar properties but elemets along a period have
different properties. How do you explain this statement ?
Ans. i) The elements which has same number of valance electrons have similar properties.
ii) The elements in the same group has same number of valance electrons. So they have similar
properties.
iii) The elements in the same period has different number of valence electrons. So they have
different properties.
4 Marks Questions.
1. What are the salient features of Mendaleeff’s periodic table?
Ans. 1.Groups and sub-groups:- Eight vertical columns as groups. Sub groups A and B. Ex:- IA, IB
2. Periods: - Horizontal rows 7 as periods.
3. Predicting the properties of missing elements.
4. Correction of atomic weights.
5. Anomalous series. Te, I are not placed in the right place.
2. What are the properties of Atomic radius,Ionization energy,Electron affinity,Electro
negativity of elements and their trends in the groups and Periods?
Ans. 1. Valence : - In period valence starts with 1 ends with 0. In group valence is same.
2. Atomic radius : - In group atomic radius size increases from top to the bottom. In period the
atomic radius of atom decrease because of nuclear attraction on the outer shell electrons.
3. Ionization energy : -The energy required to removal the first electron from the outer most orbit
of a neutral gaseous atom of the element is called its first ionization energy. Ionization energy decreases
as we go down in a group. In a period increases from left to right.
3.Electron affinity: - It is the energy liberated when an electron is added to its neutral gaseous
atom. In a group it decreases as we go down. In a period it increases from left to right.
4.Electro negativity: - The electro negativity is the relative tendency of its atom to attract electrons
towards it when it is bonded to the atom of another element.It decreases in a group as we go down.
It increases along a period left to right.
3. Define modern periodic law ? Discuss the construction of the long of the periodic table?
Ans. Modern periodic law:- The Physical and chemical Properties of the elements are the periodic
functions of their electronic configuration.
Discription of long form of the periodic table:- The modern periodic table has eighteen vertical
columns known as groups and seven horizontal rows known as periods.
Groups:-
1. There are 18 groups in the long form of the periodic table. They are represented by Roman
numeral I to VIII as A and B groups.
2 According to the IUPAC, these groups are numbered from 1 to 18.
3. A group of elements is also called as element family or chemical family.
Group Name of the family
IA Alkalimetal family
II A Alkaline earth metal family
III A Boron family
IV A Carbon family
VA Nitrogen family
VI A Chalcogen family
VII A Halogen family
VIII A Noble gas family
4. Depending upon the last coming electron enters in the orbital of the given element, the elements
are classified as ‘s’ ‘p’, ‘d’ and ‘f’ block elements.
5. s and p block elements are known as representative elements.
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6. d- block elements are called Transition elements.

7. f-block elements are called Inner Transition elements.
Periods:-
1. The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods. They are seven periods in form of
periodic table.
2. These periods are represented by Arabic numerals 1 through 7.
3. They are only two elements in first period e.g., hydrogen ( H ) and helium ( He ).
4. They are only Eight elements in Second and Third periods.
5. The fourth and 5th period contains 18 elements.
6. The 6th period contains 32 elements.
7. The seventh period is also complete period now.
8. Lanthanoids and actinoids are placed separately at the bottom of the periodic table.
4. Explain how the elements are classified into s, p, d and f block elements in the periodic
table and give the advantages of this kind of classification?
Ans. Based upon the electronic configuration the modern periodic table is divided into s, p, d and f- block
elements.
S- Block elements: 1. The valence electrons enter into s-orbital is called s- block elements.
2. The general electronic configuration of s-block elements is ns1 to ns2.
P- Block elements: 1. The valence electron enter into p-orbital is called p-block elements.
2. The general electronic configuration of p-block elements is ns2 np1 to ns2 np6.
d- Block elements: 1. The valence electron enter into d- orbital is called d-block elements.
2. The general electronic configuration of d-block elements is (n-1) d1-10 ns1 or 2 .
f- Block elements: 1. The elements in which the last electron enters the f-orbital of their outer most
energy level is called f-block elements.
2. Its valence shell electronic configuration is (n-2) f 1-14 (n-1) d 1-10 ns2.
3. These are known as Inner Transition elements.
4. Lanthanoids and actinoids are belongs to f-block elements.
Advantage:- 1. The division of elements into s, p, d, and f blocks is helpful to study the properties
of the elements easily.
Ex:- All s-block elements are soft and reactive metals.
2. Every group has the elements with same valence electronic configuration. So they have similar
chemical properties.
5. a) What is a periodic property? How do the following properties change in a group and
period? Explain?
a) Atomic radius b) Ionization energy c) Electron affinity d) Electro negativity.
Ans. Periodic property:- The property of an element which is related and repeated according to electronic
configuration of the atoms of elements is known as periodic property.
a) Atomic radius:- The distance between the center of the nucleus to the outermost shell of an atom
is called atomic radius.
In a groups:- Atomic radius increases from top to bottom in a group.
In a periods:- Atomic radius decreases from left to right in a period.
b) Ionization energy:- The energy required to remove an electron from the outer most orbit of a
neutral gaseous atom is called ionization energy.
In a groups:- Ionization energy decreases as we go, down in a group.
In a periods:- Ionization energy generally increases from left to right in period.
c) Electron affinity:- The electron affinity of an element is defined as the energy liberated when an
electron is added to its neutral gaseous atom.
In a groups:- Electron affinity decreases as we go down in a group.
In a periods:- Electron affinity increases along a period from left to right.
d) Electro negativity:- The electro negativity of an element is defined as the relative tendency of its
atom to attract electrons towards it when it is bounded to the atoms of another element.
In a groups:- Electro negativity decreases as we go down in a group.
In a periods:- Electro negativity increases along a period from left to right.
6. Aluminum does not react with water at room temperature but reacts with both dil. HCl and
NaOH solutions. Verify these statements experimentally. Write your observations with
chemical equations. From these observations, can we conclude that Al is a metalloid?
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Ans. 1. Aluminium reacts with dil. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and produces H2 gas and AlCl3.
2 Al +6 HCl 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2 ( )
2. Aluminium reacts with NaOH solution and liberates hydrogen gas.
2Al + 2NaOH +2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 ( )
3. Aluminium does not react with water at room temperature. But we know the metals react with
water at room temperature.
4. From this, Aluminiumm are in between a metal and non metal. So, it behaves like a metalloid.
7. Elements in the short period of the periodic table are given below in the order from left to
right. Li, Be, B, C, N, F, Ne.
Answer the following questions?
i). To which period to these elements belong?
ii). One element of this period is missing. What is the missing element and where it should be placed?
iii). One of the above elements belong to the family of halogens? What is its electro-negative value?
iv). How does the metallic character vary in the period?
Ans. i). 2nd period.
ii). Oxygen is missing. It is placed between Nitrogen and Flourine.
iii). F(4.0).
iv).The metallic character decreases as we move along a period from left to right.
8. The arrangement of electrons in different shells of atoms
of 18th group elements is given in the table?
Answer the following questions?
i). What is the general electronic configuration of the
above elements except He?
ii). What is the valency of Argon?
iii). Write Lewis dot structure of Neon?
iv). Why the above elements do not take part in bond formation?
Ans. i). ns2 np6. ii). Zero. iii).

iv). They are stable as they have 8 electrons (except Helium) in their outer most orbit.
9. Complete the following table.
Element Valancy Group Number Period Nubmer
Hydrogen 1
Neon 2
Potassium 1
Magnesium 2
Ans. Element Valancy Group Number Period Nubmer

Hydrogen 1 1 1
Neon 0 18 2
Potassium 1 1 4
Magnesium 2 2 3
10. The electron configuration of A,B,C,D and E are as follows.
A - 1s 22s 22p 1 B - 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 23p 1
C - 1s 2 2s 2 2p 63s 2 3p 6 D - 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 23p 3
2 2 6
E - 1s 2s 2p
based on the above information answer the following quetions.
i) Which of these belongs to same group ? ii) Which of these belongs to same period ?
iii) Name the element E ? iv) Which element belongs s-block ?
Ans. i) A,B belongs to same group. D,E belongs to same group.
ii) A,E belongs to same period. B,C,D belongs to same period.
iii) Neon
iv) No element belongs to s - block.
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Chapter
Chemical Bonding
4
1/2 Mark Question and Answer’s
1.. Which element are least likely to combine chemically ?
Ans. Noble gases.
2. Lew’s dot symbol for bromine ?
Ans. Lew’s dot structure is
: Br .
3. What type of bond will form between two atoms of Oxygen ?
Ans. Non - Polar covalent.
4. A = 1S22S22P63S23P6 , B = 1S22S22P63S23P5. The molecular formula of the compound formed
by A and B ?
Ans. AB3.
5. Assertion (A) : Sodium chloride fromed by the action of chlorine gas on Sodium metal is a
stable compound.
Reasons (R) : This is because Sodium and Chloride ions acquire octet in Sodium Chloride
formation.
i. A and R are correct, and R is the correct explination of A.
II. A and R are correct, and R is not correct explination of A.
iii. A is true but R is false.
iv. A and R both are false.
Ans. ( i ) A and R are correct, and R is the correct explination of A.
6. What angle corresponds to SP2 hybridisation.
A. 1200.
7. What type of reaction releases heat ?
Ans. Exothermic reaction.
8. State the hybrid orbitals associated with Boron in BCl3.
Ans. SP2 Hybridisation.
9. Assertion (A) : Though the central atom of both NH3 and H2O molecules are SP3 Hybridised,
Yet H-N-H bond angle is greater than that of H-O-H.
Reasons (R) : This is because nitrogen atom has one lonepair and Oxygen atom has two
lone pair.
i. A and R are correct, and R is the correct explination of A.
II. A and R are correct, and R is not correct explination of A.
iii. A is true but R is false.
iv. A and R both are false.
Ans. ( i ) A and R are correct, and R is the correct explination of A.
1. SP - Hybrid orbitals ( ) a. 1090.281 ( Tetra hydral )
2. SP2 - Hybrid orbitals ( ) b. 1800 ( linear )
3. SP3 - Hybrid orbitals ( ) c. 1200 ( trigonal planar )
A. 1-a , 2-b , 3- c B. 1- b , 2-c , 3-a C. 3-a , 2-b , 1-c D. None
Ans. B. 1- b , 2-c , 3-a
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11. Who improved VSEPRT theory ?

Ans. Gilliepie and Nyholm in 1957.
12. Who proposed Hybridisation Theory ?
Ans. Linus pauling (1931).
13. The number of lone pair of electrons on the central atoms of H2O , CH4 , NH4 , BeCl2 respectively
are ?
A. 2,0,1,0 B. 0,1,2,0 C. 0,0,1,2 D. 2,1,0,0
Ans. A. 2,0,1,0
14. In Sodium Chloride crystal, the Co - ordination number of Na+ and Cl- is ?
Ans. For Na+ = 6 and for Cl- also = 6.
15. Which of the following can lose two electrons to attain the configuratio of Argon ?
A. Mg B. Br C. Ca D. S
Ans. C (Ca ).
16. Say True (or) False.
i. Calcium oxide is a covalent compound.
ii. VSEPRT was proposed by Sidgwich and Powell.
iii. Bond angle in H2O is 1040.311.
iv. The number of valence electrons in the oxygen atom is two.
A. True, Fasle, True , False B. False, True, True, False.
C. False, False, True, True. D. True, True , False , False.
Ans. B. False, True, True, False.
17. The elements X and Y have the following configurations.
X = 2,6 Y = 2,8,8,2
What is the nature of the bond between X and Y ?
Ans. Ionnic bond is formed due to the transfer of electrons.
18. An element ‘A’ forms a chloride ACl4. The number of electrons in the valence shell of ‘A’ is?
Ans. 4 (Four)
19. Which molecule are known as electron deficient molecules ?
Ans. BeCl2 and BF3.
1. Two bond pairs on cntral atom ( ) a. Bond angle is 1090.281
2. Three bond pairs on central atom ( ) b. Bond angle is 1800
3. Four bond pairs on central atom ( ) c. Bond angle is 1200
A. 1-a , 2-b , 3- c B. 1- c , 2-b , 3-a C. 1-c , 2-a , 3-b D. None
Ans. C. 1-c , 2-a , 3-b
21. The molecular formula of methane ?
Ans. CH 4
22. What are the valance electrons ?
Ans. Electrons in outermost orbit.
23. What is the shpe of water molecule ?
Ans. ‘V’ shape.
1. BeC 2
( ) X. SP 3
2. BF3 ( ) Y. SP 2
3. NH 3 ( ) Z. SP
Ans. 1-Z, 2-Y,3-X
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1. CH 4
( ) X. Tetrahydral
2. NH 3 ( ) Y. Pyrmidal
3. BF3 ( ) Z. Trigonal
Ans. 1-x, 2-y,3-z
1. Lewis ( ) X. Hybridization
2. Sedgwick & powell ( ) Y. Dot method
3. Linus paulling ( ) Z. VSEPRT
Ans. 1-Y, 2-Z,3-X
27. Which is the correct dot structure of oxygen ?
xx
A.
O: B.
:O
C. x
O
D. All the above
x
Ans. D, All the above.
xx
28. In all nobel gas element which element not contains 8 electrons in its outermost orbit ?
A. He B.Ar C. Ne D. Rn
Ans. A. He
29. Which of the following compound is covalent ?
A. H2 B. CaO C. KCl D. Na2 S
Ans. A. H2
30. Statement X : bond cannot exist indipendently..
Statement Y : bond weak bond.
A. X,Y both are correct B. X,Y both wrong C. X Correct, Y wrong D. X Wrong, Y correct
Ans. A. X,Y both are correct
31. Statement X : HCl is polar Co - ordinate molecule.
Statement Y : HCl white colour solid.
A. X,Y both are correct B. X,Y both wrong C. X Correct, Y wrong D. X Wrong, Y correct
Ans. C. X Correct, Y wrong
32. Sequence of and bonds in O2 molecule.
A. 1,1 B. 1,2 C. 2,1 D. 2,2
Ans. A. 1,1
33. Which is not example for double bond ?
A. O2 B. C2 H 4 C. C2 H 2 D. C3 H 6
Ans. C. C2 H 2
34. Ammonia structure
xx
Ramu Somu H
N
H H N
H H H
Which student draw correct Ammonia Structure. H
A. Ramu correct , Somu correct B. Ramu correct , Somu wrong.
C. Ramu wrong , Somu correct. D. Ramu wrong , Somu wrong.
Ans. C. Ramu wrong, Somu correct.
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35. An element 12 X 24 is from ionic bond with Y , Then charge on 9 X 12 is

A. +2 B. +1 C. -1 D. -2
Ans. A. +2
36. Which of the substance not dissolve in polar nature solvent ?
A. H 2O B. HC C. H 2 SO4 D. C6 H 6
Ans. D. C6 H 6
1 Mark Questions
1. What is a chemical bond?
Ans. The force of attraction between only two atoms or a group of atoms that results a stable entity is
called a chemical bond.
2. Define octet rule.
Ans. For the sake of stability of an atom elements undergo chemical reaction that helps to give electron or
gain electron to complete the eight outer shell electrons.
3. Define hybridization.
Ans. Hybridization is a phenomenon of intermixing of atomic orbitals of almost equal energy which are
present in the outer shells of the atom and their reshuffling into the same number of orbitals but with
equal properties like energy and shape.
4. What is the theory of VSEPRT?
Ans. The bond angles in the molecules with three or more than three atoms with all atoms attached to a
central atom through covalent bonds. This theory is called Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Theory. (VSEPRT)
5. What is bond angle?
Ans. The angle subtended by two imaginary lines that pass from the nuclei of two atoms which form the
covalent bonds.
6. Define bond length ?
Ans. Bond length or bond distance is the equilibrium distance between the nuclei of two atoms which
form the covalent bond
7. Represent each of the following atoms using Lewis notation:
a. Beryllium b. Calcium c. Lithium
Ans.
8. Represent the molecule H 2O using Lewis notation?

Ans.
1. Oxygen atom has six valence electrons.

2. So it can achieve the electronic configuration of Neon by sharing two electrons, one with each
Hydrogen atom.
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9. Draw the Lewis dot structure for Noble gases?

Ans.
He : Ne : : Ar : : Kr : : Xe : : Rn :
10. What do you understand by bond pairs and pair’s of electron ?
Ans. Bond pair : The shared pair of eectrons present between the bonded atoms are called bond
pairs.
Lone pair : The electron pairs present in central atom that do not participate in bonding are
called lone pairs of electrons.
11. How is VBT different from Lewis concept ?
Ans. In Lewis concept , bond formation is explained in terms of sharing of electron pairs and the octet rule.
In VBT bond formation is described in terms of hybridisation and overlap of orbitals.
12. Elementary X,Y and Z have 4,5 and 7 valence electrons respectively. Write molecular formula
of the compound fromed by these elements individually with hydrogen.
Ans. X XH 4
Y YH 3
Z H Z
13. Predict the shape of the following molecules on the basis of hybridization ?
Ans. BC 3 SP 2 hybridization - Shape is trigonal planar..
CH 4 SP3 hybridization - Shape is tetrahydral.
NH 3 SP 3 hybridization - but lone pair on N gives pyramidal shape.
CO2 SP hybridization - linear shape.
14. Write Lewi’s dot symbols and predict the valancies of the following.
Nitrogen, Flourine.
..
Ans. Nittogen . N. valancy , 8-5 = 3
.
..
Flourine .F valancy , 8-7 = 1
..
15. What is covalency ?
Ans. The total no.of covalent bonds that an atom of an element froms is called ‘covalency’.
7. Represent CaCl2 by Lewi’s notation ?
Ans. Calcium Chloride ( CaCl2 ) :
.. ..
. Cl Cl ..
Ca
..
Ca+2
..
(or) Ca +2
( Cl.. )2
.. ..
. Cl Cl
.. ..
8. What is the structure of NaCl ?
Ans. NaCl is said to posses face centred cubic lattice crystal structure.
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9. Which elements form anions ?
Ans. Elements which have tendencey to gain electrons for attaining octet in their valence is called
electronegative character of elements and they form anions.
10. What is electropositivity ?
Ans. Metallic elements have a tendency of loosing electrons to attain octet in their valence shell.This property
is called Electropositivity.
11. What is VSEPRT and Who proposed ?
Ans. 1. VSEPRT - Valency Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory.
2. It was proposed by Sidgwick and Powell in 1974.
12. Give one example for polar covalent bond and draw its structure ?
Ans. In HCl polar - Covalent bond is present.
orbital orbital bond
Mol-
ecule
2 Marks Questions.
1. Write the differences between Ionnic bond and covalent bond ?
Ans. Ionic bond Covalent bond
1. This bond is formed by the transefer of electrons. 1. This bond is formed by the
sharing of electrons.
2. This is weak bond. 2. This is strong bond.
3. The compound of this bond dissolved in polar solvents. 3. The compound of this bond dis
solved in non polar solvents.
2. Predict the reasons for low melting point for covalent compounds when compared with
ionic compounds?
Ans. 1. In ionic compounds the ions are bounded by strong electrostatic force of attractions.
2. Therefore they are strong solids with high melting points and boiling points.
3. In covalent compounds the atoms are bounded by weak forces.
4. Therefore covalent compounds are gases and liquids at room temperature.
5. Hence covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.
3. What is octet rule? How do you appreciate role of the octet rule in explaining the chemical
Properties of elements?
Ans. Octant rule :-
The atoms of the elements contain eight electrons in the valency shell is called octet rule.
Role of octet in chemical properties of elements:
1. All the inert gases have octant configuration except helium.
2. So, they do not participate any chemical reactions.
3. If any group of elements try to get octet configuration by transfering or sharing of electrons then
they attains more stability.
4. In this way, the octet rule helps in explaining the chemical properties of elements.
4. Explain the difference between valence and covalence electrons ?
Ans.
Valence electrons Covalence electrons
1. Number of electrons present in the 1. The capacity of atoms to neither gain,
valence shell is known as valence nor loose or share electrons is known
electrons. as covalence.
2. Number of valence electrons is equal 2. Covalence is equal to the number of
to the group number of the atom. electrons participate in the bonding.
3. Valence electrons number is always a 3. Covalence may be positive or negative.
positive integer.
4. Ex:-The valence electrons of Chlorine is7. 4. Ex:- The covalence of Chlorine is 1
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iii) a. The configuration of C is 1S22S22P63S23P5.

b. Chlorine can gain electron to obtain octet. It can also share electrons. So chlrorine froms both ionic
and covalent compounds.
10. How bond energies and bond lengths molecules helps us in predicting their chemical properties ?
Ans. 1. Bond length : It is defined as the distance between the nuclei of 2 atoms which are involved in
bonding.
2. Bond energy : Bond energy is defined as the energy required to break the bond between 2 atoms of
a diaatomic covalent compound in gaseous state.
3. Bond energy is inversely proportional to bond length
1
Bond Energy
Bond length
4. For example , chlorine has smaller size, lesser bond length. So high bond energy.
5. The lesser bond energy, more is the instability and more is chemical reactivity.
6. Iodine has bigger atoms, more bond length, So less bond energy.
7. The higher the bond energy, more is the stability and less is chemical activity.
11. Why sigma bond is stronger than pi bond ?
Ans. 1. Sigma bond is formed by the axial overap of the orbitals while Pi - bond by their sideways overlap.
2. Greater energy will be released in the axial overlap as compared to sideways overlap.
There fore , sigma bond is stronger than Pi - bond.
4 Marks Questions
1. Explain the formation of sodium chloride and calcium oxide on the basis of the concept of
electron transfer from one atom to another atom?
Ans. Formation of sodium chloride (NaCl):- Sodium chloride is formed from the elements sodium
(Na) and chlorine (Cl). It can be explained as follows.
Na(s) + Cl (g) NaCl(s)
Cation formation :- 11
Na 11
Na+ + e-
2, 8, 1 2, 8
or
[Ne] 3s1 [Ne]
Anion formation:- Cl + e-
17 17
Cl -
2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8
or
[Ne] 3s23p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 or [Ar]
These two oppositely charged ions Na+ and Cl- gets attracted each other due to electrostatic
forces and forms the compound Sodium chloride (NaCl).
Na+ + Cl - NaCl
Formation of Calcium Oxide (CaO):- Calcium Oxide(CaO) is formed from the elements Calcium
(Ca) and Oxygen (O). It can be explained as follows.
Ca2+ + O2- CaO
Cation formation:- 20
Ca 20
Ca2+ + 2e-
2, 8, 8, 2 2, 8, 8
(or)
[Ar] 4s2 [Ar]
2-
Anion formation:- 8
O + 2e- 8
O
2, 2, 4 2, 2, 6
(or)
2 4
[He] 2s 2p [He] 2s2 2p6 or [Ne]
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These two oppositely charged ions Ca2+ and O 2- gets attracted each other due to electrostatic
forces and form the compound calcium Oxide (CaO).
Ca2+ + O2- CaO.
2. What is hybridization? Explain the formation of the following molecules using hybridization.
a) BeCl2 b) BF3
Ans. Hybridization:- The process of mixing of atomic orbital’s of nearly same energy to produce a set of
entirely new orbital’s of equivalent energy is known as hybridisation.
a) Formation of BeCl2:- 1. The atomic number of Beryllium = 4.
2. Ground state electronic configuration of ‘Be’ is,
3. Excited state electronic configuration of ‘Be’ is,
4. Now there is hybridization between one ‘s’ and p-orbital and forms two SP-orbitals.
5. The overlap with p-orbital of each two chlorine atoms with two sp-orbitals of beryllium form two
sigma ( ) bonds.
6. The molecule formed is linear with a bond angle 1800.
b) Formation of Boron Tri Fluoride (BF3):-

1. The atomic number of Boron is 5.
2. Ground state electronic configuration of ‘B’ is

3. Excited state electronic configuration of ‘B’ is
1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz0

4. Now in excited state the three unpaired orbitals undergo hybridisation giving rise to three
sp2 hybrid orbitals which are 1200 apart.
5. The three hybrid orbitals overlap with three p-orbitals from three Fluorine atoms forming
three sigma bonds.
6. The molecule formed is triangular planar.
3. Explain the formation of the following molecules using valence bond theory.
a) Formation of N2 molecule. b) Formation of O2 molecule.
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Ans. a) Formation of N2 molecule:- 1. The atomic number of Nitrogen is 7.

2. Its electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 (or)
3. Nitrogen has three unpaired electrons in the ‘P’ orbital.
4. When two nitrogen atoms approach each other, the bond is formed in between two nitrogen
atoms by overlapping of the orbitals of one ‘N’ atoms with another ‘N’ atom.
5. Therefore, there is a triple bond between two nitrogen atoms in N2 molecule.
b) Formation of O2 molecule:- 1. The atomic number of oxygen is 8.

2. Its electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1 (or)
3. Oxygen has two un paired electrons in the ‘P’ orbital.
4. When two oxygen atoms approach each other, the bond formed in between two oxygenAtoms
by overlapping the p-orbitals of one ‘O’ atom with another ‘O’ atom.
5. Therefore, there is a double bond between two oxygen atoms in O2 molecule.
4. Collect the information about properties and uses of covalent compounds and prepare a
report?
Ans. Properties of covalent compounds:-
1. Covalent compounds exists as gases (or) liquids of low boiling (or) melting points.
2. In general, covalent substances are bad conductors of electricity.
3. These are freely soluble in non polar solvents like benzene, carbon tetrachloride, but soluble in
polar solvents like water.
4. These are bad conductors of electricity.
5. They undergo molecular reactions.
6. Rate of reactions are low.
Uses of covalent compounds:-
1. 99% of our body, was made up of covalent compounds
2. Water is a covalent compound. We know its many uses.
3. Methane gas is used for cooking purpose.
4. Some covalent compounds are used for polyesters.
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5. Covalent compound like Naphthalene balls are used for household purpose.
6. They are used for laboratory purpose and medicinal purpose.
5. Draw the shapes of given below molecules ?
1. Ammonia 2. Water 3. Methane
Ans. 1. Ammonia (NH3) 2. Water (H2O) 3. Methane (CH4)
6. Represent following molecules using Lewi’s notation ?

a) BeC 2
b) CH 4 c) NH 4 d) H 2O
Ans. a) BeC 2
b) CH 4
c) NH 4
d) H 2O
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7. Fill in th blanks given below.
Compound No.of No.of Type of Shape Bond

bond pairs lone pairs Hybridization angle
BeC 3 2 No ..................... Linear .........
BF3 ................ ................. SP2 ........... 1200
CH 4 4 ................. SP3 ........... 1090.281

NH 3 ................ 1 .................... Trigonal ...........
pyramidal
H 2O 4 ................ SP3 ............... 1040.311
Ans.
Compound No.of No.of Type of Shape Bond

bond pairs lone pairs Hybridization angle
BeC 3 2 No SP Linear 1800
BF3 3 NIL SP2 Trigonal 1200
Planar
CH 4 4 NIL SP3 Tetra hydral 1090.281
NH 3 4 1 SP 3 Trigonal 1070.481
pyramidal
H 2O 4 2 SP 3
V-Shape 1040.311
8. Observe the following fighre and answer the following questions.

i. What is the bond angle of the given compound ?
ii. What type of hybridization occurs in above compound ?
iii. What is the shape of the molecule ?
iv. How many lone pairs are there on central atom ?
v. What is the name of th compound ?
vi. What is the valency of the central atom ?
vii. What is the formula of compound ?
Ans. i) 1040.311 ii) SP3 iii) V - Shape iv) 2 v) Water
vi) 2 ( valence ) vii) H2O
9. What is Hybridisation ? Explain the formation of NH3 using Hybridization.
Ans. Hybridization is the phenominon of intermixing of atomic orbitals of almost equal energy to form new
hybrid orbitals of same energy and shape.
Formation of NH3 molecule.
1. Electronic configuration of N is 1s2 2s 2 Px1 2PY1 2PZ1.
2. In N, ‘2s’ and Px 2PY 2PZ orbitals hybridise to give four identical
SP3 hybrid oribitals. 107 0 48 /
3. Among four SP3 hybrid orbitals one orbital gets a pair of electrons Ammonia
and other get one electron each.
4. Three SP3 orbitals overlap with three 1S orbitals of three hydrogen atoms to give 3 S - SP3 bonds.
5. Due to greater lonepair - bond pair repulsion bond angle in NH3 is 1070.481 and has trigonal pyramidal
shape.
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Chapter
Principles of Metallurgy
5
1/2 Mark Question and Answer’s
1. What is the name of the process of extraction of metals from their ores?
Ans. Metallurgy
2. What do you called the metals occur in nature in the earth crust?
Ans. Minerals
3. Which group of elements are called chalcogens?
Ans. 16th group
4. Name the phenomenon where in a metal such as iron is damage when emposed to moist
air for a long time?
Ans. Corrosion
5. Name the method by which pure metal can be obtained?
Ans. Electrolytic reduction
6. Give the name of the element which is in free state?
Ans. Gold
7. X : smelting is the process of heating one which is mixed with flux and fuel.
Y : Calcination is a pyrochemical process in which the ore is heated in priesence of air.
In the above two statements which is a wrong statement.
Ans. Y statement is wrong
8. P: The formula of Epsom salt is MgSO4 5H2O
Q: The formula of carnllite is KCl MgCl2 2H2O
Which is correct statement
Ans. Q is a correct statement
9. Write the name of an ore of iron?
Ans. Haematite Fe2O3 or magnetite Fe3O4
10. Write the formula of cinnabar?
Ans. HgS
11. Write the metal name whose ore is galena?
Ans. Lead (Pb)
12. Name two metals other than Aluminium which obtained by electrolytic reduction?
Ans. Sodium and magnesium
13. Arrange Ag, Mg, K inactivity series?
Ans. K > Mg > Ag
14. The reducing agent in theroit process is?
P) A Q) Mg R) Fe S) Si
Ans. P) A
15. The most abundant metal in the earth’s crust is?
P) Silver Q) Aluminum R) Zinc S) Iron
Ans. P) Silver
16. Which of the following types of area ore are can be coverted into oxides by calcinations?
P) Halide ores Q) Carbonate ores R) Fluoride ores S) Sulphide ores
Ans. Q) carbonate ores
17. Write the name of the are which contains both K and Mg?
Ans. Carnalite (KCl MgCl2 6H2O)
18. “20 – 30% of aluminium acide is extracted from Bauxite” is the statement is correct?
Ans. No, 50 – 70% of aluminium oxide is extracted from Buxite
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Group - A Group – B
1. Zinc Blende [ ] A) PbS
2. Lime stone [ ]
3. Galena [ ] C) CaCO3
Ans. 1 – B, 2 – C, 3 – A
20. Group – A
1. High reactive element [ x) Au
2. Moderate reactive element [ y) Na
3. Low reactive element [ z) Cu
Ans. 1 – Y, 2 – Z, 3 - X
21. Which oil is used in the forth floatation process?
Ans. Pine oil
22. Which of the following method is not a method adopted in dressing the ore
a. Hand picking b. Smelting c. Forth flotation d. Magnetic separation
Ans. Smelting
23. Which of the following metals present in the Bronze alloy
P) Copper Q) Tin R) Iron
a) P and R correct b) Q and R correct c) P and Q correct d) P, Q and R correct
Ans. c) P and Q correct
24.
a. Hand picking b. Forth flotation c. Poling d. Magnetic separation
Ans. c. Poling
25. Roasting is carried out in which farnance?
A. Reverberatory furnance
1 Marks Questions
1. What is metallurgy?
Ans. Metallurgy:- The process of extraction of metals from their ores is called metallurgy.
2. List three metals that are found in nature in uncombined form?
Ans.. 1. Gold(Au) 2. Silver(Ag) 3. platinum(Pt)
3. Write the names of any two ores of iron?
Ans. 1. Haematite - Fe2O3.
2. Magnetite – Fe3O4.
4. Define the terms 1. Gangue 2. Slag.
Ans. Gangue:- The impurities like clay, sand present in the ore is called a Gangue.
Slag:- The impurities obtained during the poling process get oxidized to form slag(scum) over the
surface of the molten metal.
Ex:- CaSiO3, FeSiO3.
5. Mention two methods which produce very pure metals?
Ans. Electrolytic process and distillation process are the two methods that produce pure metals.
6. Which method is suitable to enrich sulphide ores?
Ans. Forth floatation process.
7. List three metals that are found in nature as Oxide ores.
Ans. S.No Name of the Metal Ore Chemical Formula
1 Zinc(Zn) Zincate ZnO
2 Iron(Fe) Haematite Fe2O3
8. Write the chemical formula for hydrated ferric oxide(Rust)?
Ans. Fe2O3. X H2O.
9. What is a stainless steel?
Ans. Stainless steel is an alloy of Iron, Nickel , Chromium and Corbon.
10. What is meant by furnance?
Ans. Furnace:- Furnace is the one which is used to carry out pyrochemical processes in metallurgy.
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2 Marks Questions
1. What is thermite process? Mention its applications in daily life?
Ans. Thermite process:- 1. The reaction of Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) with aluminium produces molten iron is
known as the thermite reaction.
2. Thes reaction are exothermic and the state of metal is in molten form.
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe + Heat.
Applications in daily life:
1. To join railings of railway track
2. To join cracked machine parts.
2. Write a note on ore dressing in metallurgy?
Ans. Ore dressing in metallurgy :- Ore has large amount of impurities such as soil and sand etc.
1. Dressing or concentration means, simply getting rid of unwanted rocky materials as possible
before the ore is converted into the metal.
2. The impurities are known as “gangue”.
3. The various physical methods to separate the ore and gangue are,
1. Hand picking.
2. Washing.
3. Froth floatation and.
4. Magnetic separation.
3. When do you use magnetic separation method for concentration of an ore? Explain with an
example?
Ans. In the ore or impurity, one of them is magnetic substance and the other non-magnetic substance,
they are separated by electromagnetic separation method.
Ex:- The magnetic ores like iron pyrites (FeS) and magnetite (Fe3O4) are concentrated by this
method.
Powdered ore
Magnetic
wheel
Non
Magnetic
wheel
Moving belt
Non Magnetic ore Magnetic ore
4. Write short notes on each of the following: 1. Roasting 2. Calcination 3. Smelting 4.Flux.
Ans. 1. Roasting:- 1. Roasting is a pyrochemical process in which the ore is heating in the presence of
Oxygen (or) air below its melting point.
2. Generally reverberatory furnance is used for roasting.
Ex:- 2 ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) 2 ZnO(s) + 2 SO2(g)
2. Calcination:- 1. Calcination is a pyrochemical process in which the ore is heated in the absence
of air.
2. The ore is generally decomposed in the process.
Ex:- MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g)
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
3. Smelting:- Smelting is a pyrochemical process, in which the ore is mixed with flux and fuel, and
then it is strongly heated.
Ex:- 1. During smelting the ore heated with Carbon and CO.
2C(s) + O2 2CO
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO (g) 2 Fe ( l ) + 3CO2(g)
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2. During the smelting the impurities in the ore react with flux to form slag.
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2
Flux
CaO(s) + SiO2(s) CaSiO3(l)
Lime Silica Calclium silicate (slag)
4. Flux :
1. Flux is a substance added to the ore to remove gangue from it.
2. If impurity (gangue) is acidic, the flux substance should be basic and vice versa
5. Where do we use handpicking and washing methods in our daily life? Give examples. How
do you correlate examples with enrichment of ore?
Ans. Hand picking:- If the ore particles and the impurities are different in one of the properties like colour,
size etc. are separated by hand picking.
Ex:- Separating mud particles and stones from rice, Wheat etc.
Washing:-
1. Ore particles are crushed and kept on a slopy surface.
2. They are washed with controlled flow of water.
3. Less densive impurities are carried away by water flow, leaving the more densive ore particle
behind.
Ex:- Washing of clothes in daily life.
6. Roasting and calcinations are the methods to extract crude metals from ores. What is the
difference between roasting and calcinations?
Ans. Roasting Calcination

1. Roasting is a process of 1. Calcination is a process of heating the ore
heating the ore strongly in strongly in the absence of air
a free supply of air or oxygen. or oxygen.
2. Ex: 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g) 2. Ex: MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g)
4 Marks Questions
1. Write short notes on froth floatation process?
Ans. Froth floatation process:-
1. Froth Flotation method is used for dressing the sulphide ore.
2. The ore with impurities is finely powdered and kept in water, containing pine oil taken in a
flotation cell.
3. Air under pressure is blown to produce froth in water.
4. Froth so produced, takes the ore particles to the surface.
5. The impurities settle at the bottom.
6. Forth is separated and washed to get ore particles.
Froth bubbles
carrying sulphide
ore particles Compressed
Air
Sulphide ore
particles
Water
containing
pine oil
Gangue
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2. Which method do you suggest for extraction of highly reactive metals? Why?
(OR)
Potassium, Sodium and magnesium are high reactive metals and occur as chlorides in
nature. Suggest and explain the suitable method for the extraction of the above metals
from their ores?
Ans. High reactivity metals like Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ca etc, can be extracted by electrolysis.
Reason:-
1. Simple reduction methods like heating with C, CO, etc. to reduce the ores of these metals
are not feasible.
2. The temperature required for the reduction is too high and more expensive.
3. Hence electrolysis is the suggestible method to extract high reactive metals.
Ex:- To extract Na from NaCl, fused NaCl is electrolysed with steel cathode(-)
and graphite anode(+).
2. The metal (Na) will be deposited at cathode and chlorine liberated at the anode.
3. At Cathode:- 2Na+ + 2e- 2Na
-
At Anode:- 2Cl Cl2 + 2e- .
4. For this process a large quantity of electricity is required to keep the ore in molten state.
5. Suitable impurities are added to the ore to decrease its melting point.
3. Suggest an experiment to prove that presence of air and water is essential occurrences of
corrosion and explain the procedure?
Ans. Aim:- To prove that the presence of air and water are essential occurrences of corrosion.
Apparatus:- Three test tubes, three corks, Distilled water, anhydrous calcium chloride, clean iron
nails and oil etc.
Procedure:-
1. Take 3 test tubes and place clean iron nails in each of them. Label the test tubes A, B and C.
2. Pour some water in test tube A and cork it.
3. Pour boiled distilled water in test tube B, and about 1ml of oil and cork it.
4. Put some anhydrous calcium chloride in test tube C and cork it.
5. Leave these test tubes for a few days and then observe.
6. After a few days, we will observe that iron nails rust in test tube A, but they do not rust in
test tubes B and C.
Air Air Dry

air
Layer
of oil
Rusty
iron
nails
Water
Boiled Anhydrous
distilled water calcium chloride
Conclusion:-From the above experiment, we can prove that air and water are essential for corrosion.
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4. What is the activity series? How it helps in extraction of metals?
Ans. Activity Series:-
1.Arrangement of the metals in descending order of their reactivity is known as activity series.
K , Na , Ca , Mg , Al Zn, Fe, Pb,Cu Ag, Au, Pt
2.The activity series of metal is High reactive Metals , Moderate reactive Metals , Low reactive Metals .
The advantage of activity series in extraction of metals:-

It is very useful to judge the nature of metal and how it exists.
1. The metals at the top of the activity series (highly reactive) can be extracted by electrolysis.
2. The metals at the middle of the activity series can be extracted by,
a. Reduction of metal oxide with carbon
b. Reduction of oxide ores with CO(Carbon monoxide)
c. Self reduction of sulphide ores
d. Reduction of ores with more reactive metals (thermite process)
3. The metals at the bottom of the activity series (less reactive) can be extracted by heating
alone, because they are often found in free state.
5. Mention two methods which produce very pure metals?
(OR)
Write the Distillation, Poling and liquation methods which produce very pure metals?
(OR)
What is refining of the metal? Explain? Mention some methods of refining?
Ans. The process of obtaining the pure metal from the impure is called refining of the metal.
1. Distillation:- 1. This method is very much useful for purification of low boiling metals like
Zinc and Mercury.
2. The extracted metal in the molten state is distilled to obtain the pure metal as distillate.
2. Poling:- 1. The molten metal is stirred with logs (poles) of green wood.
2. The impurities are removed either as gases or they get oxidized and form scum
(slag) over the surface of the molten metal.
3. Blister copper is purified by this method.
4. The reducing gases, evolved from the wood, prevent the oxidation of copper.
3. Liquation:- In this method a low melting metal like Tin can be made to flow on a slopy
surface to separate it from high melting impurities.
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6. Draw a neat diagram of Blast furnace and lable the parts ?

Ans.
7. Draw a neat diagram of Reverbaratory furnace and lable the parts ?

Ans.
Waste gases (Chimney)
Heat air
Charge (or) Ore
Fire
Hearth box
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Chapter Carbon and its

6 Compounds
½ MARK QUESTIONS
1. To which group and period does Carbon belong?
Ans. 14th group and 2nd period
2. What is the value of electronegativity of Carbon?
Ans. 2.5
3. The electronic configuration in ground state of Carbon atom is 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz0. Write its
electronic configuration in exited state.
Ans. 1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz1
4. Who introduced the concept of hybridization of orbitals?
Ans. Linus Pauling
5. What is the shape and bond angle of CH4 molecule?
Ans. Tetrahedron and 109028’
6. Which orbital hybridization is present in diamond?
Ans. sp3hybridisation
7. “Carbon has the ability to form longest chains with its own atoms”.What do we call this property?
Ans. Catenation
8. Which of the following compound(s) is/are unsaturated?
A) CH3 -CH2 - CH2 - CH3
B) CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH = CH2
C) CH3 –CHa” CH- CH3
Ans. B and C
9. Name the simplest hydro carbon.
Ans. Methane
10. Name the acid present in vinegar.
Ans. Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
11. What do we call the property of the element occurring in two or more forms ?
Ans. Allotropy
12. Which gas is released when sodium metal is dropped in ethanol?
Ans. Hydrogen gas
13. Name the product that is formed by dehydration of ethanol in conc. Sulphuric acid?
Ans. Ethene
14. The reaction between carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of conc. Sulphuric acid
to form a sweet odoured substance. What do we call this reaction?
Ans. Esterification
15. What do we call the reaction of alkaline hydrolysis of triesters of higher fatty acids producing
soaps?
Ans. Saponification
16. What do we call the reaction of carbon or carbon compound in excess of oxygen to give heat
and light?
Ans. Combustion reaction
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17. What do we call a substance which regulates (increase/decrease) the rate of a given reaction
without itself undergoing any chemical change?
Ans. Catalyst
18. Name the catalyst used in hydrogenation of vegetable oils?
Ans. Nickel
19. Match the following with correct hybridization of orbitals in Carbon atom
Group A Group B
(i) CH4 (P) sp hybridisation
(ii) C2H4 (Q) sp2 hybridisation
(iii) C2H2 (R) sp3 hybridisation
Ans. (i)-R, (ii)-Q, (iii)-P
20. Match the following hydrocarbons with correct general molecular formula.
Group A Group B
(i) Alkanes (P) Cn H2n-2
(ii) Alkenes (Q) Cn H2n
(iii) Alkynes (R) Cn H2n + 2
21. Match the following with appropriate functional group.
Group A Group B
(i) Aldehyde (P) CO
(ii) Ketone (Q) OH
(iii) Alcohol (R) CHO
(S) COOH
Ans. (i)-R, (ii)-P, (iii)-Q
22. Match the following with appropriate suffix for given functional group.
Group A Group B
(iv) Aldehyde (P) ol
(v) Ketone (Q) al
(vi) Alcohol (R) one
(S) oate
Ans. (i)-Q, (ii)-R, (iii)-P
Group A Group B
(i) methane (P) alkyne
(ii)ethene (Q) alkene
(iii)propyne (R) alkane
(S) alkyle
(i) ethanoic acid (P) CH3COOCH2CH3
(ii) ethanol (Q) CH3CH2OH
(iii) ethyl acitate (R) CH3COOH
25. Name the word root for the hydrocarbon. CH3CH2CH2CH2 COOH
Ans. Pent
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26. Name the functional group in the following carbon compound.

CH3CH2CH2CH2 COOH
Ans. Carboxylic acid
27. Statement X: All alkanes are saturated Hydrocarbons.
Statement Y: Alkanes undergo substitutional reactions.
A) Both the statements are true
B) Both the statements are false
C) Statement X is true and statement Y is False
D) Statement X is false and Statement Y is true
Ans. A (Both the statements are true)
28. Statement X: All alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated Hydrocarbons.
Statement Y: Unsaturated hydrocarbons contains atleast one double bond or triple bond
between the carbon atoms
A) Both the statements are true B) Both the statements are false
C) Statement X is true and statement Y is False
D) Statement X is false and Statement Y is true
Ans. A (Both the statements are true)
29. Assertion (A) : In diamond each carbon atom has a tetrahedral environment.
Reason (R) : In diamond each carbon atom in its exited state undergoes sp3hybridisation
Choose the correct option:
A) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation to A
B) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation to A
C) A is true but R is False
D) Both A and R are False
A. A (Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation to A)
1. Mark Questions’s
1. Define allotropy.
Ans. An element to exist in two or more physical forms having more or less similar chemical properties
but different physical properties is called “allotropy.”
2. What are hydrocarbons?
Ans. The compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen in their molecules are called “hydrocarbons.”
3. Define functional group.
Ans. The characteristic properties of an organic compound depend mainly on an atom or group of atoms
in its molecule known as the “functional group.”
4. Define isomerism.
Ans. The phenomenon of possessing same molecular formula but different properties by the compounds
is known as “Isomerism.” The compounds that show isomerism are called “isomers”. If isomerism is
due to the difference in the structure is called “structural isomerism.”
5. What is meant by homologous series?
Ans. The series of carbon compounds in which two successive compounds differ by –CH2 unit is called
“Homologous series.”
6. Define “catalyst.”
Ans. A catalyst is a substance which regulates (increases/decreases) the rate of a given reaction without
itself finally undergoing any chemical change.
Eg: - In hydrogenation of vegetable oils, Ni is used as catalyst.
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7. What are the general molecular formula of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes?
Ans.
8. Name the carboxylic acid used as a preservative?

Ans. Acetic acid (or) Ethanoic acid (CH3 COOH) is used as a preservative.
9. Name the acid present in vinegar?
Ans. 1. The acid present in vinegar is as 5 - 8% ethanoic acid (or) Acetic acid.
2. Its chemical formula is CH3COOH.
10. What is micelles or associated colloids? Draw the shape of micelle?
Ans. Micelle:-A spherical aggregated of soap molecules in water is called micelle or associated colloids.
11. Write the chemical equation represent the reaction of preparation of ethanol from ethane?
Ans. Ethanol is prepared on large scale from etnol by the addition of water vapor to it in the presence of
catalysts like P2O5, Tungsten oxide at high pressure and temperature.
Calalyst
CH2= CH2 + H2O 100 300 atm at 3000 C CH3CH2OH
12. Name the compound formed by heating ethanol at 443K with excess of conc.H2SO4?
Ans. When ethanol is heated with excess of .Conc. H2SO4 at 443K ‘Ethene’ is formed.
443 K
CH3CH2OH + H2SO4 Con. H 2SO4 CH2 = CH2 + H2O
13. Name the simplest ketone and write its molecular formula.
A. Propanone CH3 -C -CH3
||
O
14. Give an example for esterification reaction.
Con . H 2 So4
A. CH 3COOH CH 3CH 2OH CH 3 Coo CH 2 CH 3 H 2 O
Ethanoic acid ethanol ethyl acetate water
15. Write the IUPAC name of the next homologous series of CH2 OH -CH2 -CH3 and write its
molecular formula.
A. Butanol, CH2 OH -CH2 -CH2-CH3
16. Give the names of the functional groups of (i) -CHO(ii) -C=O
A. (i) Aldehyde (ii) Ketone
17. Identify (i) the word root and (ii)functional group for the following carbon compound
CH3CH2CH2CH2 COOH
A. (i) Pent (ii) Carboxylic acid
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18. Name the following hydro carbons

(i) C4H10 (ii) C5H10 (iii) C3H4 (iv) C2H4
A. (i) Butane (ii) Pentene (iii) Propyne (iv) ethyne
19. Write any two uses of nano tubes.
A. (i) Nano tubes are used as molecule wires
(ii) Nano tubes are used in integrated circuits
20. What is soap? Write its molecular formula.
A. Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of a higher fatty acid .
The formula of soap in general is RCOONa or RCOOK where (R = C15H31, C17H35 etc.)
21. Write IUPAC name the following compound.
CH2 - CH- CHO
| |
Cl Cl
A 2,3-di chloro prop an -1-al
22. Write the structure of the compound “ 2-bromo-3-ethyl penta-1,4-di ene “
A. CH3 = CH2 - CH2 -CH2 = CH3
| |
Br C 2 H5
23. Observe the following structures of carbon compounds having same molecular formula C4H10 .
CH3 -CH2 -CH2 -CH3 and CH3 -CH -CH3
|
CH3
What do we call these compounds? What is this property ?
A. Isomers, (Structural ) isomerism
24. Draw the structural formulae of ethene and ethyne molecules.
H H
A. C C
H H H C C H
Ethene Ethyne
25. Write the IUPAC name the following carbon compound.
OH
1 CH3
6 2
5 3
4 CH3
A. 2,3-di methyl cyclo hex an -1-ol
2. Mark Questions
1. What is meant by combustion reaction?
Ans. The process of burning of carbon or carbon compounds in excess of oxygen to give heat and light is
called the “combustion reaction.”
Eg: - C + O2 CO2 + energy
2. What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?
Ans. When a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol, it shows brisk effervescence and liberates
hydrogen gas and forms sodium ethoxide.
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
Ethanol Sodium ethoxide
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3. Suggest a chemical test to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid and explain the
procedure?
Ans. 1. Take ethanol and ethanoic acid in two different test tubes.
2. Add few ml. of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution in each test tube.
3. Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form salt and water where as ethanol does
not react with sodium hydroxide.
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O.
C2H5 OH + NaOH No reaction.
4. How do you appreciate the role of esters in everyday life?
Ans. 1. Esters are sweet or pleasant smell substances.
2. They are used in soaps, alcohol and cosmotics industry.
4. These are used in the making of perfumes.
3. The reason for sweet odourness of fruits and flowers are esters present in it.
5. Hence, I appreciate the role of esters in everyday life.
5. A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding; can you tell why a mixture of ethyne
and air is not used?
Ans. 1. Air- Acetylene(ethyne) produces a flame temperature around 40000F.
2. This heat is not enough to weld a metals like iron and steel.
3. When acetylene is burned in the presence of pure oxygen, the flame temperature may be as
high as 57300C or 31660C.
4. This heat is enough to weld a metals or solder aluminum work glass.
5. Hence the mixture of Ethyne and Oxygen burnt is used for welding.
6. What are the various possible structural formulae of a compound having molecular formula
C3H6O ? Give the IUPAC names of the above possible compounds and represent them in
structures. What is the similarity in these compounds?
(i) CH3 -CH2 CHO propanal
(ii) CH3 -C -CH3 propanone
||
O
Here for these two compounds molecular formula is same but structural formula is different with
different functional groups aldehyde (CHO), ketone (CO) These are called isomers.
7. What is isomerism? Explain with an example.
A. The phenomenon of possessing same molecular formulabut different properties by the compounds is
known as isomerism. The compounds that exhibit isomerism are called isomers.
Example: The following two different structures of carbon compounds having same molecular
formula C4H10 .
CH3 -CH2 -CH2 -CH3 and CH3 -CH -CH3
|
CH3
n-butane iso-butane or 2-methyl propane
8. Define homologous series of carbon compounds. Mention any two characteristics of homologous
series.
A The series of carbon compounds in which two successive compounds differ by -CH2 unit is called
homologous series.
Homologous series of organic compounds have following characteristic features.
(i) They have one general formula Ex: alkanes CnH2n+2
(ii) They possess similar chemical properties due to the same functional group
Ex: alcohols have same functional group - C-OH
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9. Suggest a chemical test to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid and explain the
procedure.
A. Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium bi-carbonate and liberates CO2.
CH 3COOH NaHCO3 CH 3COONa H 2O CO2
While ethanol does not react with sodium bi-carbonate.
10. Two carbon compounds A and B have molecular formula C3H8 and C3H6 respectively. Which
one of the two is most likely to show addition. Justify your answer.
A. Since C3H6 is unsaturated which has double bond, undergoes addition reaction.
Ni
CH 2 CH CH 3 H2
CH 3 CH 2 CH 3
Propene Propane
While C3H8 is saturated, undergoes substitutional reactions
11. Explain the addition reactions of alkenes and alkynes with an example.
A. Unsaturated organic compounds that contain multiple bonds (=, ” bonds) like alkenes and alkynes
undergo addition reactions to become saturated.
Ni Ni
CH 3 C C CH 3 H2
CH 3 CH CH CH 3 H2
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
But-2-yne But-2-ene Butane
In the above reaction Niacts as catalyst.
4. Mark Question’s
1. Why we call the carbon a “versatile element?”
Ans. It is because of carbon ability,To form largest number of compounds.
Ex : - Carbohydrates, proteins, various medicine, silk, fuels, natural gas etc., to show
catenation : - Catenation means, if any element forms bonds between its own atoms to give big
molecules. Carbon has this ability to form millions of carbon atoms in molecules like proteins, to
form various types of bonds a single covalent bond and a triple bond or two double bonds to satisfy
in tetra valency.
2. Explain the cleansing action of Soap?

Ans. 1. Suppose that we put dirty cloth in the soap solution. Dirt is mainly greasy matter.
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
end A soap molecule end
2. Soap has one polar end ( the end with carboxyl) and one non-polar end (the end
with hydrocarbon chain) as shown here.
3. The polar end is hydrophilic in nature and attracted towards water.
4. The non-polar end is hydrophobic in nature and attracted towards grease or oil on the cloth,
but not towards water.
5. When soap dissolves in water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves to dirt and remove it
from cloth, as shown sequentially in the figure.
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3. Suggest a test to find the hardness of water and explain the procedure?
Ans. Hard water:- A sample of water which does not give good lather with soap but forms stickly
scum(precipitate) is called hard water.
Test:- Hardness of water can be tested with the help of good quality soap.
Procedure:- 1.Take 50ml of water from different sources i.e., tap water, well water, lake water,
pond water, river water, etc, in different test tubes and label them as A, B, C, D etc.
2. Add 1gm of good quality soap to each test tube.
3. Close the each test tube with rubber corks.
4. Shake test tube A for 15 seconds and keep it. Undisturbed for 30 seconds.
5. Measure the height of the foam formed. Note the height of form in our notebook.
6. The water which gives less foam is considered as hard water.

4. Distinguish between essterfication and saponification reactions of organic compounds?
Ans. Esterfication Saponification
1. The reaction between carboxylic acid and 1. The process of making soap by the
alcohol in the presence of conc. H2SO4 to form hydrolysis
a sweet odoured substance ester and this of fats and oils with alakalies is called
process is called esterfication. saponification.
2. Alcohol reacts with carboxylic acids to 2. Higher fatty acids reacts with basis to form
Soaps
produce esters.
3. (C17 H33COO)3 C3 H5 + 3 Na OH
3.CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH Con.H 2 SO4
3 C17 H33 COO Na + CH2 OH CH
CH3COOCH2 CH3 + H2O
(OH)- CH2OH
4. Water is by product in esterification reaction. 4.Glycerol is byproduct in esterification
5. This reaction is example for dehydration reaction.
reaction. 5. This reaction is example for hydrolysis
6. This reaction is slow and reversible. 6. This reaction is irreversible.
7. This process is used for preparation of 7. This is used for the preparation of soaps.
different esters.
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5. Explain the structure of Graphite in terms of bonding and give one property based on
thisstructure?
Ans. Graphite:- 1. Graphite is a grayish black coloured crystalline solid.
2. In a graphite the carbon atoms are in hexagonal arrangement.
3. It has a metallic luster and soapy to touch. So, it is used as a lubricant.
4. It is a good conductor of electricity.
5. It has a density of 2.25 gm/cm3.
6. The C-C bond length is 1.42 Ao, and bond angle is 1200.
7. Two successive graphite layers are separated by a a distance of 3.35 A0.
8. The layers of carbon can slide one over to the another because there is no strong covalent bonds
between the atoms in the two adjacent layers.
6. With a suitable example explain how substitution reactions take place?
(OR)
Alkanes are considered as paraffins. So they undergo susstitution reactions but not addition
reactions. Explain with suitable example?
Ans. Substitution reaction:- 1. Alkanes undergo substitution reactions.
2. For example Methane (CH4) reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight.
3. Hydrogen atoms of CH4 are replaced by chlorine atoms.
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
Methane Methyl Chloride
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
Methyl Chloride Methylene Chloride
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl
MethyleneChloride Chloroform
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
Chloroform Carbon Tetrachloride
7. An organic compound ‘X’ with a molecular formula C2H6O undergoes oxidation in the
presence of alkaline KMnO4 and forms the compound ‘Y’, that has molecular formula
C2H4O2 .
a. Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’
b. Write your observation regarding the product when the compound ‘X’ is made to react
with compound ‘Y’ which is used as a preservative for pickles.
Ans. a. X = Ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
Y = Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).
Explanation:-
When ethanol(CH3CH2OH) oxidised by alkaline KMnO4 to produce ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).
A lk a lin e K M n O 4
CH3CH2OH H eat
CH3CHO CH3COO
b. When X(Ethanol) reacts with Y (Ethanoic acid) produces a sweet odour substance called
ester(Ethyl acetate).
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH Con.H2SO4 CH3COOCH2CH3 +H2O

Here CH3COOH is used as preservative for pickles.
8. An organic compound with molecular formula C2H4O2 produces brisk effervescence on
addition of sodium carbonate/bicarbonate. Answer the following?
a. Identify the carbon compound?
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b. Name the gas evolved?

c. How will you test the gas evolved?
d. Write the chemical equation for the above reaction?
e. List two important uses of the above compound?
Ans. a. The organic compound is Ethanoic aid or acetic acid (CH3COOH).
b. Chemical Equation:- CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
c. The gas evolved is carbon dioxide (CO2).
d. Test:- Pass the evolved gas in to the lime water then it turns to milky white.
Ca (OH)2 +CO2 CaCO3 + H2O.
e. Uses:- 1. It is used as Preservative for pickles.
2. esters are used as solvent in industry.
3. It is used in the Preparation of dyes, drugs.
4. It is used in the cooking of dishes like meat, fish etc.
9. 1ml glacial acetic acid and 1 ml of ethanol are mixed together in atest tube. Few drops of
concentratedsulphuric acid is added in the mixer are warmed in a water bath for 5 minutes.
Answer the following:
(i) Name the resultant compound formed.
(ii) Represent the above change by a chemical equation.
(iii) What term is given to such reactions.
(iv) What are the special characteristics of the compound formed?
A. (i) Ethyl acetate
O conc.H2SO4 O
CH3–C + CH3CH2OH CH3–C + H2O
O–H O–CH2CH3
(ii) Ethanoic acid ethanol ethyl acetate water
(iii) Esterification
(iv) Compound (Ester) has sweet odour
10. Observe the table:
Hydrocarbon butene pentyne ethyne methane propene butane hexane ethene
Molecular formula C4 H8 C5 H8 C 2 H2 CH4 C3 H6 C4 H10 C6 H14 C2 H4
Answer the following questions:
(i) Identify the saturated hydrocarbons in the given table.
(ii) What is the general formula for alkynes?
(iii) What is the simplest alkene given in the table?
(iv) Identify the hydrocarbons in which double bond(=) is present ?
Ans. (i) Butane, methane, hexane
(ii) Cn H2n-2
(iii) C2 H4
(iv) Propene, butene, ethene sp2-s sp2-s
11. By observing the following bond formation in ethene, answer

the following questions.
sp2-sp2
(i) What type of hybridization is present in the molecule?
(ii) What type of sigma bond is present between carbon –
Hydrogen atoms?
p z-p z
(iii)How many bonds are formed between Carbon – Carbon
sp2-s sp2-s
atoms? What are they?
APPSTF
:: 133 ::
(iv) Draw the structural formula of the above molecule?

Ans. (i) sp2
(ii) SP 2 S
(iii) Two bonds. They are sp2 - sp2 , Pz Pz
(iv) H H
C C
H H
12. Homologous series of hydrocarbons is given in the following table

Alkene No of carbons Structural formula Molecular formula
ethene 2 CH2 = CH2 C2 H4
propene 3 CH3 – CH = CH2 C3 H6
butene 4 CH3 - CH2 – CH = CH2 C4 H8
pentene 5 CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH=CH2 C5H10
Answer the following questions
(i) Which homologous series of hydrocarbons is given in the table?
(ii) What is the general formula of given hydrocarbons?
(iii) Are the hydrocarbons saturated? Justify.
(iv) Name the next hydrocarbon in the above homologous series with the formula C6 H12 .
A. (i) Alkenes
(ii) Cn H2n
(iii) No. Since double bonds are present in given hydrocarbons.
(iv) Hexene
13 Observe the name of a carbon compound given below.
2,3-di chloro – 5-hydroxy oct -4-en-1-oic acid
(i) How many carbon atoms are present in the carbon compound?
(ii) What is principal functional group in the compound?
(iii) What are the substituents in the compound?
(iv) Is the given carbon compound saturated or unsaturated? Justify.
A. (i) Eight
(ii) Carboxylic acid
(iii) Chlorine, alchohol
(iv) Unsaturated, double bond is present
14. Observe the following structure of Carbon compound.
CH3-CH-CH = CH-CH-CH2-CH2-COOH
I |
OH Cl
(i) What is Principal functional group?
(ii) What is the word root for the given compound?
(iii) What are the substituents?
(iv) Mention the IUPAC name for the given compound.
A. (i) COOH
(ii) Oct
(iii) OH, Cl
(iv) 4-chloro – 7- hydroxy oct -5-en -1-oic acid
APPSTF
:: 134 ::
15. Fill the table with suitable answers

Functional group name Structural formula Example suffix
Alcohol R-OH CH3CH2OH ol
Aldehyde CH3CHO
R-COOH Oic acid
CH3 - CO -CH3
R - NH2 amine
A. Functional group name Structural formula Example suffix

Alcohol R-OH CH3CH2OH Ol
Aldehyde R-CHO CH3CHO Al
Carboxilic acid R-COOH CH3 - COOH Oic acid
Ketone R-C-R’ CH3 - CO -CH3
||
O
Amine R - NH2 CH3NH2 amine
16. Name the following carbon compounds according to IUPAC nomenclature.
(i) CH2=CH – CH2 – CH – CH3

|
OH
(ii) CH3 – C – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 -OH
||
O
(iii) CH2 – CH – CHO

| |
Cl Cl
(iv) CH3 – CH– CH2 – COOH

|
Br
A. (i) Pent -4-en-2-ol
(ii) 6-hydroxy hex an -2-one
(iii) 2,3-di chloro prop an-1-al
(iv) 3-bromo but an-1-oic acid
17. Write the structural formulas for the following carbon compounds
(i) 2-methyl pent an -3 - ol
(ii) 3,4-di chloro but – 1 en e
(iii) 2-brimo- 3-ethyl penta 1,4- di en e
(iv) 3-amino-2-bromo hex an 1-oic acid
A. (i) CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3

| |
CH3 OH
(ii) CH2 – CH – CH2 = CH2

| |
Cl Cl
(iii) CH2 = CH – CH – C = CH2
| |
C2H5 Br
APPSTF
:: 135 ::
(iv) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH – COOH

| |
NH3 Br
18. Draw the structures of diamond and graphite. How diamond is differ from graphite.
Diamond Graphite
Diamond:
(i) In diamond each carbon atom in its excited state undergoes sp3hybridisation
(i) Each carbon atom has a tetrahedron environment.
(ii) C-C bonds are very strong to break and hence it is one of the hardest materials.
(iii) Diamond is poor conductor of electricity
Graphite:
(i) In graphite each carbon atom in its excited state undergoes sp2hybridisation
(ii) Graphite forms a two dimensional layer structure with C=C bonds within the layers. In the layer
structure, the carbon atoms are in a trigonal planar environment.
(iii) London dispersion forces between the layers separated by a distance of 3.35 A0 are weak interactions
between the layers.
(iv) Graphite is a good conductor of electricity because of the delocalized ð electron system.
Observe the diagrams and Label the Parts
107 0 48 /
Ammonia
APPSTF
:: 136 ::
Observe the diagrams and Label the Parts
APPSTF

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19. Which is used to measure the concentration of Hydrogen ions?

42. Which reagent is used in the preparation of chloroform ?

7. What is water of crystallization ?

2 MARK QUESTION AND ANSWERS

4 Marks Question and Answers

dil. HCl solution

Testing of hydrogen gas

6. How do metals react with Bases ? Explain with an experiment ?

Testing of hydrogen gas

7. How do metal carbonates react with acids ? Explain with an experiment ?

ii) Neon Q) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

1 Mark Question and Answers

1s2 2s2 2P4

1s2 2s2 2P4

No. of electrons in L - shell = 8

3. Write the four quantum numbers for 1s1 electron?

5. What is n x method? How it is useful?

6. Explain Hund’s rule with an example?

11. The electroni configuration of an atom is 1s2 2s2 2p2

A. The given electron configuration does not support Hund’s rule.

4 Marks Question and Answer’s

2. Angular-momentum Quantum Number ( ):- 1. It was introduced by Sommerfeld.

3. Magnetic Quantum Number( m ):-

Ans. 1. Aufbau principle is violated in this electronic configuration.

A. Sub shell name ‘ l ’ value No. of orbitals ml values max. no. of

Chapter Classification of Elements-

18. Match the following.

6. d- block elements are called Transition elements.

Ans. i). ns2 np6. ii). Zero. iii).

Ans. Element Valancy Group Number Period Nubmer

11. Who improved VSEPRT theory ?

25. Match the following

35. An element 12 X 24 is from ionic bond with Y , Then charge on 9 X 12 is

8. Represent the molecule H 2O using Lewis notation?

1. Oxygen atom has six valence electrons.

9. Draw the Lewis dot structure for Noble gases?

orbital orbital bond

4. Ex:-The valence electrons of Chlorine is7. 4. Ex:- The covalence of Chlorine is 1

iii) a. The configuration of C is 1S22S22P63S23P5.

2. Ground state electronic configuration of ‘Be’ is,

3. Excited state electronic configuration of ‘Be’ is,

b) Formation of Boron Tri Fluoride (BF3):-

2. Ground state electronic configuration of ‘B’ is

1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz0

Ans. a) Formation of N2 molecule:- 1. The atomic number of Nitrogen is 7.

b) Formation of O2 molecule:- 1. The atomic number of oxygen is 8.

5. Therefore, there is a double bond between two oxygen atoms in O2 molecule.

6. Represent following molecules using Lewi’s notation ?

Compound No.of No.of Type of Shape Bond

BF3 ................ ................. SP2 ........... 1200

CH 4 4 ................. SP3 ........... 1090.281

Compound No.of No.of Type of Shape Bond

8. Observe the following fighre and answer the following questions.

19. Match the following.

Non Magnetic ore Magnetic ore

Ans. Roasting Calcination

Air Air Dry

4. What is the activity series? How it helps in extraction of metals?

Ans. Activity Series:-

The advantage of activity series in extraction of metals:-

a. Reduction of metal oxide with carbon

b. Reduction of oxide ores with CO(Carbon monoxide)